• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.78-85
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• 2013

A high thermal conductivity material, namely graphene is treated by planetary ball milling machine to transport the heat by increasing the temperature. Experiments were performed to assess the heat transfer enhancement benefits of coating the bottom wall of copper substrate with graphene. It is well known that the graphene is unable to disperse into base fluid without any treatment, which is due to the several reasons such as attachment of hydrophobic surface, agglomeration and impurity. To further improve the dispersibility and thermal characteristics, planetary ball milling approach is used to grind the raw samples at optimized condition. The results are examined by transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, Raman spectrometer, UV-spectrometer, thermal conductivity and thermal imager. Thermal conductivity measurements of structures are taken to support the explanation of heat transfer properties of different samples. As a result, it is found that the planetary ball milling approach is effective for improvement of both the dispersion and heat carriers of carbon based material. Indeed, the heat transfer of the ground graphene coated substrate was higher than that of the copper substrate with raw graphene.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.327-333
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• 2011

Nanostructured cobalt materials have recently attracted considerable attention due to their potential applications in high-density data storage, magnetic separation and heterogeneous catalysts. The size as well as the morphology at the nano scale strongly influences the physical and chemical properties of cobalt nano materials. In this study, cobalt nano particles synthesized by a a polyol process, which is a liquid-phase reduction method, were investigated. Cobalt hydroxide ($Co(OH)_2$), as an intermediate reaction product, was synthesized by the reaction between cobalt sulphate heptahydrate ($CoSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$) used as a precursor and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) dissolved in DI water. As-synthesized $Co(OH)_2$ was washed and filtered several times with DI water, because intermediate reaction products had not only $Co(OH)_2$ but also sodium sulphate ($Na_2SO_4$), as an impurity. Then the cobalt powder was synthesized by diethylene glycol (DEG), as a reduction agent, with various temperatures and times. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), as a capping agent, was also added to control agglomeration and dispersion of the cobalt nano particles. The optimized synthesis condition was achieved at $220^{\circ}C$ for 4 hours with 0.6 of the PVP/$Co(OH)_2$ molar ratio. Consequently, it was confirmed that the synthesized nano sized cobalt particles had a face centered cubic (fcc) structure and with a size range of 100-200 nm.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.465-481
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• 2014

This study is about an apparel industry in Guro-Gasan where is growing up to the one of the apparel industry cluster beyond an agglomeration in Seoul. The purpose of this study is twofold: (1) to define industrial functions and roles of Guro-Gasan in a value chain of the apparel industry; and (2) to understand whether an industrial cluster is built on the local networks. This study reviewed formation and transitions of its local industries and industrial size, characteristics, spatial distribution and spatial properties using GIS analysis and field surveys. Through in-depth interviews, it analyzed the production system and spatial dispersion of the value chain to understand its functions and roles.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.65-69
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• 2012

Composite coating can be manufactured during the electroplating with the bath containing a suspension of particles: ceramic, polymer, nanopowders. Improvement of hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance and lubrication properties are well-known advantage of composite coating. In this study, nano $TiO_2$ powder dispersed Ni composite plating was investigated. The improvement of surface hardness and photo decomposition effects can be expected in this coating. Zeta potential was measured with pH. The effect of ultrasonication time and types of ultrasonicator were studied to minimize the agglomeration of $TiO_2$ nanopowders in the electrolyte. Optimum conditions for nano $TiO_2$ dispersed Ni composite coating were $40mA/cm^2$ of current density, pH 3.5, and $50^{\circ}C$. At these conditions, $TiO_2$ nanoparticles contents in the Ni deposit was 15-20 at.%.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.535-541
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• 1996

In preparation of fine alumina powders with use of vesicle, the effect of variation of pH in extravesicular dispersion system to mechanism of precipitation and shape and size distribution of precipitate was investigated. The results of observation by TEM and turbidimeter were obtained as follows. Reaction between aluminum ion and hydroxyl ion to produce precipitate within vesicle was initiated at pH 11.4 and spherical fine precipitates, about 50 nm size, were formed at pH 12.0. About pH 12.3, size of precipitates in vesicle grew twice as great as those formed below pH 12.0 because of the agglomeration and coalescence of vesicleswith time.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.238-245
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• 2007

$Eu^{3+}$ doped $YGdO_3$ phosphors particles which have fine size and narrow size distribution with non aggregated uniform morphology were prepared by solvent evaporation method for the improvement of emission efficiency. Several parameters have been investigated in this study such as the influences of composition ratio of host materials, calcination temperature, amount of activator, surfactant, pH and flux on the photoluminescence intensity, particle size and dispersion. $Eu^{3+}$ doped $YGdO_3$ phosphor presented a strong narrow band emission peak at 612nm. The maximum emission intensity of$YGdO_3:Eu^{3+}$ occurred when $Eu^{3+}$ concentration is 3wt% under vacuum ultra violet excitation. Prepared phosphors were found to have small round-shaped particles about 150nm in size. The addition of PVA as a surfactant inhibits the grain growth and the agglomeration of particles efficiently by reducing the oxygen bridge bonds. As the pH reduces, PL intensity increase due to reducing the formation of oxygen bridge bonds. The particles prepared from solvent evaporation method with 5wt% LiCl were found to have 120% PL intensity compare to particles prepared without LiCl flux.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.165-174
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• 1995

A stable suspension with a colloidal $ZrO_2$ particle was prepared by an adsorption of PV A and investigated to the effects of PV A on the dispersion and particle growth within suspension. With a suspension added the optimum concentration of PYA (about 500 ppm in this study), it was shown the property of a stable sol due to the formation of adsorbed PV A layer on surface and the reduction of an agglomeration among the particles. Most of nucleation in colloidal $ZrO_2$ were occured in the early stage of hydrolysis reaction and the plate-like monoclinic $ZrO_2$ particle were grown with an aging time. The rate of particle growth and yield for a reaction were decreased with an addition of PV A. The compact prepared from well- dispersed suspension by an addition of PV A was contained the homogeneous particle arrangement and pore distribution.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.135-141
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• 2012

To improve the visible-light induced photocatalytic application performances of $TiO_2$, in this study, the $NiS_2$ modied $TiO_2$ composites were prepared by two methods: hydrothermal method and sol-gel method. The composites were denoted as hs-$NiS_2$/$TiO_2$, and sg-$NiS_2$/$TiO_2$ and characterized by XRD, UV-vis absorbance spectra, SEM, TEM, EDX, and BET analysis. The photocatalytic activities under visible light were investigated by the degradation of methyl orange (MO). The photodegradation rate of methyl orange under visible light with $NiS_2$/$TiO_2$ composites was markedly higher than that of pure $TiO_2$, and the effect of hs-$NiS_2$/$TiO_2$ composites was better than that of sg-$NiS_2$/$TiO_2$. The results indicate that the hydrothermal process could partly inhibit the agglomeration of $NiS_2$/$TiO_2$. Thus, the dispersion of nanoparticles was improved, and that the promoting effect of $NiS_2$ could extend the light absorption spectrum toward the visible region.

• Clean Technology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.200-206
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• 2015

In order to investigate the effect of cerium oxide addition, Cu-ZnO-CeO₂ catalysts were prepared using co-precipitation method for water gas shift (WGS) reaction. A series of Cu-ZnO-CeO₂ catalyst with fixed Cu Content (50 wt%, calculated as CuO) and a given ceria content (e.g., 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 wt%, calculated as CeO₂) were tested for catalytic activity at a GHSV of 95,541 h^-1, and a temperature range of 200 to 400 ℃. Cu-ZnO-CeO₂ catalysts were characterized by using BET, SEM, XRD, H₂-TPR, and XPS analysis. Varying composition of Cu-ZnO-CeO₂ catlysts led the difference characteristics such as Cu dispersion, and binding energy. The optimum 10 wt% doping of cerium facilitated catalyst reduction at lower temperature and improved the catalyst performance greatly in terms of CO conversion. Cerium oxide added catalyst showed enhanced activities at higher temperature when it compared with the catalyst without cerium oxide. Consequently, ceria addition of optimal composition leads to enhanced catalytic activity which is attributed to enhanced Cu dispersion, lower binding energy, and hindered Cu metal agglomeration.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.657-664
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• 2021

To build a highly active photocatalytic system with high efficiency and low cast of TiO₂, we report a facile hydrothermal technique to synthesize Ag₂Se-nanoparticle-modified TiO₂ composites. The physical characteristics of these samples are analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis, transmission electron microscopy and BET analysis. The XRD and TEM results show us that TiO₂ is coupled with small sized Ag₂Se nanoplate, which has an average grain size of about 30 nm in diameter. The agglomeration of Ag₂Se nanoparticles is improved by the hydrothermal process, with dispersion improvement of the Ag₂Se@TiO₂ nanocomposite. Texbrite BA-L is selected as a simulated dye to study the photodegradation behavior of as-prepared samples under visible light radiation. A significant enhancement of about two times the photodegradation rate is observed for the Ag₂Se@TiO₂ nanocomposite compared with the control sample P25 and as-prepared TiO₂. Long-term stability of Ag₂Se@TiO₂ is observed via ten iterations of recycling experiments under visible light irradiation.