• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.273-282
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• 2020

PURPOSE. To assess shear bond strengths (SBS) of resin composites on aged and non-aged prosthetic materials with various surface treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Cerasmart (CE), Vita Enamic (VE), Vita Mark II (VM), and IPS e.max CAD (EC) blocks were sliced, and rectangular-shaped specimens (14 × 12 × 1.5 mm; N = 352) were obtained. Half of the specimens were aged (5000 thermal cycles) for each material. Non-aged and aged specimens were divided into 4 groups according to the surface treatments (control, air abrasion, etching, and laser irradiation; n = 11) and processed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The repair procedure was performed after the surface treatments. SBS values and failure types were determined. Obtained data were statistically analyzed (P≤.05). RESULTS. The material type, surface treatment type, and their interactions were found significant with regard to SBS (P<.001). Aging also had a significant effect on prosthetic material-resin composite bonding (P<.001). SBS values of non-aged specimens ranged from 12.16 to 17.91 MPa, while SBS values of aged specimens ranged from 9.46 to 15.61 MPa. Non-aged VM in combination with acid etching presented the highest score while the control group of aged CE showed the lowest. CONCLUSION. Etching was more effective in achieving durable SBS for VM and EC. Laser irradiation could be considered as an alternative surface treatment method to air abrasion for all tested materials. Aging had significant effect on SBS values generated between tested materials and resin composite.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.151-166
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• 1996

This study examined the effects of social support on the perceived life satisfaction of middle-aged wives. To better understand the effects of social support on the perceived life satisfaction of middle-aged wives this study considered the following four different types of social support: emotional material informational and companionshp support. In addition each type of social support from the following five sources-the family of origin network the family of husband network friends neighbors and social organization-were examined separately in relation to the perceived life satisfaction of middle-aged wives. The data for his study were collected in the winter of 1995 from 417 housewives in Pusam wholse youngest child has graduated from elementary schools. Analyses of these data proved that (1) contrary to the classical "middle-age cristis" theory the average level of the perceived life satisfaction of middle-aged wives is relatively high; (2) there is a strong positive correla ion between the global level of social support and the overall life satisfaction of middle-aged wives; (3) the family of origin network is the most important provider of social support to middle-aged wives; and (4) the effects of social support on the perceived life satisfaction of middle-aged wives differ across types and sources of support. Findings showed that emotional informational and companionship support from the family of origin network have significantly positive effects on the perceived life satisfaction of middle-aged wives. On he other hand the material support from the family of origin network proved to have little effect.le effect.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.415-420
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• 2013

The new recycling technology for aged Aluminum wires in overhead conductor have been carried out. We are attempting to develop remanufacturing method for them for more effective way of recycling in stead of its conventional remelting process. The weld of aged aluminum wires play a vital role in remanufacture process. The paper investigates the mechanical properties during cold welding process of aged Aluminum wire. The tensile tests and microscopic analysis results are discussed to underscore the hardening features of welded aluminum wire. Various graphs are presented accompanied by discussion about their relevance on the process.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.482-487
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• 2013

The new recycling technology for aged aluminum wires in overhead conductor have been carried out. We are attempting to develop remanufacturing method for them for more effective way of recycling in stead of its conventional remelting process. The drawing process of aged aluminum wires play a role in remanufacture process. Drawing process was performed under lubricant. The speed of drawing was between 500 m/min and 1,000 m/min. These machines have 11 or 12 dies house for breakdown of the feedstock. Material of the die is tungsten carbide and they have generally 25% reduction ratio. The paper investigates the mechanical properties during drawing process of aged aluminum wire. The results of tensile tests and microscopic analysis were discussed to underscore the hardening features of drawing aluminum wire. Various graphs are presented accompanied by discussion about their relevance on the process.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.29 no.9 s.240
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• pp.1253-1261
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• 2005

Cast stainless steel (CSS) is thermally aged by a long term exposure in the range of nuclear power plant operating temperature. The thermal aging is a cause of concern for the continued safe and reliable operation of CSS nuclear components. Therefore, an assessment of degradation in material properties of these components has been importantly considered. In this study the ball indentation tests were performed on four cast stainless steels aged at $400^{\circ}C$ for 3600 hours, to investigate the applicability of ball indentation test to the assessment of aging degradation of cast stainless steels. Thus, the reliability of ball indentation test for aged CSS was analyzed by evaluating the scattering of data tested from each material and by comparing tensile properties obtained from ball indentation test and standard tensile test. Also, the tensile properties of aged CSS obtained from ball indentation test were compared with those predicted by the evaluation procedure developed on the basis of material database for aged CSS.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.519-527
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• 1997

AISI 316 steel has been used extensively for heater and boiler tube of the structural plants such as power, chemical and petroleum plants under severe operating conditions. Usually, material degradation due to microcrack or precipitation of carbides and segregation of impurity elements, is occured by damage accumulated for long-term service at high temperature in this material. In this study, the effect of aging time on fracture toughness was investigated to evaluate the measurement of material degradation. The elastic-plastic fracture toughness behaviour of AISI 316 steel pipe aged at $550^{\circ}C$for 1h-10000h (the aged material) was characterized using the single specimen J-R curve technique and eletric potential drop method at normal loading rate(load-line displacement speed of 0.2mm/min) in room temperature and air environment. The fracture toughness data from above experiments is compared with the $J_{in}$ obtained from predicted values of crack initiation point using potential drop method.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.56 no.2 s.101
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• pp.45-55
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• 2006

The purposes of this study were to identify clothing attitudes and purchasing motives according to consumption orientation of Chinese middle aged women. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Factors of shopping orientation were rich & fashion, economy & profit, traditional virtue & leisure utilizing, and frugality & pragmatism. Chinese middle aged women were classified into practicality pursuit group, material & fashion pursuit group, conservative leisure utilizing group, and negative stagnating group. 2. Factors of clothing attitudes were fashion, self-confidence & symbol, politeness, comfort, and luxury. Practicality pursuit group considered politeness of clothing more and did not purchase impulsively, but material & fashion pursuit considered many factors of clothing attitudes most. Conservative leisure utilizing group considered economy most, but negative stagnate group considered less. 3. Factors of clothing purchasing motives were fashion & conformity, fitness, impulse, and practical needs. Practicality pursuit group purchased clothing because of practical needs, but material & fashion pursuit group purchased of fashion & conformity, fitness, impulse, and practical needs.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.2819-2832
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• 1996

The estimation of the remaining life for the aged components in power plant as well as chemical and petroleum plants has been recently concerned. The raw materials used in this study are the 1Cr-1Mo-0.25V steel which intensified P and S compositions along with the nominal compositions of ASTM A 470 standard. Five kinds of specimens with the different degradation levels were prepared by isothermal aging heat treatment at 630.deg.C. The mechanical properties and rotated bending fatigue strength of virgin and aged 1Cr-1Mo-0.25V steel have been investigated through the hardness, tensile, fatigue test, SEM fractograph and EDS analysis at 538.deg.C and room temperature, respectively. Thus the data of aged specimens were compared with those of virgin specimen to evaluate the aging effects. The main results obtained in this study are as follows ; The decrease of the yield and tensile strength due to degradation was distinguished until 50, 000hrs simulated service time. And it was confirmed that the considerable amount of P, Mn, Cr and S was precipitated at the grain boundary of aged material through the SEM and EDS analysis. The rotated bendingd fatigue strength at 538.deg.C of virgin, 25, 000, 50, 000, 75, 000 and 100, 000 hrs aged material was decreased 44.6 %, 49.6 %, 51.5 %, 52.4% and 53.8% than that of virgin material at 10$_{7}$cycles of room temperature, respectively. The major cracks of virgin and aged materials mainly initiated at the inclusions including Si, P and Mn compositions which were located at the outer periphery of the specimen.n.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.77-87
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• 1996

The estimation of the remaining life for the aged components in power plant as well as chemical and peroleum plants has been recently coberned. The raw materials used in this syudy are the 1Cr-1Mo-0.25V rotor steel which intensified P and S compositions along with the nominal compositions of ASTM A470 standard. Five kinds of specimens with the different degradation levels were prepared by isothermal aging teat treatment at $630^{\circ}C$ The mechanical properties and fatigue strength of virgin and aged 1Cr-1Mo-0.25V rotor steel have been inbestigated through the hardness, tensile, fatigue test, SEM fractograph and EDS analysis at room temperature. Thus, the data of aged specimens were compared with those of virgin specimen to evaluate the aging effects. The main results obtained in this study are as follows; The decrease of the hardness due to degradation was distinguished until 50, 000hrs simulated service time. And is was confirmed that the considerable amount of P, Mn, Cr and S was precipitated at the grain boundary of aged material through the SEM and EDS analysis. The fatigue strength of 25, 000, 50, 000, 75, 000 and 100, 000hrs aged material was decreased 29.5%, 24.4%, 28.6%, 35.7% than that of virgin material at $10^7$ cycles of room temperature. The major cracks of virgin and aged materials initiated at the inclusions including Si, P and Mn compositions which were located at the outer periphery of the specimen.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.235-239
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• 2006

Charge dynamics in polymeric materials after aged under ac electric field using the pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) technique is reported. The emphasis is placed on charge decay. The charge dynamics of the ac aged additive free low density polyethylene (LDPE) samples under dc bias differ from the sample without ac ageing, indicating changes brought in by ac ageing. It is believed that a slow decay rate of charge in the ac aged sample is related to the formation of deep traps in the material. However, chemical analysis by infrared spectroscope (FTIR) and Raman microscope reveals no significant chemical changes taken place in the bulk of the material after ac ageing. Further experiments on irradiated LDPE have revealed a similar behaviour, i.e. the charge decay is slower in irradiated samples than that of fresh sample. The findings presented clearly indicate that space charge measurement can be used as a diagnostic tool to monitor ageing in polymeric materials.