• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.25-37
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• 1999

The purposes of this research were to find out general trends of employed women's stress and to investigate the differences and effects of related variables. The data were obtained through 239 employed women living in Kwangju and Chonnam. The major findings were as follows : 1) Employed women's scores of stressor, stress cognition and distress were under medium but coping scores were relatively high. 2) Significant differences in employed women's stressors were found according to age, income, job satisfaction, and family life cycle. Stress cognition differed according to job adjustment conditions and self-esteem. Also distress related with job conditions and object. Stress coping levels were different according to income, job conditions, self-esteem, and sex-role attitude. 3) In analyzing the causal effects among related variables, employed women's stressors were affected by job satisfaction and age. Also stress cognition were influenced by job satisfation and self-esteem. Job conditions showed significant effects on distress and self-esteem, sex-role attitudes showed on coping. Conclusively job satisfaction, self-esteem and gender equality were most important variables for employed women's stress. (Korean J of Human Ecology 2(1) : 25-37 1999)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.27 no.3_4
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• pp.373-383
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of personal characteristics on job stressors, job stress symptoms, and job performance of workers in fashion and textile industries. Personal characteristics includes gender, marital status, educational level, age, type of industry, type of occupation, job position and work period. The data were obtained from questionnaire completed by 529 workers who were employed by textile or clothing manufacturers located in Seoul, Daegu, or Gyeongsang-do province. The SPSS package was used for data analysis which includes frequency, factor analysis, t-test, ANOVA and Scheffe's test. The results indicated that all personal characteristics had significant effects on job stressors, job stress symptoms, and job performance. Age and job position among personal characteristics showed to be the most important variables which influenced job stressor, job stress symptoms, and job performance.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.199-228
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• 2016

This study investigates the effects of economic factors and forest environments on rural residential area development in seven north central states of the U.S. by focusing on the relative importance of not only economic factors but also forest environments by forest type as core drivers of residential development. An empirical model of locations and magnitudes of population changes since 1950 in the north central region is first constructed, and then a panel model with fixed effects for counties is used to explain population growth by age group over time at the county level. Then a set of three equations is estimated for three major age groups, and a cross-sectional model is estimated for the last time period that regresses county-level environmental amenity variables on fixed effects coefficients for counties. Finally, an equation explaining changes in rural housing density is estimated. The results imply that immigrant age is a key factor influencing the choice of the place of residence and that the effects of environmental amenity factors on population growth and subsequent housing development in a county vary according to the age group.

• 한국노년학
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.111-127
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• 2011

The study aims to analyse whether Korea and Taiwan have reduced the elderly poverty effectively through income transfer system in a comparative perspective. It covers 12 Western welfare states and 2 East Asian welfare states(korea and Taiwan). Utilising Luxembourg Income Study(LIS) datasets, empirical analyses focus on old-age income mix and poverty reduction effects of income transfer. Major findings are as follows. Frist, whilst public transfer income takes a major part in old-age income mix in Western welfare states, Korea and Taiwan reveal genuine mixed states - i.e., the relative proportion of private transfers and market income are high. Secondly, public transfers have effectively reduced the old-age poverty in Western welfare state. However, thirdly, those effects are still limited in Korea and Taiwan. Rather, the poverty reduction effects of private transfers are relatively high. Based on the empirical findings, the study suggests future research agendas and policy implications.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.89-104
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• 2019

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the development of korean vowels by acoustically analyzing whether children produce Korean vowels differently according to their age and gender between ages 4 and 6. Methods : A total of 104 children aged 4~6 years (56 males and 48 females) participated in this study. The participants were classified as either 4, 5, or 6 years old. Vowel speech data was obtained by asking the subjects to pronounce meaningful words in which the vowel in question was located in the first syllable. Speech analysis was performed using the Multi-speech 3700 program. Results : Age, gender, and vowel being pronounced all had significant effects on intensity. There was significant decrease with increasing age, and the intensity was significantly higher in male children than female children. Neither age, gender, nor the vowel being produced affected the fundamental frequency. The fundamental frequency produced did not differ by age or gender. The first and second formants had considerable effect on age and vowels, significantly decreased with age, and did not have a gender difference. Conclusion : The results of this study showed that children aged 4~6 have similar anatomical structures, but that maturity of speech motor skills required to pronounce vowels was correlated with age. The results of this study can be used to evaluate children's speech and develop speech therapy programs.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.167-182
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• 1990

Dietary restriction (caloric restriction) is the only intervention which has been reliably shown to extend the maximum life span of warm-blooded animals and delay the many phenomena associated with aging. It is also one of the most effective modulators of toxicity, especially cancer endpoints. In spite of the known modulator effects of caloric restriction, the biological mechanisms responsible for these effects had not been in vestigated until recently. The National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), in a collaborative effort with the National Institute of Aging (NIA), initiated a project whereby nine (9) combinations of rodent species/strains and diets were fed both restricted and ad libitum. The NIA's initiative was to identify biomarkers of aging whereas NCTR's initiative was to identify the biological effects associated with the profound effects caloric restriction has in protecting against both spontaneous (age-related) and chemically-induced toxic endpoints. Independent of sex or species, caloric restriction has similar effects on body temperature, oxygen consumption and $CO_2$production. Caloric restriction also decreased lipid glycolysis and metabolism in rats and mice, which suggest decreased production of metabolites which could lead to fatty acid epoxide formation. The age-associated loss of ciradian regulation of intermediate enzymes is also significantly reduced. Moreover, caloric restriction reduced the age-associated feminization of sexually dimorphic liver isozymes, increased several glucocorticoid responsive isozymes, elevated glucagon/insulin ratios, produced less microsomal superoxide and enhanced the capacity for utilzing detoxicating metabolic pathways. Calorically restricted rats have less than half the number of aflatoxin ($AFB_1$)-DNA adducts than ad libitum animals and urinary excretion of $AFB_1$ was increased significantly. Finally, DNA repair mechanisms are enhanced and oncogene expression is decreased in calorically restricted animals.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.309-316
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• 2006

Objectives: Korean epidemiological studies have used reduced samples according to the subject's characteristics, such as the health services provided, the historical note with asthma, and age, to examine the acute effect of air pollution on asthma using the Korean National Health Insurance records. However, there have been few studies on whether the effects shown in these reduced samples are different from those of all samples. This study compared the effects of air pollution on asthma attacks in three reduced samples with those of entire samples. Methods: The air pollution data for $PM_{10},\;CO,\;SO_2,\;NO_2,\;and\;O_3$, and weather conditions including temperature, relative humidity, and air pressure in Seoul, 2002, were obtained from outdoor monitoring stations in Seoul. The emergency hospital visits with an asthma attack in Seoul, 2002 were extracted from the Korean National Health Insurance records. From these, the reduced samples were created by health service, historical notes with asthma, and age. A case-crossover design was adopted and the acute effects of air pollution on asthma were estimated after adjusting for weather, time trend, and seasonality. The model was applied to each reduced sample and the entire sample. Results: With respect to the health service, the effects on outpatients were similar to those for the total sample but were different for inpatients. These similar effect sizes were also observed in the reduced samples according to the historical note with asthma and age. The relative risks of $PM_{10},\;CO,\;SO_2,\;NO_2,\;and\;O_3$, among the reduced and entire samples were 1.03, 1.04-1.05, 1.02-1.03, 1.04-1.06, and 1.10-1.17, respectively. Conclusions: There was no clear evidence to show a difference between the reduced samples and the entire samples.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.63-68
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• 2008

High performance concrete (HPC) is widely used in civil engineering due to its high durability and low permeability etc. Compared with ordinary concrete, HPC may develop much higher AS (autogenous shrinkage) at early age due to the relative low water cement (w/c) ratio and adding of mineral admixtures, which is one of the main reasons for early age micro-cracking of HPC structures. This paper studies the early age property of HPC columns under similar construction-site surroundings by embedded strain transducers. Results show that for HPC structure, early-age autogenous shrinkage especially within the first day after concrete pouring is pretty large. AS within the first day are 60% larger than those for 14 days in this research for all specimens. Therefore it should be taken into account for structure durability. By comparison of PHPC (plain HPC column) and RHPC (reinforced HPC column) specimens, the effects of reinforced bars on AS and temperature distribution have been analyzed. Also the influence of w/c ratio on AS is demonstrated.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.589-599
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• 2010

When the Korean government announced the lowering of the school entrance age from 6 to 5 years in an effort to increase the fertility rate, one candidate for the Seoul mayor rode on the slogan, 'one dong, one public kindergarten'. This study attempted to show the introduction of a preschool class for six-year-olds being used as analternative to lowering school entrance age in Sweden. First, the current state of preschool class, the Early Childhood Education and Care, and the education system in Sweden were described. Next, the background for the introduction of the preschool classes was analyzed. Thirdly, the effects of preschool class were evaluated from the perspectives of 6 year-olds as well as the institutiona land social status of the ECEC. Results from this study imply not only that the lower school entrance age policy should be abolished but also preschool classes could be considered as an alternative.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.189-199
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between caregivers' characteristic variables and quality of child care and to investigate the magnitude of the association between variables and quality of child care according to children's age. The following factors were suggested as the caregivers' characteristic variables: Total years of caregiving experience, educational level, job satisfaction, amounts of turnover, time for commuting, salary, pay step, years of work in charge of current children, perception on the recommended caregiver/child ratio. The results of the study were as follows : First, it was found that caregivers' salary, total years of caregiving experience, pay step, perception on the recommended caregiver/child ratio, age, and amounts of in-service program were significant among caregivers' variables. Second, when the caregivers' characteristic variables were examined in terms of children's age respectively, the effects of teacher-related variables to influence the child-care quality were significantly different according to children's age group.