• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.131-139
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• 1993

These studies were conducted to investigate the effects of the extracts from Hoelen alba, Alismatis Rhizoma and Atractylodes Rhizoma on the proliferation and differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. The results were summerized as follows: Hoelen alba and Alismatis Rhizoma extracts inhibited the proliferation of preadipose 3T3-L1 cells. In inductive differentiation, all three extracts inhibited the adipose conversion in 2 days of initial-culture, Atractylodes Rhizoma extract inhibited the adipose conversion in 5 days of final-culture and Hoelen alba and Alismatis Rhizoma inhibited adipose conversion in treatment of whole term of culture. In spontaneous differentiation, Atractylodes Rhizoma extract increased the adipose conversion in 2 days of initial-culture, Hoelen alba and Alismatis Rhizoma increased the adipose conversion in 5 days of final-culture, all three extracts increased adipose conversion in treatment of whole term of culture. The 10% serum of mice treated with each sample did not affect, but the 5% serum of them inhibited the proliferation of 3T3-L1 cells. In inductive differentiation, the 10% serum of them inhibited the adipose conversion in treatment of whole term of culture.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.339-343
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• 2003

We studied the effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate(EGCG) on the adipose conversion of 3T3-L1 cells by insulin. In the 10 days of culture with insulin, the fat cells exhibited the increased and larger intracytoplasmic lipid droplets. In contrast, the levels of triglyceride(TG), a marker of adipose conversion, were decreased. However, the levels of glucose were decreased in the adipose conversion. In addition, levels of cholesterol were decreased in the differentiated 3T3-L1 cells.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.299-302
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• 2003

Several natural products were tested to control the differentiation of cultured human mesenchymal stem cell into adipocyte. The extent of the inhibitory effect on the conversion of adipose was measured using Oil red O staining, which stains accumulated lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of adipocyte. Of the various natural product extracts, the adipocyte differentiation was inhibited by an extract from Folium mori in the concentration range 1${\times}$10$\^$-4/∼5${\times}$l0$\^$-2/ g/mL. These results suggest that Folium mori has an inhibitory activity toward the adipose conversion, which is a major cause of obesity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1151-1159
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• 2009

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary level of whole flaxseed (WFS; 0, 10 and 15%) on performance, carcass characteristics and fatty acid composition of serum and subcutaneous, perirenal, and intramuscular adipose tissues of Korean Hanwoo cattle. The daily gains were not different among treatments. Dietary inclusion of WFS decreased (p<0.05) feed intake but improved (p<0.05) feed conversion ratio (feed/gain). Backfat thickness and marbling score were increased (p<0.05) by dietary WFS. Carcass weight, dressing percentage, loin-eye area, and carcass yield and quality were not different among treatments. The proportion of C18:3 in serum and, to a lesser extent, in adipose tissues were increased (p<0.01) by dietary WFS, indicating that lipids from WFS escaped ruminal biohydrogenation. Animals fed WFS had lower proportions of saturated fatty acid (SFA; C14:0 and 16:0) and higher proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; C18:2. 18:3, 20:2, 20:4, 20:5 and 22:6) in perirenal and intramuscular fat than animals fed diets without WFS, resulting in an increased PUFA/SFA ratio. Furthermore, feeding WFS increased (p<0.01) proportions of $\omega$-3 and $\omega$-6 fatty acids in intramuscular fat but decreased (p<0.05) the $\omega$-6/$\omega$-3 ratio. Relative treatment effects were similar between 10 and 15% WFS. Feeding WFS can effectively alter composition of adipose tissues with enhanced feed conversion ratio.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.446-450
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• 2000

The experiment was conducted to study the effects of water soluble vitamins and retinoic acid on the differentiation of preadipocyte from omental, subcutaneous, intermuscular and intramuscular adipose tissue of Hanwoo. Differentiation was assessed by the change in enzyme activity, glycerol-3 phosphate dehydrogenase in serum free cell culture system. Preadipocytes treated with biotin ($10{\mu}M$) and pantothenic acid ($100{\mu}M$) were significantly (p<0.05) less differentiated than those from the control in all adipose tissue depots except intramuscular tissue. Although there was no significance, vitamin C was shown to stimulate the adipocyte conversion in omental and subcutaneous, but not in intermuscular and intramuscular adipose tissues. Lower values of GPDH activity in intermuscular preadipocyte were interpreted to be caused by relatively higher amounts of protein. In this experiment vitamin C did not stimulate fat deposition in intramuscular adipose tissue but further experiments are needed on the role of vitamin C in preadipocyte differentiation. When treated with different levels of retinoic acids, differentiation of preadipocytes was significantly (p<0.05) reduced from the level of $0.5{\mu}g/ml$ in omental and intermuscular, from $50{\mu}g/ml$ in subcutaneous, and in intramuscular at $500{\mu}g/ml$, thus showing that intramuscular preadipocytes were least responsive to retinoic acid in differentiation. All-trans retinoic acid appeared to inhibit the differentiation in a dose dependent manner, regardless of adipose tissues type.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.535-540
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• 1995

The purpose of this research was to investigate effects of glycyrrhizin on the differentiation of preadipocytes, 3T3-Ll cells and to characterize the action of glycyrrhizin that affect the responses of 3T3-Ll cells during differentiation. The differentiation of 3T3-Ll cells was stimulated by glycyrrhizin, and triglyceride contents was increased in the differentiated 3T3-LI cell extracts. Total protein contents was increased by glycyrrhizin or inductive agents in the differentiated 3T3-Ll cell extracts. Calmodulin contents was increased by inductive agents, but the contents was not affected by glycyrrhizin in the differentiated 3T3-Ll cell extracts. The results suggest that glycyrrhizin has a stimulating activity of adipose conversion, but the activity is not related to calmodulin contents during the process of differentiation of 3T3-LI cells.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.266-274
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• 1989

The current study was undertaken to determine the effects of the ratios of dietary fat to carbohydrate and energy restriction on insulin sensitivity in the growing rats. Male rats weighting 80-90g were fed experimental diets for two weeks. Rats were killed and epiddymal adipose tissue were removed and sliced. Explants of adipose tissues were incubated for 2 hours in KRB(Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate) buffer containing various concentrations of human insulin and [U-14C]glucose. Insulin sensitivity was determined as glucose conversion to total lipids (lipogenesis) during 2 hr incubation. Exp't I : Effects of Ratios of Fat to Carbohydrate on Insulin Sensitivity. Eighteen male rats were fed 3 diets for 2 weeks. Diet 1 was low fat-high carbohydrate (4% soybean oil and 66.5% cornstarch) ; diet 2, medium fat-medium sarbohydrate(12% soybean oil and 58.5% cornstarch) ; diet 3, high fat-low carbohydrate (20% soybean oil and 50.5% cornstarch). Insulin sensitivity was higher in the order of LF-HC, MF-HC and HF-LC diet groups (p<0.05), i.e, lipogenesis was higher at all insuline concentration in the explants from rats fed LF-HC diet. However, thers was no significant difference in body weight gain and epididymal adipose tissue weight among treatments. Exp't II ; Effects of Energy Restriction on Insulin Sensitivity. Twelve rats were grouped into ad libitum feeding and restricted feeding(70% of ad libitum). The experimental diet was medium fat-medium carbohydrat diet as used in the Exp't I. Restricted feeding group tended to show higher insulin sensitivity compared to ad libitum group. However, there was no statistical difference between two groups. As expected, body weight gain and epididymal adipose tissue were higher in the ad libitum group. In summary, the resutls of the current study showed that the epididymal adipose tissue taken from the rats fed low fat-high carbohydrate diet showed higher insulin sensitivity compared to those fed high fat-low carbohydrate, and that resticted feeding tended to elevate insulin sensitivity in these tissues.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.3-9
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• 2005

Obesity can be defined as a metabolic disease due to an increased fat accumulation in the body caused by an imbalance of calorie intake and output The prevalence of obesity has increased substantially over the past 2-3 decades in developed and developing countries. The health impact of weight gain is so marked that obesity has now been classified as a major global public health problem In order to investigate the effect of diet conversion and oral administration of Platycodon grandiflorum extracts on the treatment of obesity, male Spraque-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: a group converted to normal diet (Control group), a group maintained high fat (30%) diet (H), and two groups with Platycodon grandiflorum extract added to the previously mentioned two groups. All animals were fed high fat diet for 7 weeks to induce the obesity. Then they were divided as mentioned above. Animals were fed experimental diet and Platycodon grandiflorum extract (150 mg/ml/rat/day) for 7 weeks. Body weight, adipose tissue weight (subcutaneous, epididymal, peritoneal fat pads) and serum lipids (total cholesterol and triglyceride) showed some differences among groups. The Platycodon grandiflorum feeding markedly decreased both body weight and adipose tissue weight in control group compared to H, high fat diet maintaining, group. Platycodon grandiflorum extracts significantly decreased the concentrations of serum lipids compared to H group. Fat cell numbers and sizes were significantly reduced in the oriental medicinal herb extract administrated group. Increased fatty acid binding protein (FABP) expression in high fat diet group was decreased by the dietary conversion to normal diet and the oral administration of Platycodon glandiflorum extracts. In contrast, there was no significant effect on FABP expression in the high fat maintenance group. In this study, the conversion from high fat diet to low fat or normal diet had a beneficial effect on body weight loss and serum lipid profiles. Dietary Platycodon glandiflorum extracts had an additive beneficial effect on the prevention and treatment of obesity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1225-1233
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• 2009

Fat composition of beef, taken here to mean marbling, can be manipulated by time on feed, finishing diet, and breed type. These three factors also strongly influence the fatty acid composition of beef. Both the amount of marbling and the concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) increase with time on feed in grain-fed and pasture-fed cattle, but much more dramatically in grain-fed cattle. High-concentrate diets stimulate the activity of adipose tissue stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), which is responsible for the conversion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) to their $\Delta{9}$ desaturated counterparts. Also, grain feeding causes a depression in ruminal pH, which decreases those populations of ruminal microorganisms responsible for the isomerization and hydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The net result of elevated SCD activity in marbling adipose tissue and depressed ruminal isomerization/hydrogenation of dietary PUFA is a large increase in MUFA in beef over time. Conversely, pasture depresses both the accumulation of marbling and SCD activity, so that even though pasture feeding increases the relative concentration of PUFA in beef, it also increases SFA at the expense of MUFA. Wagyu and Hanwoo cattle accumulate large amounts of marbling and MUFA, and Wagyu cattle appear to be less sensitive to the effects of pastures in depressing overall rates of adipogenesis and the synthesis of MUFA in adipose tissues. There are small differences in fatty acid composition of beef from Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle, but diet and time on feed are much more important determinants of beef fat content and fatty acid composition than breed type.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.1134-1145
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• 2021

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with Allium mongolicum Regel extracts on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, fat color, and concentrations of three branched-chain fatty acids related to flavor in ram lambs. Methods: Sixty 3-month-old, male, small-tailed Han sheep were selected and randomly allocated into four groups in a randomized block design. Four feeding treatments were used: i) a basal diet without supplementation as the control group (CK); ii) the basal diet supplemented with 10 g/lamb/d Allium mongolicum Regel powder as the AMR group; iii) the basal diet supplemented with 3.4 g/lamb/d Allium mongolicum Regel water extract as the AWE group; and iv) the basal diet supplemented with 2.8 g/lamb/d Allium mongolicum Regel ethanol extract as the AFE group. Results: The results demonstrated that the dry matter intake was lower for the AFE group than that in other groups (p = 0.001). The feed conversion ratio was greater for the AFE than that in other groups (p = 0.039). Dietary supplementation with Allium mongolicum Regel powder and its extracts decreased the concentrations of 4-methyloctanoic acid (MOA) (p<0.001), 4-ethyloctanoic acid (EOA) (p<0.001), and 4-methylnonanoic acid (MNA) (p = 0.044) in perirenal adipose tissue compared to those observed in the CK lambs. Dietary supplementation with Allium mongolicum Regel powder and its extracts decreased the concentrations of MOA (p<0.001) and EOA (p<0.001) in dorsal subcutaneous adipose tissue compared to those in the CK lambs. The concentrations of MOA (p<0.001) and EOA (p = 0.002) in omental adipose tissue were significantly affected by treatment, although there was a tendency for lower MNA (p = 0.062) in AMR, AWE, and AFE lambs than that in CK lambs. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that Allium mongolicum Regel and its extracts could significantly promote feed efficiency, although dry matter intake decreased and could decrease the MOA and EOA concentrations related to characteristic flavor and odor of body fat in lambs, except for tail adipose tissue.