• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.275-279
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• 2012

Ni-W alloy deposits have lately attracted the interest as an alternative surface treatment method for hard chromium electrodeposits because of higher wear resistance, hardness at high temperature, and corrosion resistance. This study deals with influences of process variables, such as electodeposition current density, plating temperature and pH, on the internal stress of Ni-W nanocrystalline deposits. The internal stress was increased with increasing the applied current density. With increasing applied current density, the grain size of the deposit decreases and concentration of hydrogen in the deposit increases. The subsequent release of the hydrogen results in shrinkage of the deposit and the introduction of tensile stress in the deposit. Consequently, for layers deposited at high current density, cracking occurs readily owing to high tensile stress value. By increasing the temperature of the electrodeposition from $60^{\circ}C$ to $80^{\circ}C$, the internal stress was decreased. It seems that an increase in the number of active ions overcoming the activation energy at elevated temperature caused a decline in the concentration polarization and surface diffusion. It decreased the level of hydrogen absorption due to the lessened hydrogen evolution reaction. Therefore, the lower level of hydrogen absorption degenerated the hydride on the surface of the electrode, resulting in the reduction of the internal stress of the deposits. By increasing the pH of the electrodeposition from 5.6 to 6.8, the internal stress in the deposits were slightly decreased. It is considered that the decrease in internal stess of deposits was due to supply of W complex compound in cathode surface, and hydrogen ion resulted from decrease of activity.

• 한국표면공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국표면공학회 2016년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.105-105
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• 2016

Recently, high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS) has attracted considerable attentions due to its high potential for industrial applications. By pulsing the sputtering target with high power density and short duration pulses, a high plasma density and high ionization of the sputtered species can be obtained. HIPIMS has exhibited several merits such as increased coating density, good adhesion, microparticle-free and smooth surface, which make the HIPIMS technique desirable for synthesizing hard coatings. However, hard coatings present intrinsic defects (columnar structures, pinholes, pores, discontinuities) which can affect the corrosion behavior, especially when substrates are active alloys like steel or in a wear-corrosion process. Atomic layer deposition (ALD), a CVD derived method with a broad spectrum of applications, has shown great potential for corrosion protection of high-precision metallic parts or systems. In ALD deposition, the growth proceeds through cyclic repetition of self-limiting surface reactions, which leads to the thin films possess high quality, low defect density, uniformity, low-temperature processing and exquisite thickness control. These merits make ALD an ideal candidate for the fabrication of excellent oxide barrier layer which can block the pinhole and other defects left in the coating structure to improve the corrosion protection of hard coatings. In this work, CrN/Al2O3/CrN multilayered coatings were synthesized by a hybrid process of HIPIMS and ALD techniques, aiming to improve the CrN hard coating properties. The influence of the Al2O3 interlayer addition, the thickness and intercalation position of the Al2O3 layer in the coatings on the microstructure, surface roughness, mechanical properties and corrosion behaviors were investigated. The results indicated that the dense Al2O3 interlayer addition by ALD lead to a significant decrease of the average grain size and surface roughness and greatly improved the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the CrN coatings. The thickness increase of the Al2O3 layer and intercalation position change to near the coating surface resulted in improved mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The mechanism can be explained by that the dense Al2O3 interlayer acted as an excellent barrier for dislocation motion and diffusion of the corrosive substance.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.134-143
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• 1998

Twin Blocks are simple bite-blocks that effectively modify the occlusal inclined plane to induce favorably directed occlusal forces by causing a functional mandibular displacement. These devices use upper and lower bite-blocks that engage on occlusal inclined planes. Twin Blocks use the forces of occlusion as the functional mechanism to correct the malocclusion. To get an excellent result in the treatment by using the Twin Block appliances, proper case selection must be needed. Twin Block treatment is performed in two stages. Twin Blocks are used in the active phase to correct the anteroposterior relationship and establish the correct vertical dimension. Once this phase is accomplished, the Twin Blocks are replaced with an upper Hawley type of appliance with an anterior inclined plane, which is then used to support the corrected position as the posterior teeth settle fully into occlusion. The Twin Block is the most comfortable, the most esthetic ane the most efficient of all the functional appliances. Twin Blocks have many advantages compared to other functional appliances. Patients can wear Twin Blocks 24 hours per day and can eat comfortably with the appliances in place. From the moment Twin Blocks are fitted, the appearance is noticeably improved. There is less interference with normal function. Integration with conventional fixed appliances is simpler than with any other functional appliance. Twin Blocks allow independent control of upper and lower arch width. Appliance design is easily modified for transverse and sigittal arch development. The authors treated Class II malocclusion with Twin Blocks. and the results as follows; 1. Rapid profile improvement was achieved in 2-3 months. 2. There was excellent patient cooperation. 3. Severe overjet and overbite were reduced. 4. Class II molar relationship was changed to Class I.

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.83-97
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for the development of personal protective equipment (PPE) for emergency medical technicians (EMTs) during chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive situations. Methods: Body measurements were obtained for adults aged from 20 to 59 years from the data in the 6 th Size Korea national sizing survey. These data were compared to the sizes of protective clothing currently available in the market. In-depth interviews with active paramedics with experiences of wearing PPE were conducted. Results: Most of the imported protective clothing turned out to be unfit for Korean adults. This showed the urgent need for developing appropriately sized protective clothing for Korean emergency technicians. In total, 55.0% of the respondents indicated that the current protective clothing is unsafe, and 71.0% requested the clothing to have level C protective performance. Regarding the design, many people wanted hooded all-in-one type of clothing. Conclusion: Considering these requirements, most of the wearers wanted their protective clothing to be fundamentally protective of their body, be available in various sizes with adjustable parts, and easy to wear and take off. They also wanted the clothing to be secure in clear sight, while not revealing any parts of their body and not interfringe with their ability to communicate with others.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.105-116
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• 2005

본 연구는 전통 문화상품으로 잠재력을 지니고 있는 씨름의 이미지 구축에 관한 복식 연구로서, 씨름복의 체계화 및 시각화에 관한 방안제시, 그리고 씨름복 디자인 개발에 관한 기초 기반연구를 목적으로 하고 있다. 따라서 기초적인 부분으로는 씨름복의 역사성에 대한 탐구로 세계 씨름과 우리나라의 씨름을 비교 고찰해 보았으며, 씨름복에 관한 변천사에 관하여 탐구해 보았다. 또한 실질적인 부분으로는 현행 씨름 및 씨름복에 관한 기준에 대하여 그 내용을 숙지하고, 디자인 기반 연구로서 씨름복이 갖는 미학적인 부분을 크게 네 가지 항목으로 분류하여 첫째 전통성과 독창성, 둘째 유온성과 적합성, 셋째 상징성과 장식성, 넷째 다양성과 통일성으로 그 내용을 체계화하였다. 결론적으로 씨름복 디자인 기획에 있어 가장 중요한 부분은 상기에서 제시한 미학적 부분을 토대로 일관된 컨셉을 시각화하는데 있다. 이번 연구는 씨름복에 관한 미학적 부분의 이론 연구로서, 디자인 컨셉 설정 및 디자인 전개의 지침을 제시하는데 의의를 지니며, 향후 추진될 전통 문화 복식 디자인의 기획에 관한 기반연구였다는 점에 그 의미를 둔다.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.219-226
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• 2012

방사선 중재적 시술자들이 중재적 시술 중 잠재적인 위험을 인식하지 못하고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 방사선 중재적 시술 중 시술자들의 피폭선량을 평가하여 이를 바탕으로 중재적 시술 중 피폭선량을 줄일 수 있는 방법의 기준안을 제안하는 것이다. 본 연구는 3개월 동안 전신선량계를 사용하여 20명의 중재적 시술자로부터 시행하는 모든 중재적 시술에서 방사선 피폭선량을 측정하였다. 방사선 중재적 시술을 시행하는 동안 납당량이 0.5 mmPb 방사선장해방어용 기구를 착용하는 것으로 평균 89.5 %의 피폭선량이 감쇄되었고, 납당량이 두꺼울수록 선량감쇄율은 증가하였다. TACE 시술을 시행하는 동안 연속투시보다 펄스투시를 선택하여 사용하는 것은 피폭선량이 평균 47.7 % 감쇄되었다. 중재적 시술자는 중재적 시술이 진행되는 동안 방사선장해방어용 기구를 착용하고, 적극적인 방사선방호 활동을 실시하여야 하며, 자신의 피폭선량에 대해 알고 있어야 한다. 그리고 피폭선량을 최소화하기 위한 자신의 위치나 장비 사용에 대해서도 알아야 한다.

• 복식
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• 제55권1호
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• pp.25-42
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• 2005

Costume is a formative art expressed by active human unlike the field of other living formativeness, and an expression of social actions based on a style of culture in a period. Therefore, costume has a deep connection with a mode of living and is recognized as a 'culture for living', and is more characteristic culture than all metaphysical cultures including architecture, craft, painting, and sculpture. Therefore, it expresses wearer's status or social standing, and furthermore, ideas and values of the times with aesthetic features in their form, color, materials, and pattern, so it is expressed as a mirror reflecting the phases of the times as. Korean costume had been dressed until the period of the Joseon Dynasty without a great change and started to be simplified in a simple style on the grounds of inconvenience in behaviors with the opening of an interchange of Western culture in the civilized period. And, this movement had been continued and Korean costume had been applied as an everyday dress under the name of 'Reformed Korean Costume'. Since the middle phase of 1980s, it aroused many people's interests with the introduction of designs focused on activity and convenience. In 1990's, many people had taken a growing interest in Korean costume with development of various designs keeping pace with the internationalization period and Korean Costume had been revitalized under the name of 'The Modernized Korean Costume'. And, since the 21st century, the advanced communication and full-scaled import of Western fashion have made the introduction of many fashion information in the world into Korea, affected greatly the fashion market, led consumers' sensitivity on a trend to be increased. Therefore, a design accepting a trend 'The Modernized Korean Costume' with fashions has risen. Second, this study is an attempt to suggest a revitalization method of domestic casual Korean costume brands by developing and suggesting competitive and highly value-added products with connection of practicality, variety, and highly sensitive fashion styles. For theoretical study, domestic and foreign literatures, academic journals, professional monthly magazines, and newspapers were examined. And, a process of change and features of the Korean fashion since the civilization period, and concept, features and images of casual Korean costume were analyzed, On the basis of analyzing image, features, and consumers' preference of the modernized Korean costume, a design development plan was established and 10 suits of costume were designed and made.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.201-213
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 여고생들의 라이프스타일과 교복변형행동의 관련성이 있는지 알아보고 이를 토대로 여고생들의 올바른 교복착용을 위한 의생활지도의 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 광주광역시 소재의 인문계, 전문계 고등학교 6개교 1, 2학년 학생 602명의 여고생을 대상으로 설문조사를 하였으며, 설문 자료의 분석은 SPSS WIN 12.0(Kr)을 사용하여 요인분석, K-평균 군집분석, 일원배치 분산분석(one-way ANOVA)을 실행하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 본 연구에서는 여고생들의 라이프스타일에 따른 교복변형행동의 차이를 살펴보았으며 라이프스타일 유형간의 차이가 유의하게 크지는 않았다. 대부분의 여고생들은 교복변형을 찬성하고 있어 먼저 일반적 의복행동으로 이해되었으며 다음으로 라이프스타일의 영향을 받고 있었는데 디지털의존스타일이 다른 라이프스타일 유형과 다른 경향이 있었다. 따라서 학생문화의 하나로 자리 잡고 있는 학생들의 교복변형에 대해 정해진 규율에 맞춰 엄격히 단속하기보다 일정한 범위를 두어 개성을 표현하게하거나 속옷을 갖추어 착용하게 지도하는 것이 바람직하지 않을까 생각된다. 물론 교복의 기성복화에 따른 유행의 반영은 받아들이더라도 신체가 드러나서 부정적인 이미지를 주는 경우라면 적극적인 생활지도가 필요하리라고 생각된다.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.502-517
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• 1998

This research intends to survey family environment, health behavior and health status of the students in urban-rural elementary schools and analyze those factors comparatively, and use the result as basic material for school health teacher to teach health education in connection with family and regional areas. It also intends to improve a pupil's self-abilitiy in health care. The subjects involve 2,774 students of urban elementary schools and 583 student in rural ones, who were selected by means of a multi -stage probability sampling. Using the questionnaire and school documents, we collected data on family environment, health behavior and health status for 19 days. Feb. 2nd 1998 through Feb. 20th 1998. The R -form of Family Environment Scale (Moos, 1974) was used in the analysis of family environment(Cronbach's Alpha =0.80). Questionnaires of Health Behavior in School-aged children used by the WHO in Europe(Aaro et al., 1986) and the ones developed by the Health Promotion Committee of the Western Pacific(WHO, 1995)(adapted by long Young-suk and Moon Young-hee(1996)) were used in the analysis of health behavior, as well documents on absences due to sickness, school health room-visits, levels of physical strength, height, weight and degree of obesity were used to determine health status. In next step, We used them with an $X^2$-test, t-test, Odds Ratio, and a 95% Confidence Interval. 1. In two dimensions of three, family-relationship (t=3.41, p=0.001) and system -maintenances(t= 2.41, p=0.0l6) the mean score of urban children were significantly higher than those of rural ones. In the personal development dimension however, there was little significant difference. Assorting family environment into 10 sub-fields and analyzing them, we recognized that urban children were superior to rural children in the sub-fields of expressiveness (t =3.47, p=0.001), conflict (t=0.48, p=0.001), active-recreational orientation (t = 1.97, p=0.049) and organization (t=4.33, p=0.000). 2. Referring to the Odds Ratios of urban-rural children's health behaviors, urban children set up more desirable behavior than rural children wear ing safety belts (Odds Ratio =0.32, p=0.000), washing hands after meals(Odds Ratio = 0.43, p= 0.000), washing hands after excreting (Odds Ratio = 0.39, p=O.OOO), washing hands after coming - home ( Odds Ratio = 0.75, p = 0.003), brushing teeth before sleeping(Odds Ratio =0.45, p=0.000), brushing teeth more than once a day (Odds Ratio =0.73, p=0.0l2), drinking boiled water (Odds Ratio = 0.49, p=0.000), collecting garbage at home(Odds Ratio=0.31, p=0.000) and in the school(Odds Ratio =0. 67, p=0.000). All these led to significant differences. As to taking milk(Odds Ratio = 1.50, p=0.000), taking care of eyesight(Odds Ratio=1.41, p=0.001) and getting physical exercise in(Odds Ratio = 1.33, p=0.0l9) and outside the school(Odds Ratio = 1.32, p=0.005), rural children had more desirable behavior which also revealed a significant difference. There was little significant difference in smoking, but the smoking rate of rural children(5.5%) was larger than that of urban children(3.9%). 3. Health status was analyzed in terms of absences, school health room-visits, levels of physical strength, and the degree of obesity, height and weight. Considering Odds Ratios of the health status of urban-rural children, the health status of rural children was significantly better than that of the urban ones in the level of physical strength(t=1.51, p=0.000) and the degree of obesity(t=1.84, p=0.000). The mean height of urban children ($150.4{\pm}7.5cm$) is taller than that of their counterparts($149.5{\pm}7.9$), which revealed a significant difference (t =2.47, p=0.0l4). The mean weight of urban children($42.9{\pm}8.6kg$) is larger than that of their counterparts($41.8{\pm}9.0kg$), which was also a significant difference(t=2.81, p=0.005). Considering the results above, we can recognize that there are significant differences in family environment, health behavior, and health status in urban-rural children. These results also suggestion ideas for health education. What we would suggest for the health program of elementary schools is that school health teachers should play an active role in promoting the need and importance of health education, develop the appropriate programs which correspond to the regional characteristics, and incorporate them into schools to improve children's ability to manage their own health management.

• 산업융합연구
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.41-70
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• 2003

Many researches on brand equity have been focused in definition about it, factors of it, and the process of formation. Most of them have been used by voluntary production category, as is durable goods or nondurable goods. But this study, using the model is developed by Foote, Cone & Be1ding(FCB) Company, classified four fields, high-low involvement, rationality(rational or sensitive) involvement. The selected goods is a sensitive high involvement(casual wear). This study investigate the effects of brand equity and search the influences of brand equity formation according to factors of marketing mix. To this goals, this study kept a literature survey and a demonstrative research. In literature survey, there are several definitions of brand and brand equity. The research model is derived from selected factors of marketing mix and former study. This study used the regression analysis to verify effects from brand equity through the selected marketing mix. The research data is collected from the capital area. The focus of this study is effects of brand equity according to marketing mix. The followings are results and suggestions of this study. First, in the price factors, the affirmative effects are revealed the perceived quality and the brand awareness in a rational high involvement goods, the perceived quality and the brand associations in a sensitive high involvement goods, all factors of brand equity in a rational low involvement goods, and the perceived quality in a sensitive low involvement goods. As summary, the important characteristics is the price factors to consumers, and consumers recognize that a high price means a high quality. Second, in the store image factors, the affirmative effects are revealed all brand equity factors in a rational high involvement and a sensitive high-low involvement. A good store image incites more interest, contact, and visit from potential consumer. And such store offers more consumer satisfaction, simulates more active and positive conversation to consumers. Third, in advertising spending factors, the affirmative effects are revealed the brand awareness and associations in a rational high involvement and a sensitive high involvement, all brand equity factors in a rational low involvement and a sensitive low involvement. An advertisement increases not only a brand awareness but also strong brand associations. Forth, in price promotion factors, the affirmative effects are revealed the brand associations in a rational high involvement, the negative effects are revealed all brand equity in sensitive high involvement. According the result about the effects of brand royalty through the brand equity factors, a perceived quality and brand associations have positive effects to brand royalty in all factors. Consumers choice a deep perceived quality than other competitive brand. So, brand equity will increase according to a qualitative grade of a perceived brand by consumers. Brand associations represent a quality and a degree of involvement. In conclusion, brand associations and equity have a positive relation each other. According to the analysis results about a brand royalty of selected marketing mix factors, the affirmative effects are revealed the store image and price promotion factors in a rational high involvement, the price and store image in a sensitive high involvement, and the price and advertising spending in a rational low involvement. The results about the affect of selected marketing mix factors according to brand equity, are the perceived quality in a high involvement, and all brand equity factors in a low involvement. The affirmative effects about a store image are revealed all equity factors in high-low involvement. In advertising spending factors, the affirmative effects are revealed the brand awareness and associations in a high involvement goods, and the perceived quality and the brand awareness in a low involvement goods. In price promotion factors, the affirmative effects are revealed the brand awareness in a low involvement goods, and the negative effects are revealed the brand awareness in a high involvement goods. According to a degree of involvement, the results of a brand royalty through a brand equity factors are following. The affirmative effects are revealed the perceived quality and the brand royalty in a high involvement goods, and the brand awareness are revealed a negative effect. The affirmative effects are revealed the perceived Quality and the brand associations in a low involvement goods. So, in a high involvement goods, the brand royalty is built by strong brand associations, but, in a low involvement goods, the brand royalty is built also by a perceived Quality and a brand awareness. This study have some concept of limitation. So, this study presents a future direction of research. First, a future study has to have more deep analysis for this study analyzed through a limited marketing mix factors. Second, a future research has to get mutual effects about brand equity of marketing mix factors for this study has an individual marketing decision factors. Third, for the future, a brand equity needs a research about a several goods such as services, profit or nonprofit, industrial products, culture, and so on. Forth, the research have to diversify a various data for population.