• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.270-274
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• 1993

The acute toxicity of a recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (code name: LBD-005) was evaluated in both sexes of ICR mice, 5~6 weeks old, by the oral, subcutaneous and intravenous routes of administration. Based on the results of the acute toxicity study, LBD-005 was not considered to induce any toxic effect on the mice in mortalities, clinical findings, body weights and gross findings. It is suggested that $LD_50$ values in mice would be >48 mg/kg in the oral route and >24 mg/kg in the subcutaneous or intravenous route.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.262-269
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• 1988

The Forsythiae fructus is described to be used as an antiinflammatory drug, diuretics, antidotes and antibacterials in oriental literatures. In order to investigate the efficacy of Forsythiae viridissima (Oleaceae), the methanol extract and its fraction have been evaluated for the acute toxicity, antiinflammatory, analgesic and spasmolytic action in animals. The methanol extract of Forsythiae fructus was found to have significant antiinflammatory activity in the acute and subacute antiinflammatory model in rats, but have no analgesic action. Furthermore, through fractionation procedure, it was found that the active compounds were easily soluble in chloroform and butanol. It is also noted that the extracts had spasmolytic activities in the rat fundus and uterus and had low acute toxicity in mice.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.179-185
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• 1990

The acute and subacute toxicities and pharmacological actions of two preparations of Ssanghwa Tang prescriptions have been evaluated in mice, rats and rabbits. The two prescriptions were found to be safe drugs because those preparations exhibited almost no acute and subacute toxicities even at a high dosage level. The two prescriptions elicited CNS depressant activities characterized by potentiation of hexobarbital-induced narcosis, antipyretic activity in typhoid-vaccinated rabbits and a significant antifatigue effect against cold immobilized stress, the activities of prescription B being more potent.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.269-275
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the acute aerobic and anaerobic exercise on immune response. Fourteen university soccer players are sampled and divided into two groups -- one group of seven for aerobic exercise, the other for anaerobic exercise. The one group of aerobic exercise went through the Graded Exercise Test of Bruce protocol, using Treadmill, and were driven to be all-out ; the other of anaerobic exercise took the Wingate Test. Blood the respective periods of rest, post exercise, and recovery for ten minutes. The results are as follows. (1) The acute aerobic and anaerobic exercise don't affect monocyte and granulocyte. (2) The change in lymphocyte and NK cell resulting from the acute aerobic and anaerobic exercise shows a significant differences in the three different periods, but not significant differences between the two groups.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.68-71
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• 2012

Acute injuries to skeletal muscles can lead to significant pain and disability. Muscle pain results in muscle weakness and range of motion (ROM) decreases. Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) promote tissue repair, healing rates and reduce musculoskeletal pain. The results of many previous studies suggest that PEMF can contribute to chronic pain reduction, particularly in musculoskeletal injurys. However, we do not have enough information of its effects compared to a placebo. The principal objective of this study was to investigate differences in acute pain induced by the direct destruction of muscle tissue (extensor digitorum) with varying times of the application of PEMF, measured through the expression of c-fos on the spinal cord. Significant reduction of pain was found in groups exposed to PEMF and the group exposed to PEMF immediately after muscle injury showed the most significant differences. In conclusion, PEMF may be a useful strategy in reducing acute pain in muscle injury.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.111-116
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• 2004

Objective : To assess the clinical efficacy of Yangkyuksanwha-tang on acute stroke Methods : We prescribed Yangkyuksanwha-tang to 83 acute stroke patients without thrombolytic treatment. Results : The rate of progressive stroke type was 1.2%, it was remarkably lower than previous reports. 3.6% felt an itching sensation, 3.6% complained headache, dizziness and powerless, 2.4% complained indigestion and diarrhea, 1.2% appeared hematuria and G-I bleeding. Yangkyuksanwha-tang decreased Stroke-Pattern Identification and National Institute of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS), and increased Modified Barthel Index(MBI). So we could suggest that this medicine have desirable effect to reduce the severity of stroke and improve functional recovery. As to the laboratory findings, all results were within the normal value, which showed no hepatic or renal toxicity. Conclusion : We could suggest that Yangkyuksanwha-tang is a useful medicine which has clinical efficacy for acute stroke, but further investigation for an administration of more than 2 weeks is necessary.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.159-163
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• 2010

A mixture of several detoxified bacterial strains ($Sterodin^{(R)}$) has been studied for anti-inflammatory effect in Wistar rats on carrageenin, dextran and prostaglandin $E_1$ ($PGE_1$) induced edema in acute model and cotton pellet and carrageenin induced sub-acute model, while, Freund's adjuvant induced chronic model. The bacterial strains showed strong inhibitory activity in acute, sub-acute and chronic models of inflammation. Further, it reduced ${\alpha}1$ acid glycoprotein and ${\alpha}2$ macroglobulin levels in serum and prostaglandin $E_2$ in inflamed paw. These results indicated that the bacterial strains probably act through prostaglandin mediatory pathways and may be useful in treatment of inflammation.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.95-105
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• 2003

Kami-honghwa-tang(KH-19) is a prescription for reducing the side effect of radiotherapy. In this study, safety of KH-19 was evaluated by GLP guideline of Korea Food and Drug Administration. In acute oral toxicity study on rat, transient inhibition of weight increase was shown, but change in general symptom was not detected. No dead animal was observed up to 5,000 mg/kg in both male and female animals. In acute oral toxicity study on Beagle dog, transient vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, and weight reduction was observed. However, no dead animal was observed up to 2,000 mg/kg in both male and female animals.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.29-40
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• 1990

In order to study the effect on liver diseases, Saenggan-tang has been applied to 26 patients of chronic hepatitis, 9 patients of liver cirrhosis, 5 patients of acute hepatitis, 8 patients of alcoholic liver diseases, 1 patient of hepatoma total 49 patients visiting the first internal medicine department of the hospital of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University. The Saenggan-tang was taken every 4 weeks (ecept acute hepatitis every 2 weeks). 1. Saenggan-tang had decrease on activity of SGOTF SGPT, with the passage of time, 4, 8, and 12 weeks, showing statistically significant effect. 2. Saenggan-tang revealed sharp decrease on levels of total bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase no showing significance in relation to a few cases 3. Serum protein total and albumin levels were in normal limit before or after Saenggan-tang treatment 4. Triglyceride level was lowered remarkably after Saenggan-tang treatment, showing significance in alcoholic liver disease group whereas no significance in chornic hepatitis Judging from above results, it is proved that Saenggan-tang has curative effect of liver diseases such as acute, chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, alcobolic liver diseases and so on.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.159-177
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• 2020

Purpose: This study aimed at identifying factors related to persistent postoperative pain after cardiac surgery and estimating their effect sizes. Methods: The literature search and selection was conducted in four different databases (CINAHL, Cochrane Library, PubMed, and PQDT) using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Statement. A total of 14 studies met the inclusion criteria and were systematically reviewed. For the meta-analysis, R was used to analyze 30 effect sizes of for both individual and operative factors as well as publication biases from a total of nine studies. Results: The meta-analysis revealed that persistent postoperative pain after cardiac surgery was related to one individual factor (gender) and two operative factors (acute postoperative pain and use of the internal mammary artery). Operative factors (OR=5.26) had a larger effect size than individual factors (OR=1.53). Conclusion: Female gender, acute pain after surgery, and use of the internal mammary artery are related factors to persistent postoperative pain. The development of interventions focusing on modifiable related factors, such as acute postoperative pain, may help to minimize or prevent PPP after cardiac surgery.