Coeruleo-vestibular pathway which connects locus coeruleus and vestibular nuclei is noradrenergic. This study was designed to elucidate the effects of phenylephrine on the spontaneous activity of acutely isolated medial vestibular nuclear neurons of rat by whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 14 to 16 days, were used. After enzymatic digestion, dissociated medial vestibular neurons were transferred to a recording chamber mounted on an inverted microscope, and spontaneous action potentials were recorded by standard patch-clamp techniques. In current-clamp mode, the frequency of spontaneous action potential of medial vestibular nuclear neurons was decreased by phenylephrine (n=15). Phenylephrine increased the amplitude of afterhyperpolarization without changes in the resting membrane potential and spike width. In voltage-clamp mode, the whole potassium currents of the medial vestibular nuclear neurons were increased by phenylephrine (n=12). These experimental results suggest that ${\alpha}-receptor$ mediates the inhibitory effects on the neuronal activity of the medial vestibular nuclear neuron.
Optimal conditions for the seed germination and growth of Hedyotis diffusa were studied. As photoperiod was increased from 12 hr to 24hr, the germination rate of Hedyotis diffusa was gradually increased. The photoperiod and temperature inflenced on the fermination synergistically. After the growth of 20 weeks under the natural condition (June~Oct.), the length of H. diffusa was $38.9{\pm}4.2cm$ (15.5~52.5cm), and total dry weight per $3.3m^2$ was $316.7{\pm}10.3g$. It is considered that H. diffusa could be cultivated in a part of inland. The anticancer effect of H. diffusa extract was examined. F-344 rats aged 6 weeks were divided into 3 groups and were given an I.P. of diethylnitrosamine at 200mg/kg body weight as a promoter, initially. And in two weeks after the beginnign of the experiment, group 1 was supplied iwth feed containing 0.02% 2-AAG as a promoter for 6 weeks. Group 2 was supplied with feed containing extracts of H.diffusa (0.02%) for two weeks. Group3 was supplied with only basal diet. All rats were sacrificed for partial hepatectomu, and the antipromoting effect was examined by the number 문 area per $cm^2$ of foci in river. In group 1, the number of hyperplastic nodule was $18.5{\pm}7.7$, but in group2, it was drastically reduced to $10.3{\pm}1.8$ rather thn those of group1. The total area of nodules $(mm^2)$ /whole liver $(cm^2)$ of group 1 and group2 were $19.2{\pm}7.7$ and $5.0{\pm}3.2$, respectively. These results indicate that extract of H.diffusa act as an anticancer agent at statistically significant level (p<0.001).
Objectives : This study was carried out to evaluate analgesic effects of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim (ZM) pharmacopuncture on formalin-induced pains in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and ICR-mice. Methods : The subjects were divided 8 weeks aged rats with constant pain sensitivity into five groups; normal (treated with normal saline at Taegye (KI3) and before injected with normal saline at hindpaw), Con-1 (treated with normal saline at KI3 before injected with formalin at hindpaw), Lido-1 (treated with lidocaine at KI3), ZMWG-1 (treated with Hot water extraction pharmacopuncture of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim at KI3), ZMEG-1 (treated with ethanol extraction pharmacopuncture of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim at KI3). After 35 minutes, we measured ultrasonic vocalization (USV) and enzyme activities of both Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in rat serum. In addition, Tail flick test is performed by injecting ICR mice at 5 weeks of age. And it classified into 4 groups (Con-2, Lido-2, ZMWG-2, ZMEG-2) according to the kind of drug (normal saline, lidocaine, ZMW, ZME). After each drug injection, we examined the reaction by placing the tail in water at $50^{\circ}C$. Results : ZME had analgesic effects in the early and late phase of USV during the formalin test. There were no significant differences between ZMEG-1 and Lido-1 in early and late phase of USV. Also, No significant differences observed in serum AST and ALT activity in ZMWG-1 and ZMEG-1 compared with Con-1. For tail-flick test, analgesic effect on warmth significantly increased in Lido-2 and ZMEG-2 compare to that of Con-2. Conclusion : ZME pharmacopuncture had analgesic effects on formalin-induced pain without liver toxicity. Also, tail-flick test suggest that ZME pharmacopuncture could be useful technique on analgesic effect on warmth and treatment of pains.
Objectives : The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of antioxidation related to aging of Cheongeumyeonsudan which is written on Dongui-bogam experimentally. Method : 14 weeks aged SD albino rats were separated into uncontrolled group, controlled group and CGY group. As controlled and CGY groups were induced aging by subcutaneous injection of D-galactose, at the same time we administered the extract of Cheongeumyeonsudan to CGY group for 6 weeks. After then we drew blood from each group, and took measurements; the activity of SOD, GSH-px, catalase in erythrocytes, TBARS value, concentration of total lipid, tryglycende, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol in blood plasma. Results : The activities of SOD, GSH-px in erythrocytes were significantly increased in the CGY group compared with control group. The activity of catalase showed a tendency to increase, but it was nor remarkable. The concentration of total lipid, the values of TBARS and total cholesterol was significantly decreased in the CGY group compared with control group, and the concentration of plasma HDL-cholesterol was not remarkable. The concentration of tryglycende in plasma showed a tendency to decreased. Conclusions : it is suggested that Cheongeumyeonsudan decreased the activities of free radical, the concentration of lipid in plasma and generate enzyme which form lipid peroxide.
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
/
v.24
no.4
/
pp.502-509
/
1995
In other to investigate the hypolipidemic effect of dry edible leaves on serum lipids, four kinds of powdered leaves(persimmom, mulberry, perilla, and soy bean) were added to experimental diets at the levels of 5%(w/w). The diets were fed to 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 4 weeks and weighing 60$\pm$5g, for 3 weeks. Food intake was the largest in Group 1(control), with 5% of cellulose powder, while food efficiency was the highest in Group 2(persimmon). Total cholesterol level in serum was lower in Group 5(soybean) and Group 4(perilla) than the other groups. In comparison with Group 1, HDL-cholesterol level was very high in Group 4 and atherogenic index was low in Groups 4 and 5. Free cholesterol level was the highest in Group 2, and was the lowest in Group 1. Both LDL and LDL-cholesterol levels were the lowest in Group 1, while they were very high in Groups 2 and 3(mulberry). Triglyceride level was the lowest in Group 4, and the highest in Group 1. Except Group 3, all groups had lower phospholipid level than Group 1. Compared with Group 1, calcium level in serum was low in Groups 3, 4 and 5, magenesium level was low in Groups 2, 3 and 5, phosphate level was high in Group 4, and iron level was exceptionally low in Groups 4 and 5. In conclusion, Group 4(perilla) and Group 5 (soybean) showed a favorable effect in atherogenic index and serum levels of various lipids.
This study was performed to investigate the effects of aluminum sulfate administration on the brain tissues of old rats, when given at different concentrations. The experiment attempted to further ascertain whether aluminum exposure cause Alzheimer's disease. Seventy-five aged Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups; a control group, 2 ppm aluminum sulfate group, 20 ppm aluminum sulfate group, 40 ppm aluminum sulfate group, and 200 ppm aluminum sulfate group, and were kept on the respective diets for 12 weeks. In order to understand the influence of aluminum on the brain, serum aluminum concentrations, phospholipid composition, and catecholamine concentrations were compared between the aluminum-treated groups and the normal group. According to the results, serum aluminum was higher in the aluminum sulfate-treated groups than in the normal group. Within the cortex, catecholamine concentrationes were significantly increased but cerebellum and brainstem tissue were significantly decreased, in the aluminum sulfate-treated groups compared to the normal group. For phospholipid composition, phosphatidyl inositol was significantly increased wherase phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and phosphatidyl serine were significantly decreased in the aluminum sulfate-treated groups versus the normal group. Based on the data, increased aluminum consumption in experimental animals causes increased serum aluminum levels and catecholamine variation. These phenomena are very similar to conditions of Alzherimer's disease. Therfore, the results of this experiment further suggest that aluminum cause Alzherimer's disease, coinciding with reports that aluminum is a cause of neurofibrilly tangles in the brain.
This study was carried out to develop new model for gastric ulcer and to investigate some factor which effect it. Rats were immersed for 8 hours. Ulcer index was measured from total length of occured ulcer. Ulcer index (UI) of restraint and immersion group was higher significantly than that of only restraint group (p<0.001) and ulcer was occurred within only glandular stomach. UI of low water temperature group was higher significantly than that of high water temperature group (p
Park, Sok;Sung, Ki-Woon;Lee, Jin;Lee, Cheon-Ho;Lee, Young-Jun;Yoo, Young-June;Park, Kyoung-Shil;Min, Byung-Jin;Shin, Yong-Sub;Kim, Jung-Suk;Jung, Hun
Journal of Life Science
/
v.22
no.4
/
pp.516-523
/
2012
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise and/or L-arginine on abdominal fat, IGF-1 on GH/IGF-1 axis, fibrinogen, and PAI-1 in aged and obese rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with a D-galactose aging inducing agent (50 mg/kg) given intraperitoneally for 12 weeks. Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated and divided into four groups: aging-high fat diet group (AG+HF), AG+HF with L-arginine intake group (AG+LA), AG+HF with exercise group (AG+EX), and AG+EX with L-arginine intake group (AG+LA+EX). The experimental rats underwent treadmill training (60 min/day, 6 days/week at 0% gradient) for 12 weeks. L-arginine was given orally (150 mg/kg/day) for 12 weeks. After the experiment, blood was collected from the left ventricle and abdominal fat was extracted. The results showed that GH was significantly increased in AG+EX and AG+AL+EX. IGF-1 was significantly increased in both the AG+AL+EX and AG+EX group ($p$<0.05), while fibrinogen and PAI-1 were not significantly different among the groups. Abdominal fat was significantly decreased in the AG+LA, AG+EX, and AG+LA+EX groups ($p$<0.05) compared with the AG+HF group. In conclusion, this study suggests that exercise alone or L-arginine alone or a combination not only increases the GH and IGF-1 concentration, but also decreases the abdominal fat mass.
The effect of extracellular and intracellular pH on vascular tone and $^{45}Ca$ uptake were investigated in aortic strips and dispersed single aortic smooth muscle cells of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and aged-matched Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). The contraction produced by a change of extracellular pH (pHo) in the range of $6.5{\sim}8.3$ was estimated by comparison with the level of vascular tone at pH 7.4. Contraction was induced below pHo 6.5 in WKY, pHo 7.1 in SHR, and over pHo 8.0 on both strains. The amplitude of contraction induced by high pHo (over pHo 7.7) was similar in SHR and WKY, but that induced by low pHo (below pHo 7.1) in SHR was greater than that in WKY. Either high pHo- or low pHo-induced contractions in WKY and SHR were not induced in the Ca-free Tyrode's solution and were induced by the addition of Ca. $^{45}Ca$ uptake increased progressively as pHo was increased from 6.8 to 8.1 in the single aortic smooth muscle cells of WKY and SHR. $NH_4Cl$ induced a gradually developing contraction in a dose-dependent manner $(5\;mM{\sim}30\;mM)$ and the removal of $NH_4Cl$ induced transient contraction was followed by profound relaxation in the aortic rings of both strains. The contractions induced by $NH_4Cl$ or by the removal of $NH_4Cl$ in SHR were significantly greater than that in WKY. These contractions were not induced in Ca-free Tyrode's solution. $^{45}Ca$ uptake was increased by $NH_4Cl$ (20 mM) and was not changed by the removal of $NH_4Cl$ (20 mM) in the aortic strips of WKY and SHR. As a summary of above results, the vascular tone of SHR was more sensitive to the change pHi and pHo than that of WKY. The contractions induced by change of extracellular or intracellular pH depended on extracellular Ca in the aorta of SHR nnd WKY. However, the Ca uptake was in accord with the changes of contraction but increase in contraction by low pH was not accompanied by an increase in Ca uptake in both strains.
Jeong, Ji Seong;Nam, Ki Taek;Lee, Buhyun;Pamungkas, Aryo Dimas;Song, Daeun;Kim, Minjeong;Yu, Wook-Joon;Lee, Jinsoo;Jee, Sunha;Park, Youngja H.;Lim, Kyung-Min
Biomolecules & Therapeutics
/
v.25
no.5
/
pp.545-552
/
2017
Increasing concern is being given to the association between risk of cancer and exposure to low-dose bisphenol A (BPA), especially in young-aged population. In this study, we investigated the effects of repeated oral treatment of low to high dose BPA in juvenile Sprague-Dawley rats. Exposing juvenile rats to BPA (0, 0.5, 5, 50, and 250 mg/kg oral gavage) from post-natal day 9 for 90 days resulted in higher food intakes and increased body weights in biphasic dose-effect relationship. Male mammary glands were atrophied at high dose, which coincided with sexual pre-maturation of females. Notably, proliferative changes with altered cell foci and focal inflammation were observed around bile ducts in the liver of all BPA-dosed groups in males, which achieved statistical significance from 0.5 mg/kg (ANOVA, Dunnett's test, p<0.05). Toxicokinetic analysis revealed that systemic exposure to BPA was greater at early age (e.g., 210-fold in $C_{max}$, and 26-fold in AUC at 50 mg/kg in male on day 1 over day 90) and in females (e.g., 4-fold in $C_{max}$ and 1.6-fold in AUC at 50 mg/kg vs. male on day 1), which might have stemmed from either age- or gender-dependent differences in metabolic capacity. These results may serve as evidence for the association between risk of cancer and exposure to low-dose BPA, especially in young children, as well as for varying toxicity of xenobiotics in different age and gender groups.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.