• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 1996

This study examines the spatial characteristics of postal office patronage in rural areas. in the light of future possible relocation and closures of the postal facilities. Most of private services have flown out small rural central places due to the decrease of supporting population, and there consequently remain only a few public services including government-run post offices at the Myon seats, the lowest level among rural central places in Korea. The small local population and its further decline undermine the rationale for maintaining such public services in depleted rural areas. For the worse of it, the government recently plans to transform the postal system to a quasi-private, corporational structure. One can fear that the profit-seeking nature of the new postal corporation will inevitably force to close many of such small rural facilities. The study first analysed nation-wide censuses of postal offices for the years of 1986 and 1992. The postal services examined are per capita number of postal stamps and revenue stamps sold, and letters, parcels, telegrams and monetary transactions handled at the post offices. It is found that, while the usage of postal services has increased substantially throughout the nation during the period of 1986-1992, the increment has largely been occurred by urban post offices rather than by those in Gun seats (i.e., rural counties); and that the gap of the service levels between urban and rural post offices is ever widening. The study further examined the service differentials among the post offices within rural counties to find that those post offices adjacent to the county (Gun) seats and larger urban centers rendered less amount of services than remote rural post offices, indicating that rural residents tend to partonize larger centers more and more than local Myon seats. At the second stage of the study, questionnaire surveys were conducted in Muju, Kimpo, and Hongsung-Gun's. These three counties are meant to represent respectively the remote, suburban, and intermediary counties in Korea. The analyses of survey data reveal that the postal hinterlands of the county seats extend to much of nearby Myons, the subdivisions of a Gun. It is also found that the extent of postal hinterlands of the three counties and the magnitude of patronage and quite different from each other depending upon the topography, population density, and the propinquity of the counties to metropolitan centers. The findings suggest to reappraise the current flat allocation scheme of public facilites to each of rural subdivisions throughout the nation. A detailed analysis on the travel behavior of the survey respondents yields that age is the most salient variable to distinguish activity spaces of rural residents. The activity spaces of older respondents tend to be more limited within their Myon, whereas those of younger respondents extend across the Myon boundary, toward the central towns and even distant larger cities. The very existence of several activity spaces in rural areas calls for an attention in the future locational decisions of public facilities. The locational criteria, employed by the Ministry of Communication of Korean government to establish a post office, are the size of hinterland population and the distance from adjacent postal facilities. The present study findings suggest two additional criteria: the order in rural central place hierarchy and the propinquity to the upper-level centers of the central hierarchy. These old and new criteria are complementary each other in that the former criteria are employed to determine new office locations, whereas the latter are appropriate to determine facility relocation and closures.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.147-150
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• 2008

The explanation of Tourism Guide of present whole country main tourist resort helps to understand the tourist resort. However, activity space of Tourism Guide is not state that can be understood all by upbringing by a natural voice. Because action of Tourism Guide is much in case of most sightseeing explanation to use microphone and speaker etc., as sticking that attach and uses to clothing and so on uses, there are much vexatious. Treatise that see hereupon makes use of establishment style fixing microphone and embody inputted obscene sounds by On-board system inflecting MCU (ATmega128), MSM7731-02 Oki-Dual Codec to minimize noise using ecad filter, and embodied a control program by serial communication method with filter codec. The resultant audible direction the maximum 59ms, the line echo maximum 27ms, the echo decrease maximum 35dB, it embodied the system which removes the adaptation elder brother noise of the back.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2005

The peptidyl transferase center (PTC) is located in a protein free environment, thus confirming that the ribosome is a ribozyme. This arched void has dimensions suitable for accommodating the 3'ends of the A-and the P-site tRNAs, and is situated within a universal sizable symmetry-related region that connects all ribosomal functional centers involved in amino-acid polymerization. The linkage between the elaborate PTC architecture and the A-site tRNA position revealed that the A-to P-site passage of the tRNA 3'end is performed by a rotatory motion, which leads to stereochemistry suitable for peptide bond formation and for substrate mediated catalysis, thus suggesting that the PTC evolved by genefusion. Adjacent to the PTC is the entrance of the protein exit tunnel, shown to play active roles in sequence-specific gating of nascent chains and in responding to cellular signals. This tunnel also provides a site that may be exploited for local co-translational folding and seems to assist in nascent chain trafficking into the hydrophobic space formed by the first bacterial chaperone, the trigger factor. Many antibiotics target ribosomes. Although the ribosome is highly conserved, subtle sequence and/or conformational variations enable drug selectivity, thus facilitating clinical usage. Comparisons of high-resolution structures of complexes of antibiotics bound to ribosomes from eubacteria resembling pathogens, to an archaeon that shares properties with eukaryotes and to its mutant that allows antibiotics binding, demonstrated the unambiguous difference between mere binding and therapeutical effectiveness. The observed variability in antibiotics inhibitory modes, accompanied by the elucidation of the structural basis to antibiotics mechanism justifies expectations for structural based improved properties of existing compounds as well as for the development of novel drugs.

• Korean System Dynamics Review
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.51-82
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• 2007

The purpose of this paper is exploring changes in land use pattern when considering environmental carrying capacity. A sustainable development requires a society to define sustainability constraints, environmental carrying capacity. Environmental carrying capacity can be defined as a level of human activity a region can sustain at a desired level of quality of environment. This concept of environmental carrying capacity can be applied to land use to explore sustainable land use pattern. Since land use pattern can affect environment in an important way, exploring sustainable land use pattern within the limit of environmental carrying capacity can suggest useful implications for a sustainable regional management and planning. For this purpose, this paper built the environmental carrying capacity land use model and applied it to the Metropolitan Area, Korea. System dynamics modeling methods was used to build the model. The model developed in this paper consisted of 6sectors; population, housing, industry, land, environment, and traffic sector. The model limits its main focus on the NO2 level as an indicator of quality of environment in Metropolitan Area. Box model was translated into system dynamics model and combined to urban dynamics model to estimate NO2 level, the maximum number of population, industry structure, housing and maximum amount of land use for industrial, housing, and green space that can sustain desirable NO2 level. Metropolitan area was divided into 16 areas and the model was applied to each area. Since NO2 is flowing in and out from each area, model was built to allow this transboundering nature of air pollutants. Based on the model estimation, several policy implications for a sustainable land use pattern was discussed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.33-42
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• 2008

Recently, rural leisure by urban dwellers has been recognized as a catalyst for regional development or restoration. The federal government implemented several regional planning policies attempting to address this phenomenon in the late nineties. However, most of these policies focused on supply-centered planning, which caused a diverse set of problems relating to the sustainability and economic validity of the planning. Instead, this study focuses on the re-visitation one of the demand variables, with the intention of analyzing the character of rural leisure demand and its re-visitation choice attributes. For these reasons, this study investigates the character of current rural leisure demand, and develops functional equations about urban people who visit rural areas, using logit model. The results of this study can be summarized as follow: Urban people are visiting rural areas from nearby cities or metropolitan areas that are within 3 hours driving distance, and over 80% of rural visitors are one-day visitors. Therefore, most of their visitation activities should be understood as rural leisure, including rural tourism. In addition, the likelihood of the rural tourist to make a return visit is influenced by their transportation means, product purchasing, staying period and travel time. The results of such rural leisure demand can provide information for regional planning strategies, such as selection of target market, type of market segments, improvement of recognition level, activity program price, facility and space planning, produce sale and connection with tour site.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.534-544
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• 2009

The collapse of the underground cavity can cause the abrupt local subsidence of the ground surface. It can be hazardous to the stability of road and building for human activity. Therefore it is necessary to develop reinforcement methods for the filling of the underground cavity. This study was executed to improve the material quality and systems to fill the calcium-aluminate mineral $(C_{12}A_7)$ environmentally, and minimize the loss of filling materials for the steep underground cavity. Filling material which was developed in this study is composed of rapid hardening material and additives. The developed material had rapid hardening and non-separation ability in the water cavity condition, so it made the effective underground dam in the cavity with prevention of material loss when it was poured in the water cavity. Results of heavy metal leaching test for environmental assessment showed that it was environmentally suiTable material for the filling in the mine cavity.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.405-425
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• 2005

Transition from mass tourism to post tourism is closely related with developing various types of cultural tourism. This study attempts to construct a conceptual framework of the development of cultural tourism through identifying the existing development stages of cultural tourism sites from birth to full development. This study clarifies that there exists an organic system among tourism, cultural activities and the production of cultural artifacts. It also found that development of cultural tourism sites goes through the following three stages: positioning and building place image, hard branding, and constructing local system. This study analyzes several key elements for respective of stages, which proved helpful in understanding the development mechanism of cultural tourism sites. It also tries to analyze tourism from an integrated, geographical perspective. The analysis gives us an understanding to the relations between tourism and various aspects of regional society and economy, thus contributing to the development of a system that will lead to active interchanges among those factors. Most of the theoretical background of this study: place identity, place image, activity space, local system and network are based on the concepts and ideas of human geography.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.121-127
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• 2012

Objectives : The multimodal telepresence systems have been adopted in a variety of applications, such as telemedicine, space or underwater teleoperation and videoconference. Multimedia, one of the telepresence systems, has been used in various fields including entertainment, education and communication. The degree of subjective telepresence is defined as the probability that a person perceives to be physically in the remote place when he/she experiences a multisensory feedback from the multimedia. The current study aimed to explore the neural mechanism of telepresence related to multisensory feedback in patients with schizophrenia. Methods : Brain activity was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging while fifteen healthy controls and fifteen patients with schizophrenia were experiencing filmed referential conversation at various distances (1 m, 5 m and 10 m). Correlations between the image contrast values and the telepresence scores were analyzed. Results : Subjective telepresence was not significantly different between the two groups. Some significant correlations of brain activities with the telepresence scores were found in the left postcentral gyrus, bilateral inferior frontal gyri, right fusiform gyrus, and left superior temporal sulcus. There were no main effects of group and distance. Conclusion : These results suggest that patients with schizophrenia experience telepresence as appropriately as healthy people do when exposed to multimedia. Therefore, patients with schizophrenia would have no difficulty in immersing themselves in multimedia which may be used in clinical training therapies.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.213-224
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• 2009

This paper presents a new algorithm for estimating a driver's physical condition using real-time vision system and performs experimentation for real facial image data. The system relies on a face recognition to robustly track the center points and sizes of person's two pupils, and two side edge points of the mouth. The face recognition constitutes the color statistics by YUV color space together with geometrical model of a typical face. The system can classify the rotation in all viewing directions, to detect eye/mouth occlusion, eye blinking and eye closure, and to recover the three dimensional gaze of the eyes. These are utilized to determine the carelessness and drowsiness of the driver. Finally, experimental results have demonstrated the validity and the applicability of the proposed method for the estimation of a driver's physical condition.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.61.1-61.1
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• 2015

We performed a monitoring campaign of a Jupiter-Family comet 17P/Holmes, which underwent the dramatic outburst on 23.3 October 2007 at $r_h=2.44AU$, to investigate the secular change in activity and subsequent physical properties of the inner dust coma before and after the 2014 perihelion passage. The monitoring observation was carried out over two years: from May to July 2013, from July to November 2014, and January 2015 with ~weekly cadence. We conducted photometry monitoring in Rc band using four ground-based telescopes, which are the Ishigakijima Astronomical Observatory 105cm telescope, the Okayama Astrophysical Observatory 50cm telescope, the Nishi-Harima Astronomical Observatory 2m telescope, and the T30 51cm i-telescope, respectively. In order to examine the dust production rate, we put a constraint upon the physical distance from the center of the nucleus as rho=2500km and conducted aperture photometry. We found that the average absolute Rc magnitude over the period between July to November 2014 was mR(1,1,0)~12.29, which was approximately 1.5 magnitudes fainter than those of 2013 data. Accordingly, comet 17P/Holmes seemed to become dormant, although a minor eruption was detected on January 26, 2015. In this presentation, we will introduce our ongoing project for 17P/Holmes and discuss why the nucleus becomes dormant within one orbital period.