• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.495-502
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• 2022

Anodization is a representative electrochemical surface treatment method that can improve both heat resistance and corrosion resistance by forming an anodization film on the surface of the aluminum. However, these properties can be changed after an additional heat treatment process. In this study, Al 6061 was subjected to an anodization process at 60 V for 1 hour, 5 hours, or 9 hours. An additional heat treatment process was performed at 500 ℃ for 30 minutes. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis revealed that the thickness of the anodized film was increased in proportion to the anodization time. Both pore size and pore diameter of the anodized film was also increased after anodization. After an additional heat treatment process, there were no significant changes in the thickness, pore size, or pore diameter of the anodized film. Heat resistance was confirmed through thermal analysis and chemical resistance was evaluated with a potentiodynamic polarization test.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2013

The effect of the additionally applied electrical current on the adhesion strength between electroless Cu and polyimide films was investigated. Peel tests were performed after applying electrical current within the range from 0.1 to 100 mA for the duration from 1 to 30 minutes. Sample with more than 1 mA of additional electrical current for 1 minute showed higher adhesion strength than that without additional electrical current. However, samples with 10 mA of additional electrical current for more than 10 miniutes showed the degradation of adhesion strength. Ra and RMS values of the peeled polyimide surface were proportional to the adhesion strength though there were no significant changes in the morphology of the peeled surfaces with varied amount and time-length of additional electrical current. Applying electrical current could increase the density of chemical bonding, which results in increase of the adhesion strength between copper and polyimide. However, in the case of applying additional electrical current for excessive amount or time, the degradation of the adhesion strength owing to the formation of copper oxide at the interface could occur.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.9-15
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to observe the change of mechanical property and microstructure in porcelain fused to gold alloy by heat treatment. PFG alloys are composed with Au-Pd-Ag alloy of the additional elements with indium, tin and copper. Specimens were tested in hardness using vicker,s micro-hardness tester and the surface micro structural changes were analysed by SEM and EDS. The results were as fellows: 1. The vickers hardness showed highest in Au-Pd-Ag alloy of the additional element with tin. 2. By hardening-oxiding result, the vicker,s hardness increased in additional element with tin but there was no significant difference in additional elements with indium and copper. 3. The surface oxide layer of Au-Pd-Ag alloy with added indium and tin increased but there was small change in additional element with copper. 4. The elements of indium and tin increased with increasing heat treatment in the surface alloy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.1105-1111
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• 2010

In order to determine the potential for reduction of nitrite levels and ripening period with heat treatment, the effects of ripening period (1-13 days), nitrite level (45-195 ppm), and heat treatment (30-$90^{\circ}C$) on lipolysis, peroxide, TBA, proteolysis, and residual nitrite values of sucuk were investigated using response surface methodology. The ripening period significantly (p<0.01) increased lipolysis, peroxide, TBA, and proteolysis values and decreased residual nitrite values. The effects of additional nitrite levels were found to significantly affect peroxide and residual nitrite values. Significant amounts of the additional nitrite levels were reduced during processing and on the first day of ripening periods.

• Carbon letters
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.223-228
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• 2011

In this present work, the effect of additional heat-treatment (AHT) in the range from $1800^{\circ}C$ to $2400^{\circ}C$ on the chemical composition, morphology, microstructure, tensile properties, electrical resistivity, and thermal stability of commercial polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fibers was explored by means of elemental analysis, electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, single fiber tensile testing, two-probe electrical resistivity testing, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The characterization results were in agreement with each other. The results clearly demonstrated that AHTs up to $2400^{\circ}C$ played a significant role in further contributing not only to the enhancement of carbon content, fiber morphology, and tensile modulus, but also to the reduction of fiber diameter, inter-graphene layer distance, and electrical resistivity of "as-received" carbon fibers without AHT. The present study suggests that key properties of commercial PAN-based carbon fibers of an intermediate grade can be further improved by proprietarily adding heat-treatment without applying tension in a batch process.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.133-136
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• 2015

The outward diffusion of $Na^+$ ions in iron-bearing soda lime silicate glass via oxidation heat treatment before the ion exchange process is artificially induced in order to increase the amount of ions exchanged during the ion exchange process. The effect of the addition process is analyzed through measuring the bending strength, the weight change, and the inter-diffusion coefficient after the ion exchange process. The glass strength is increased when the outward diffusion of $Na^+$ ions via oxidation heat treatment before the ion exchange process is added. For the glass subjected to the additional process, the weight change and diffusion depth increase compared with the glass not subjected to the process. The interdiffusion coefficient is also slightly increased as a result of the additional process.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.647-654
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• 2002

This study deals with the characteristic of quenching refrigerant for heat treatment deformation control of SM45C steel. Heat-treatment deformation must be controlled for the progress of production parts for landing gear. Most of deformation is occurred on inconsistent cooling. The inconsistent cooling is caused by a property of quenching refrigerant. When a heated metal is deposited in the quenching refrigerant, the cooling speed is so slow in early period of cooling because of a steam-curtain. After additional cooling, the steam-curtain is destroyed. In this progress, the cooling speed is very fast. The object of this study is to control the deformation of heat-treatment for landing gear by improving the conditions of quenching. The cooling curves and cooling rates of water, oil and polymer solution are obtained and illustrated. From the characteristics of the quenching refrigerant, the effects of heat-treatments on thermal deformation and fatigue strength are also investigated.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.275-281
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• 2019

Anodization is widely used to enhance the properties of aluminum, such as hardness, electric resistance, abrasion resistance, corrosion resistance etc. But these properties can be enhanced with additional process. According to the partial crystallization of oxide layer with post heat treatment, enhanced hardness can be expected with partial crystallization. In this study, post heat treatments were applied to the anodized aluminum alloys of Al6061 to achieve the partial crystallization, and crystallizations were evaluated with the reduced breakdown voltages. Interestingly, remarkable enhanced hardness (21~29%), abrasion resistance (26~62%), and reduced breakdown voltage (24~44%) were observed for the sulfuric acid anodized samples when we annealed the anodized samples with 1hour post heat treatment at $360^{\circ}C$. For the Al5052 alloys, a lot of cracks were observed when we applied the post heat treatment.

• Fibers and Polymers
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2004

PET yarns textured at different texturing conditions were treated with superheated steam or dry heat at different temperatures for different times. The effects of the treatment conditions on the thermomechanical and structural changes of the yarn were examined by shrinkage, X-ray diffraction and birefringence measurements. With increase in superheated steam temperature, the crystalline orientation factor and birefringence decreased, whereas crystal size increased. Dry heat treatment had a smaller effect on shrinkage and structural properties in comparison with superheated steam treatment. The additional shrinkage after texturing process was investigated. The effect of heat-setting in both media was more significant at $200^{\circ}C$. The time dependence of the properties was not linear.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.55-60
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• 2023

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a special heat treatment on Pd-Au-Ag metal-ceramic alloy after degassing treatment and on changes in the hardness of the alloy during the firing process. Methods: Specimen alloys were cast and subjected to degassing at 900℃ for 10 minutes. These specimens were then subjected to a special heat treatment at 600℃ for 15 minutes in a dental porcelain furnace. Further, the specimens were subjected to simulated firing in the porcelain furnace. The resulting specimens were then tested for hardness, and changes in the microstructure were observed. Results: There was a decrease in the hardness of the alloy during the simulated firing of the cast alloy due to the coarsening of the particles. Meanwhile, additional heat treatment after degassing was found to play a crucial role in preventing a decrease in hardness. This treatment effectively suppressed the coarsening of the precipitates during repeated firing at high temperatures. Conclusion: Specific heat treatment of the Pd-Au-Ag metal-ceramic alloy prevented a decrease in its hardness and extended the lifespan of the metal-ceramic prosthesis.