• KSBB Journal
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.22-29
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• 2007

The water-soluble materials extracted from fruit bodies and mycelium of H. erinaceum were prepared. In-vitro anticancer activities on cancer cells and In-vivo proliferation effect on mouse peritoneal exudate cell and spleen cell of samples were investigated. Also, nitric oxide (NO) generation of peritoneal exudate cell, IL-2 production capacity of spleen cells and phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages were examined. The water extracts of H. erinaceum suppressed the proliferation of cancer cell (HeLa, Raw264.7, Jurkat, KATO3, EL4, LyD9) with concentration-dependent. The water extract from fruit body showed better suppression effect than that from mycelium in most of cancer cells used. The anticancer effect of water extract of fruits body in the range of 0.01 and 10 mg/ml for Raw 264.7 and EL4 cell lines were the same as the Taxol with one thousandth equivalent of fruit body concentration. Water extracts of fruit body and liquid-cultured products of H. erinaceum induced nitric oxide (NO) generation of peritoneal exudate cell and increased NO generation by stimulus of lipopolysaccharide. Water extracts alone did not induce the proliferation and IL-2 production capacity of spleen cells. However, spleen's proliferation and IL-2 production were induced significantly by the addition of lipopolysaccharide and Con A (concanavalin A) or Con A alone, and the effectiveness of mycelium extract with water were more active than those from fruit body.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.82-89
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• 1997

Monascus anka produces biologically active materials, and liquid M. anka koji was employed for preparing fermented hot pepper soybean paste (kochujang). Three kinds of koji (M. anka, Aspergillus oryzae and mixed koji) were used to prepare kochujang, and changes of physicochemical characteristics were examined during fermentation. A. oryzae koji showed the highest ${\alpha}-amylase$ and protease activities; whereas, M. anka koji showed the highest ${\beta}-amylase$ activity in liquid koji. Water content of kochujang continuously decreased, whereas viscosity increased during fermentation. The water content and viscosity was 46% and $1.4{\times}10^5\;cP$, respectively after 40 days of fermentation. The pH of kochujang with M. anka and/or A. oryzae koji was $4.63{\sim}4.65$ in the beginning and was between 4.53 and 4.67 after 40 days of fermentation. L-, a- and b-values decreased rapidly during fermentation until 20 days of fermentation. After 40 days, L- and b-values of kochujang prepared with M. anka koji showed lower values than A. oryzae, and a-value showed higher values as the amount of M. anka koji increased. Ammoniacle nitrogen content continuously increased during fermentation. Amino nitrogen content was the highest, 241.2 ㎎%, and ammoniacle nitrogen was the lowest, 97.2 ㎎%, in kochujang prepared with A. oryzae. However, amino and ammoniacle nitrogen content showed no difference between M. anka and A. oryzae koji kochujang. Kochujang prepared with M. anka koji showed a potential that kochujang can be manufactured lower level of red pepper than previously used.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.251-261
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• 2003

As a part of an on-going project investigating flux of materials in Gomso Tidal Flat, we have monitored temporal and spatial distribution of nitrogen components(TN, PON, DON, DIN) and have sought the relationships with the freshwater input(tidal range, salinity), the biological activities(chlorophyll-${\alpha}$, TP, DIP, silicate) and the resuspended bottom sediment in seawater(SPM) from 1999 to 2000. TN in seawater was 39.05 $\mu\textrm{m}$ol 1$\^$-1/ (31.03∼42.93 $\mu\textrm{m}$ol 1$\^$-1/) without any statistical difference(p<0.05) between the studied periods. Organic nitrogen (DON and PON) occupied 75％, 95％, 73％, and 75％ in April, August, September and November, respectively. DON and PON have been found within the narrow concentration ranges of 11.30∼16.38 $\mu\textrm{m}$ol 1$\^$-1/ and 13.16∼20.04 $\mu\textrm{m}$ol 1$\^$-1/ in spite of severe environmental differences through the studied periods. Dissolved fractions of nitrogen(DON and DIN) occupied 53∼65％ of TN. Only DIN varied with an evident temporal variability: low concentrations(1.325∼1.616 $\mu\textrm{m}$ol 1$\^$-1/) in August and high enrichment(8.377∼14.65 $\mu\textrm{m}$ol 1$\^$-1/) in September. High consumption rate of DIN by phytoplankton and a long-lasted drought probably induced such low concentration of DIN in August. Eventually heavy precipitation probably introduced plenty of new nitrogen sources into Gomso Bay in September. The portion of PON, DON and DIN in the total nitrogen was 40％, 38％ and 22％, respectively. Their contents were in the order of DON>PON>DIN for the year round except PON>DON>DIN only in September. The highest DON portion in August probably due to the active microbial decomposition of organic material in summer. Only in April, some evident negative correlations have been found between chlorophyll-${\alpha}$ and DIN mostly nitrate(-0.64, p<0.01), phosphate(-0.46, p<0.01) and silicate(-0.55, p<0.01). The Si(OH)$_4$/DIN/DIP ratios in the water column suggests the limitation of DIN for the growth of phytoplankton during the dry summer in Gomso Bay, which was the case of August in this work. Even with some difference between the studied periods, the primary factors on the distribution of nitrogen components in seawater overlying the Gomso Tidal Flat have been the tidal range and the freshwater input, but the additional variations were due to the biological activities.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.119-123
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• 1997

This study was performed to evaluate the influence of composting process with an intermittent aeration on the variation of rhizosphere soil temperature, $CO_2$ and $NH_3$ release, and the growth reponse of tomato plantlet in traditional and composting greenhouse. As the temperature of composting materials increased, rhizosphere soil temperature in 30cm depth rose up to $32^{\circ}C$ at one week after introduction. This was $18^{\circ}C$ higher than that of traditional greenhouse. After 20 days of active composting, temperature of rhizosphere soil started to decrease and remained constant at $23^{\circ}C$ after 35 days. For the traditional greenhouse, the averaged temperature ranged at $14{\sim}15^{\circ}C$. This results showed that composting greenhouse had the greater effect on increasing the underground temperature. Average value of evoluted $CO_2$ from the composting greenhouse for 70 days was $782{\sim}1154ppm$. This was $1.7{\sim}2.6$ times higher than that of the traditional greenhouse with an average of $440{\sim}462ppm$. $NH_3$ release was highest during $2{\sim}10$ days in intermittent aerated composting and reached to 134 ppm maximum on the 5th day, then decreased rapidly, and maintained at $3{\sim}4ppm$ after 17 days. Increased photosynthesis due to the $CO_2$ gas and a favorable rhizosphere environment due to the increased underground temperature resulted in improved growth, yield, and Brix degree of tomato fruit.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.110-122
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• 2009

Purpose: Nowadays, A medical institution assesment could get more interest about a quality of medical services from many hospitals that developed the active activities for improving medical services. Also, there is an other additional issue which is the patients risk management. Uijeongbu ST. Mary's hospital Nuclear Medicine department has been changed many work process after PET-CT introduction and renovation of its place since 2008. Therefore, modified structure and the way of existing work process have contained risk factors. The purpose of this study would be the appropriate risk management process while imaging examination process, the removal risk factors and improved activities through the analysis risk factors. Materials and Methods: Nuclear Medicine department new process should analysis through many-sided, Firstly, make and trained risk management manual after then apply an actual work. Result analysis showed the number of risk accident occurrence that comparing the last year and after the improved activities. Secondly, producing risk management public relations film has been showed an applicable patient after then the customer service measurement checked for a hundred patient by questionnaire. Lastly, Risk factors were eliminated through the facilities participation improving activities which could change for the better risk factors. Results: The number of safety accident occurrence(medication error, fall and collision) were checked as zero after the improving activities both PET-CT and gamma camera examination. The results of questionnaire showed as follows; 74% marked as understanding of the test process and 81% checked "satisfaction" after the public relations film showing. The question "Did you consider about the risk factors?", both PET-CT and gamma camera checked as 94% and 89% respectively. Customer risk management could be accomplished effectively through the improving activities at the nuclear medicine department. Conclusions: The study would be an opportunity that spread risk factors were systematically showed and analyzied. Also, It showed the possibility of the minimized safety accident and its feedback, if application of the response manuel that could be a standard of radiology technician's work method to react safety accident. It was the more effective that visual material could be easy to approach as a methodology of risk factors. As far as I have concerned that It could help the safety and convenience through continuous and detailed activities that offer to patients.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.332-337
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• 1996

Purpose : It has been known that the activity of extracellular matrix degradative enzymes such as collagenase correlate well with the metastatic potential of various tumor cells in experimental study. This study was aimed at comparing the activities of type IV collagenase with bone scan findings in patients with breast cancer. Materials and Methods : We retrospectively correlated bone scan findings with the results of immunohistochemical staining for 92kDa, 72kDa type IV collagenase in 28, and 30 patients with metastatic breast cancer, respectively, as well as 23, and 27 patients with primary breast cancer, respectively. The immunohistochemical staining was performed with tissue specimens obtained from primary or metastatic breast tumor lesions. The amounts of the enzyme were graded from 0 to 4 and scored by multiplication with the percentage of tumor cells. The confidence of bone scan interpretation for metastasis was also scored from 1 to 5 with increasing probability. Results : There was a significant difference in enzyme scores between patients with and without metastasis. In patients with primary breast cancer group, the frequency of patients with enzyme score of less than 170 were 96%(26/27) and 100%(26/26) with 92kDa and 72kDa collagenase, respectively. In contrast, in patients with metastatic breast cancer group, the frequency of patients with enzyme score of more than 200 were 93%(28/30) and 87%(26/30) with 92kDa and 72kDa collagenase, respectively. All patients with each enzyme score of less than 170 show no active bony metastasis, however, there were variable bone scan findings in patients with each enzyme score of more than 200. Conclusion : Bone scan is useful to confirm, localize or follow up of bony metastasis in patients with each enzyme scores of more than 200. Acitve metastatic lesions were hardly seen on the bone scintigraphy in patients with collagenase scores of less than 170.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 2003

Purpose: To clarify the results of simple bone cyst (SBC) treatment in children by percutaneous autologous bone marrow grafting and xenografting. Materials and Methods: We studied seven cases (4 males, 3 females) of SBC, which were treated by percutaneous autologous marrow and heterograft bone grafting from January 1996 to February 1999. Their mean age at surgery was 10 years (6 to 15), and the mean follow-up period was 35.6 months (20 to 52). Three cases were located in the proximal and middle humerus; three cases were in the proximal femur; and one case occurred in the ilium. Mean volume was 14.7 $cm^2$ (10 to 23). Six cases were active, and one was inactive. Five patients had a history of receiving a mean of 3.2 steroid injections. The mean quantity of bone marrow used in treatment was 14.3 ml (10 to 20), and the mean amount of $Lubboc^{(R)}$ heterograft bone (Transphyto S.A. Clermont Ferrand, France) used was 6.4 blocks (5 to 10). Results were analyzed using the modified Neer classification. Results: Five cases completely healed with obliteration of the cyst cavity (Grade IV). Two cases demonstrated sclerosis around a partially visible cyst (Grade III). All treatment results were satisfactory and without intraoperative or postoperative complications. Conclusione: Percutaneous autologous marrow and heterograft bone grafting is recommended as an effective treatment method for simple bone cyst. It offers ease of operative technique, a high rate of healing, a low recurrence rate, low morbidity, a low incidence of postoperative complications, and free from bone graft donor site problems.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.39-46
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• 1971

Since ${\beta}-aminoethylphosphonic$ acid was discovered in the living organism, the biosynthesis and biological function of aminophosphonic acids have been extensively studied. The purpose of this project consists in the two parts: 1)the preparation of DL-1-amino-2-phenylethylphosphonic acid (Phenylalanine aminophosphonic acid) and DL-1-amino-3-methylbutyl-phosphonic acid (Isoleucine aminophosphonic acid) by the method of Chamber and Isbell. 2) the study of metabolism and biological functions of those synthetic materials by the animal experiment (white rats) The importance of this project proved to be the first experience fed by animals for the elucidation of biochemical and metabolic functions in the animal body. The following organic synthesis of DL-1-amino-3-methylbutylphosphonic acid and DL-1-amino-2-phenylethylphosphonic acid are studied. 1)Synthesis of DL-1-amino-3-methylbutylphosphonic acid a) Synthesis of Iso-butylbromide b) Synthesis of Ethyl iso-butylmalonate c) Synthesis of Iso-caproic acid d) Synthesis of $Ethyl-{\alpha}-bromo$ iso-caproate e) Synthesis of $Triethyl-{\alpha}-phosphono$ iso-caproate f) Synthesis of DL-1-amino-3-methylbutylphosphonic acid 2)Synthesis of DL-1-amino-2-phenylethylphosphonic acid a) Synthesis of Diethyl phosphite b) Synthesis of Ethylchloro acetate c) Synthesis of Triethyl phospho acetate d) Synthesis of Triethyl benzyl phospho acetate e) Synthesis of DL-1-amino-2-phenylethylphosphonic acid The synthetic compounds; DL-1-amino-3-methylbutylphosphonic acid and DL-1-amino-2-phenyl ethylphosphonic acid which are essential amino acid (isoleucine, phenylalanine)analogue are supplemented to the animal diet at the level of 0.2% and 0.4% for isoleucine analogue and 0.35% and 0.7% for phenylalanine analogue. The plain isoleucine and phenylalanine at the same level in the diet are fercilitated as comparable groups in this study. Two sets of experience including 100 male rats were carried out for seven weeks each total 14 weeks. During this period, urine samples, and each big organs were collected for the analysis of total nitrogen, phosphorus, and glycogen contents in the individual samples by Micro Kjeldahl Fisk & Subbarow and Nelson Somogye, method. 1) The result of the project a) The yield of DL-1-amino-3-methylbutylphosphonic acid and DL-1-amino-2-phenylethylphosphonic acid showed low tendency at the level of 12.5% and 20% Melting point of those two compounds were very high and the ${\alpha}-amino$ group in the synthetic compounds showed positive reaction with ninhydrin in the violet color. b) Ail the experimental groups included in this study revealed statistically no significant difference in the organ weight, total body nitrogen retention and urinary phosphorus excretion This means isoleucine aminophosphonic acid and Phenylalanine aminophosphonic acid were utilized in the body as much as the plain amino acids, isoleucine and phenylalanine did. c) The glycogen contents in the liver of the phenylalaine aminophosphonic acid gruop showed higher statistically significant(p<0.05) in the comparision with the group of the Phenylalanine and the Standard-2. It was noteworthy that the higher glycogen content in the liver might indicate the significance in the incorporation of phenylalanine aminophosphonic acid into the intermediate of tricarboxylic acid cycle as activated state.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.2
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• pp.73-88
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• 1978

This article is an attempt to explain, at least in part, the contemporary Korean women's consciousness of Western Dreasses. As time changes, the role of clothing undergoes varisous transitions, while values and ways of life are constantly in change. It is, therefore, proper and appropriate to recognize as among the major aspects of social psychology such phenomenon as interests, understanding of clothing, the choice of a dress, and attitudes toward clothing, etc. The purpose of this study is to discover problems concerning and their clothing and their solutions, by means of a surveying approach. The method of research used is based upon questionares distributed to parents of first-year pupils in elementary schools and to female clerks working in offices, covering the period from August through October, 1976. The number of the questionares distrubuted totalled 600, and 526 were returned to the research to be utilized for analysis. The contents of the survey included such things as values concerning clothing, kinds of clothing and their practical use, the selection of clothing and the method of purchase, fashions, etc. The classification of aquisition are self-made clothing, clothing made to order and ready-made materials. It is composed of 25 items, including affirmative reasons as well as negative ones. The processing of the material returned was made by using the computer, and based upon classifications such as ages, monthly income, occupations; thus diagraming the result in percentages. The conclusion made and the improvements proposed are as follows: 1. The values of clothing were placed on the expression of the wearer's personality (32.7) and on eauty(28. 6%). The lower age group places is stress upon the expression of personality, while the higher age group stresses beauty. About 50% of wearers are contented with their clothing, their clothing, the rest of whom them indicating their dissatisfaction with what they wear. As to designs at the time of selection, about 46% indicated their preference of personal expression, 31.8% on usefulness. In selecting material, practicality is emphasized; in selecting patterns, single color is preferred. In short, personal expression and esthetic values are primary, with consideration of practicality in mind. 2. The classification of clothing according to their uses indicates the highest numbers in normal wear (home wears) and clothings to be worn outside home. As to evening dresses, (party dress) only one or two articles were checked by many, and no such article was clamed to be possessed by most. The highest ratio of wearing was shown in the case of home wear (47.3%) and clothing to be worn outside the home, which is 55.8%. The budget for one article of clothing was greatest in the case of home wear, and clothing worn outside the home. Many used both kinds of articles for the same purpose. It is desirable, therefore, that the kinds of clothing should be varied according to the purpose for which they are worn, and that clothing appropriate for that purpose should be worn. 3. The motivation for purchasing clothing was highly chosen in the item of seasonal change, which was 55.7%; Clothing deliberately made was indicated by 45.2%. In the mothods of purchasing clothing, clothing made to order and ready-made was indicated by 44.4%, which is the highest; Clothing made to order was 25.4%, and self-sewing was 1.1%, which is the lowest. (1) In the case of self-sewing, "I like it but it is very hard," was checked by 43.6%; "It is so difficult that I cannot wear such clothing" was checked by 13.3%. From these, we can conclude that the questionees are willing to make clothing by themselves, but techniques involved in sewing and at her problems involved in the skill are complicated but when those problems are eliminated there is a possibility for practice. The response checked by questionees concerning the self-sewing was, "It's economical", which is a clear indication that many questionees are positive for self-sewing. It is generally believed that ready-made clothing is cheaper, but it is not necessarily so. In consideration of the quality of clothing, self-sewing is a necessity, and it is desirable that it should be encouraged. (3) Problems involved in ready-made clothing, such as designs, skills, size (fitting) should be eliminated. When these problems are scientifically gotten rid of, it is possible that affirmative returns will be expected. Affirmative responses such as "Ready-made clothing is economical," "You can select there on the spot," are good signs that many women expect to wear ready-made clothing. It is in this sense that the prospect for ready-made clothing is brighter when much development for ready-made clothing is on the way. 4. Much concern for fashion are checked in such item of questions as "Fashionable clothing in the show window," "Clothes worn by women." The first item was checked by 50.1 %, and the second was checked by 48.6%. The reason for following fashion is "Because many people wear them," which was indicated by 30.4%. The reason for not following fashion is "It is too expensive," which was checked by 29.6%. The 26.2% of the answers indicated that "Fashionable clothing is devoid of personality," The influences of fashion over the development of fashion over the development of clothing are two-fold: Esthetic and active. It is not to be deniable that people follow fashion more or less. 1978.9>

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.92-98
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• 2007

Introduction: The treatment of proximal humeral fracture is traditionally determined by Neer's classification system. The severely displaced three-part or four-part fracture is an indication for primary hemiarthroplasty. The current authors report the clinical results of 10 patients who received hemiarthroplasty for proximal comminuted fractures. The minimum follow-up period was 12 months. Materials and Methods: The current authors studied 10 patients who, between July 1999 and March 2005, each received hemiarthroplasty for a proximal humeral fracture of one shoulder. According to Neer's classification system, 5 of the patients had three-part fractures, and 5 of the patients had 4-part fractures. The mean interval between trauma and hemiarthroplasty was 6.1 days. The mean age of the 6 female and 4 male patients was 67.4 years(range: 56 to 76). Shoulder function was evaluated using the Constant score, the Simple Shoulder Test, and the modified UCLA score. Results: The mean Constant score was 51.4(range: 34 to 60). The mean modified SST score was 7.8 out of 12 tasks. Excluding the one patient who had also sustained an axillary artery rupture and a brachial plexus injury after the initial trauma, the mean Constant score for the remaining 9 patients was 53.5(range: 44 to 60), and the mean SST score was 7.2 tasks. The modified UCLA score averages for pain, function, and active forward flexion and strength were, respectively, 8.2($6{\sim}10$), 6.6($2{\sim}8$), and 6.9($4{\sim}8$). The total UCLA score was an average of 21.7($12{\sim}26$). Patients' the modified UCLA ratings were as follows: Excellent: 3, Good: 6, and Poor: 1. The patient with the poor outcome was the one who had also sustained the neurovascular injury. Patient's subjective satisfaction rating were as follows: Excellent: 2, Good: 7, and Poor: 1. Conclusion: Based on short term follow-up results, this study indicates that hemiarthroplasty is the treatment of choice for proximal humeral fractures on which it would be difficult to perform open reduction and internal fixation. Hemiarthroplasty is a useful treatment modality to prevent shoulder stiffness and to allow daily living tasks in elderly patients. However, restoration of muscle power and range of joint motion were not recovered satisfactorily.