• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.205-215
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• 2010

Geothermal heat pump system (GHPS) is an energy-efficient technology that use the relatively constant and renewable energy stored in the earth to provide heating and cooling. With the aim of using GHPS as a heating source, it's possibilities of application in farrowing house were examined by measuring environmental assessment and sow's performance. A total of 96 sows were assigned to 2 pig housings (GHPS and conventional housing) with 48 for four weeks in winter season. During the experimental period, indoor maximum temperature in GHPS-housing was measured up to $26.7^{\circ}C$, average temperature could maintain $21.2^{\circ}C$. The mean value of dust levels and $CO_2$, $NH_3$ and $H_2S$ gas emissions were decreased in GHPS-housing compare with those of conventional housing. Litter size, birth weight, parity and weaning weight did not differ between housings. However, feed intake of sow in GHPS-housing was lower than that of conventional housing. In energy consumption for heating, electric power consumption increased in GHPS-housing than the conventional housing, a 2,250 kwh increase, whereas there is no fuel usage for heater in GHPS-housing. Amount of ground water circulated for heating in cold weather for earth heat exchanger was 8.4-12.9 ton per day. In conclusion, GHPS may have environmental benefits and effectiveness of heating in farrowing housing and affect the performance in sows.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2010

The goal of this study was to develop a suitable ventilation system for high-rise hog building (HRHB) for growing-fattening with combined slatted floor pen in second story and in situ manure management system in Korea. The HRHB was constructed as 29m long, 9m wide and 7.6m high for outer dimension with an indoor height of 3.1m and 2.4 for lower and upper floor, respectively. Ventilation systems for each treatment were installed in separated rooms of HRHB. The ventilation types installed in each room were following 3 types: ventilation type 1 (V1), where air was pulled through a circular duct inlet and exhausted by fans; ventilation type 2 (V2), where air was pulled through eave inlet (side ceiling inlet) and exhausted by fans; and ventilation type 3 (V3), where air was pulled through baffled ceiling inlet and exhausted by fans. For each ventilation system, investigated air velocity under minimum, medium and maximum ventilation ratio and air flow pattern inside. The results were as follows; For air flow pattern from top to bottom, V1 showed a homogeneous vertical type, V2 showed a bilateral symmetry type and V3 showed an vertical umbrella type. Under minimum ventilation ratio, air velocity in upper floor (80cm above the slated floor) was similar for V1, V2, and V3. Under maximum ventilation ratio, air velocity in upper floor was undeviating for V1 (0.10~0.26m/s) and varied for V2 (0.12~0.63m/s) while those for V3 was relatively slow and less varied (0.07~0.15m/s). In conclusion, Duct inlet type (V1) can be applied to the development of a new HRHB with additional evaluations such as field test hog feeding.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.247-254
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• 2003

A study was carried to compare two varieties of tall fescue(Festuca arundinacea Schr.): Fawn (endophyte infection) and Roa(endophyte-free). The study examined plant height, botanical composition, and dry matter yield of mixed pasture. The cattle grazed on a mixed pasture of tall fescue species and orchardgrass(Dactylis glomerata L.), perennial ryegrass(Lolium perenne L.) and white clover(Trifolium repens L.) during March 22, 1997, to September 21, 1997. The number of grazing animals was 4.3/ paddock(50m x50m) and was adjusted according to the condition of pasture. Dry matter yields determined on ungrazed pasture(7-time harvests) were 1,690 $\pm$407kg and 1,128 $\pm$ 238kg/ha on pastures consisting of Fawn and Roa, respectively. This difference was significant(P<0.01). There were 17.71 $\pm$ 1.27cm and 12.83$\pm$0.90cm in average plant lengths of Fawn and Roa(P<0.01), respectively The botanical composition of tall fescue and orchardgrass in the mixture treatment included in the Fawn variety were shown in 34.2 and 3.8％, comparing Roa with 17.1 and 9.6％, on the 21th of September, 1997, respectively. Tall fescue Roa represented a higher botanical composition than orchardgrass(a main species on Cheju). Crude protein content of Fawn was slightly less than that of Roa. From these results, we may conclude that Roa variety is nutritionally better, but is less adaptible to high temperature climate than Fawn. However, Roa variety is still better than orchardgrass in high temperature conditions.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.124-128
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• 2016

The objective of this research was to determine the effects of harvesting frequency and fertilization levels on botanical composition, dry matter yield, and forage feed compositions of Alpine grassland at 800 m altitude. This research lasted for three years at National Alpine Agricultural Research Institute in Pyeongchang with two harvesting frequency schedules (two and three times annually) and two levels of fertilizer application (conventional level of fertilizer at 280-200-240 kg/ha and a lower level of fertilizer at 200-200-200 kg/ha for N, $P_2O_5$, and $K_2O$). Mixture combinations with seeding rate (kg/ha) were as follows: Orchardgrass 18, Tall fescue 9, Timothy 8, Kentucky bluegrass 3, and Ladino Clover 2. The gramineae ratio ranged from 93.2 to 95.3%. Therefore, gramineae forage was considered as the dominant plant in this experiment. No significant (p>0.05) difference was observed in forage dry matter yield between the two harvesting frequency treatments (two times at 9.8 ton/ha and three times at 8.6 ton/ha). However, forage dry matter yield in the two times of harvesting frequency tended to be greater than that in the three times of harvesting frequency. Significantly (p<0.05) higher forage dry matter yield in the standard fertilization level group than the lower fertilization level group (9.8 ton/ha vs. 8.7 ton/ha) was observed. However, there was no significant (p>0.05) difference in forage crude protein concentration between the two harvesting frequency treatment groups, although the concentration in the group with three times of harvesting frequency tended to be higher. In contrast, crude fiber concentration in the group with two times of harvesting frequency tended to be higher, although the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, and organic matter concentrations were not significantly (p>0.05) different between the two groups with different fertilization levels. Based on these results, it was concluded that the group with two times of harvesting frequency with conventional fertilization level might be proper for obtaining better forage productivity for Alpine grassland at 800 m altitude.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 2016

This study was conducted to find out the effects of Improvement of Botanical Composition Technology (IBCT) on the forage production and ecological characteristics in a Rumex acetosella-dominated hilly pasture in Pyeongchang, in a period from August 2013 to the end of growing season in October 2015. $2MT\;ha^{-1}$ limestone was applied in August 2013 and April 2014. Liming significantly increased soil pH from 4.69 to 5.47 and then the soil pH consistently hovered at 4.91~4.98. For every grazing time, plant height was found to be higher with the application of IBCT as compared with the control. After grazing, no significant difference in plant height was found between the IBCT group and the control. Changes in the botanical composition of grassland can be affected by a lot of circumstances, but application of IBCT decreased Rumex acetosella from 12% to 2%, while also increasing the proportion of pasture. In relation to the botanical composition of grass, orchardgrass and timothy showed the highest percentages throughout the whole study period. The proportion of Kentucky bluegrass increased over time while tall fescue steadily decreased. The totals for grazing days were 58 in 2014 and 55 in 2015. Average herbage dry matter intake was $7,848kg\;ha^{-1}$ in 2014 and $6,941kg\;ha^{-1}$ in 2015. Due to the application of IBCT, dry matter productivity showed a significant increase of 59% during the first grazing period in 2014 (3,437 kg ha and 5,460 kg ha in control and IBCT). In 2015, the total dry matter yield of the IBCT group was 51% greater than the control ($5,742kg\;ha^{-1}$ and $8,685kg\;ha^{-1}$ in control and IBCT). Under acidic soil conditions, red sorrel can grow more strongly than grasses because it has better tolerance in dry and acidic conditions. Therefore, constant management is required in order to keep red sorrel from dominating the hilly pasture. In this study, the application of IBCT was able to effectively control weeds at all points. As a result, total management, including improvement of soil, overseeding, and application of selective herbicide and fertilizer, is needed to maintain excellent grassland conditions due to the limiting effects of environmental factors on grassland productivity.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.150-158
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• 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate growth characteristics, yield and feed value of newly developed domestic teosinte (Geukdong 6) compared to widely cultivated silage corn hybrid (31N27) and sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid (P877F). Geukdong 6, a new single cross (Teosinte ${\times}$ Suwon 19) variety, is a teosinte (Zea may L. ssp. maxicana) developed by the Geukdong 6 of agricultural company corporation (GACC) in An-dong province. This field experiment was designed in a randomized block design with three replications and consisted of silage corn (T1), sorghum x sudangrass hybrid (T2) and Geukdong 6 (T3). Leaf length, number of leaves, number of tillers and fresh yield of T3 were higher than that of T1 and T2 (p<0.05). Dry matter yield of T3 was lower than that of T1 (p<0.05). In particular, T3 ($0.1kg/cm^2$) showed to be very tender compared to other T1 ($0.5kg/cm^2$) and T2 ($0.5kg/cm^2$), (p<0.05). The crude protein content of T3 as 8.25% was higher than that of T2 (5.90%), (p<0.05). However, there was no significant differences between T1 (8.14%). The brix degree of T2 was higher than that of T1 and T3 (p<0.05). T3 showed higher content of total minerals compared to T1 and T2 (p<0.05). The relative palatability of T3 was higher than T1 and T2 (p<0.05), when fed to deer as soiling crop. However, it showed a lower than T1 in Korean native cattle and korean native goats. The relative palatability of the silage shown in order of T1> T3> T2 in korean native cattle, spotted deer, and korean native goats. As mentioned above the results, Geukdong 6 (T3) could be recommended as using of soiling and lab silage, when high fresh yield, tender stem, number of many leaf, content of high crude protein, and palatability higher than sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid were considered.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.117-121
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• 2018

Puffing process modifies the chemical and physical properties of the grains. In this study, oats were puffed by subjecting them to pressure of 1.0 and 1.2 MPa, following which the bioactive constituents and antioxidant activities in the oat extracts were investigated. The polyphenol content in puffed oat extracts increased in a pressure-dependent manner (109 and 157 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g at 1.0 and 1.2 MPa, respectively). In addition, gallic acid was synthesized after puffing ($518{\mu}g/g$ of extract at 1.0 MPa) and was the most abundant phenolic acid in puffed oats. The antioxidant activities, which were determined by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activities, were improved in oat extracts after puffing (+245 and +184% at 1.2 MPa, respectively). In conclusion, puffing process of oats increased the extractability of polyphenols, including gallic acid, which positively affected its antioxidant activities. These results will provide useful information when using puffed oats for food production.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.60-65
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• 2001

'Shinil' pear cultivar (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) which was originated in a cross between 'Shinko' (non-patented, released in 1941) and 'Hosui' (non-patented, released in 1972) in 1978 was released as a middle season harvest variety. Its usual picking time coincided with 'Chuseok' season which is one of the most famous national holiday in Korea. The fruit showed high soluble solids content and good appearance. The cultivar was preliminarily selected in 1991, and its regional adaptability was evaluated in the name of 'Wonkyo Na-13' at 9 sites for four years from 1992, and finally selected and named in 1995. 'Shinil' is medium in tree vigor like 'Hosui' and spreading in tree habit as 'Niitaka', a leading cultivar in Korea, and consistently very productive. It has high resistance to black rot caused by Alternaria kikuchiana and pear necrotic spot caused by pear necrotic spot virus. Its full bloom is one day earlier than that of 'Niitaka' cultivar and harvest time is September 25 at Suwon area which is 3 days later than that of 'Hosui'. Fruit is round in shape with a deep medium stalk cavity and medium calyx basin and has attractive light yellow brown skin color. The fruit weight ranges between 300 and 400 g, which is similar to 'Chojuro', 'Shinko', and 'Hosui'. Soluble solid content is approximately at the level of 13-14 Brix, which is higher than that of 'Chojuro'. The flesh is cream-white, very juicy, and light grit with soft and fine texture.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.195-205
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• 2016

Sugar beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii, causes serious economic losses worldwide in Brassicaceae crops. In 2011, this nematode was first found in highland vegetable cultivation areas in Korea, and thereafter spread to the surrounding healthy Chinese cabbage fields. However, little has been documented on the biological and ecological characteristics of the sugar beet nematode in highland vegetable cultivation areas. In this study the dispersal of the sugar beet cyst nematode was examined, focusing on spreading through soil and/or water infested with the nematode. When farmers with work boots trampled on Chinese cabbage fields for 10 minutes, the number of cysts recovered from the soil attached to the working differed depending on the research sites. Under irrigation conditions of 2, 4, and 8 liters of water per $m^2$, the amounts of soils attached on the bottom of the work boots and the number of healthy cysts in the soils increased significantly with the increase in soil moisture, although the total number of cysts, eggs, and juveniles did not increase significantly. After driving on the farm road adjacent to cabbage fields infested with the sugar beet cyst nematode, cysts were also recovered from the soil attached to the vehicle's tires, suggesting that the sugar beet cyst nematode can spread to new fields through soil carried by vehicles and by farmers. An excavator and a motor truck could deliver 41 kg and 224 g, respectively, of soil on the shovel shoes and the wheels to other locations during the Chinese cabbage harvest, suggesting that farming equipment and transportation vehicles may be vital means by which the cyst nematode spreads to non-infested fields in the highland area of Korea. Runoff water also contained cysts, whose amounts increased after water irrigation onto the ridges to simulate rainy conditions, with no significant difference in the number of cysts with increasing amounts of irrigation water. All of these results confirmed that the sugar beet cyst nematode spreads through soil attached to work boots, harvesting tools, and transportation vehicles, especially during the harvest time, and through runoff water on rainy days. These observations suggest that personal sanitization and cleaning of working tools and vehicles are one of the most important means to prevent the dispersal of the sugar beet cyst nematode in fields.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.796-804
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• 2015

The present study investigated the plant growth characteristics, dormancy breaking, yield, and biological activity properties (contents of flavonoid and phenolic compounds, nitrite scavenging activity, and the survival rate of lung cancer) of four asparagus cultivars. It aimed to examine selection possibilities for high efficacy cultivar to promote biological activity in asparagus cultivation in South Korea. The results showed that the number of asparagus buds and root fresh and dry weight of 'Jersey Giant', 'Jersey Supreme', and 'NJ953' were higher than those of 'UC157' cultivar, and there were no differences in the number of roots. The dormancy breaking period of 'Jersey Supreme' was prolonged compared to the other cultivars. 'Jersey Giant' and 'NJ953' had more total spears, and greater spear diameter, and yield than other cultivars. Total flavonoid content was unaffected by cultivar and was higher in ethanol extraction than in hot water extraction. Total phenolic compound content was the lowest in 'NJ953' for both hot water and ethanol extracts, whereas in the ethanol extraction, 'UC157' had the highest, with $39.23mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$. 'Jersey Giant', 'Jersey Supreme', and 'NJ953' all showed greater than 70% nitrite scavenging activity. In the case of ethanol extraction, the survival rates of lung cancer in extracts from 'Jersey Giant', 'Jersey Supreme', and 'UC157' were lower than 'NJ 953' cultivar, regardless of extraction concentration. The survival rate of lung cancer was lower in hot water extraction than in ethanol extraction, so that the consumption of asparagus is also expected to be helpful in preventing lung cancer. The growth characteristics and biological activity effects of edible asparagus that were identified in the present study are expected to be useful in selection of high efficacy cultivars for biological activity and utilization.