• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2003년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.519-519
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• 2003

We performed a hydrochemical study on a total of 89 bedrock groundwaters collected from preexisting wells (30 to 300 m deep) in the Boeun area. Hydrochemical data showed significant variations in the area, due to varying degrees of anthropogenic pollution. The waters were mostly enriched in Ca and HCO$_3$ but locally contained significant concentrations of anthropogenic constituents in the general order of Cl >NO$_3$>SO$_4$. In particular, about 11% of the examined wells exceeded the drinking water standard with respect to nitrate. We consider that aquifers in the area are locally highly susceptible to the contamination related to agricultural activities. Diagrams showing the relationships between the summation of cations (∑cations) and the concentration of several anions with different origin (natural versus anthropogenic) were used to estimate the relative role of anthropogenic contamination. A good correlation was observed for the relationship between ∑cations and bicarbonate, indicating that water-rock interaction (namely, hydrolysis of silicate minerals) is most important to control the water quality. Thus, we made an assumption that the equivalent of dissolved cations for a water should be equal to the alkalinity, if the chemistry were controlled solely by a set of natural weathering reactions. If we excluded the equivalent quantities of cations and bicarbonate (natural origin) from the acquired data for each sample, the remainder therefore could be considered to reflect the degree of anthropogenic contamination. Finally, we performed a multiple regression approach for hydrochemical data using the ∑cations as a dependent variable and the concentration data of each anion (natural or anthropogenic) as an independent variable. Using this approach, we could estimate the relative roles of anthropogenic and natural processes. Rather than the conventional evaluation scheme based on water quality criteria, this approach will be more useful and reasonable for the evaluation of groundwater quality in a specific region and also can be used for planning appropriate protection and remedial actions.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.23-30
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• 2014

The preferred illumination environment in accordance with the actions taken by the occupants of the rooms in residences differs significantly between different cultures and circumstances in and out of the country. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the visual performance of various illumination environments in residential spaces by allowing the participants of the experiments to select the kind of illumination environment they prefer as the occupants of the room. For this purpose, we prepared a mock-up residential space of $6.2m{\times}4.5m{\times}2.5m$, where the experiments for this study were conducted. Then, three illuminance settings (30lx, 100lx, and 150lx) and three color temperature settings (2700k, 4000k, and 6500k) were selected as the properties of the physical environment where the tests were to be conducted. The survey was conducted with 30 study subjects, with whom the level of visual comfort and the lighting adjustment evaluation by different activities were carried out. The level of visual comfort in lighting in a residential context turned to be more influenced by the color temperature and illuminance compared to other factors. Except for the test item, 'comfort,' all test items showed positive reactions when the illuminance was 150lx, which was rather light. In 'comfort,' the test subjects appeared to prefer warm color temperature of 2700k. As we allowed the occupants to adjust the lighting environment in accordance with the conditions of the subjects and the activities they performed, the subjects regarded 150lx - 4000k setting as comfortable, while they preferred 150lx-5400k configuration for working. In case of resting, the subject answered that the configuration of 30lx -2700k setting to be visually comfortable.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.459-465
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• 2011

The nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) protein induces transcriptions of cytokine genes including IL-2 for T-cell activation. Normally activation of NFAT is important to induce immune responses but excessive NFAT activation provokes immunopathological reactions such as autoimmunity, transplant rejection, and inflammation. Thus, for the treatment of autoimmune diseases drugs repressing the activation of NFAT have been searched. In this study, immnunosuppressive effects of Rosa chinensis Jacq. extracts identified as a potent NFAT inhibitor from a natural product library were examined. NFAT reporter assay, MTS assay, real time PCR, IL-2 ELISA, MLR, and FACS (Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting) were used to measure inhibitory immunocyte activities of Rosa chinensis Jacq. The variety of natural products have been screened and some were found to show inhibitory activities against the NFAT transcription factor. Among them, extract of Rosa chinensis Jacq. showed an strong inhibitory effect on the activation of NFAT without affecting cell viability. Levels of IL-2 transcripts as well as IL-2 protein were decreased with treatment of Rosa chinensis Jacq. extract. In addition, immunosuppressive activity of Rosa chinensis Jacq. extract was exhibited in the mixed leukocytes reaction. The increasement of CD4+CD25+ (Treg) immunocyte was also detected in the analysis using FACS after applying Rosa chinensis Jacq. extract. Immunosuppressive effects of the Rosa chinensis Jacq. extracts were clearly demonstrated in the present study. In addition, Rosa chinensis Jacq. extract also positively affected regulatory T cell induction. Further investigations in particular on purification of single substance responsible for the immunosuppressive effects from the extract and analysis on possible actions of the extract in interfering cell signaling and cytokine production will be needed.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신학회 2022년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.84-86
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• 2022

인공지능 대화 기술이 발달하며 다양한 분야에서 사용자의 의도에 따른 적절한 대응이 가능한 챗봇이 적용되고 있다. 특히 사용자 문의 및 상담이 많은 교육 도메인에서의 챗봇 도입 중요성은 증가하고 있다. 하지만 현재까지의 챗봇은 단순 대응이나 사용자가 자주 사용하는 기능 위주로 대응이 이루어지고 있다. 또한 교육콘텐츠가 다양화되고 증가함에 따라 인공지능을 통해 맞춤형 추천이 가능한 추천 시스템 연구가 활발해지고 있다. 이러한 대화 시스템과 추천 시스템에 대한 각 연구 분야는 같은 도메인에서 핵심적인 요소임에도 불구하고 별도로 진행되고 있는 한계점을 가지고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 사용자 맞춤형 강의 콘텐츠를 추천할 수 있는 추천 시스템과 부가 기능에 대한 대응이 가능한 대화 시스템이 결합된 사용자 맞춤형 강의 추천 대화 시스템을 제안한다. 이를 통해 다양화 및 개인화 되어가는 교육도메인에서의 챗봇 적용으로 업무 효율성 및 사용자 만족도가 향상되기를 기대한다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.128-137
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• 2021

본 연구는 건강캠페인을 위해 제작된 공익광고 영상 메시지에 대한 공감 반응 효과를 살펴보는 데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 공감반응척도를 바탕으로 금연, 결핵, 자살을 주제로 한 9개의 건강캠페인 영상에 대한 공감반응이 건강 위험에 대한 공포심 유발과 건강행위(정보추구, 예방행동)에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 분석 결과, 공감 반응요인 중 메시지 크리에이티브의 현실성, 영상 속 등장인물에 대한 감정일치, 동일시가 각각 공포심을 높이는 역할을 하였으며, 건강캠페인 영상을 통해 건강 문제를 일으키는 상황을 논리적으로 이해하는 것은 오히려 공포나 건강정보추구 행위를 줄이는 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 건강캠페인에 대한 공감반응요인 중 영상 속 등장인물에 대한 동정과 같은 관심도가 높아질수록 건강 위험을 줄이기 위한 예방 행동의도가 높아지는 것으로 나타났다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.206-212
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• 2006

본 연구를 통해 항 경련 활성을 보이는 8-aza-bicyclo[3,2,1]octan-3-one 구조를 모체로 하여 생리활성 및 구조적 특이성을 가진 8-aza-bicyclo[3,2,1]octan-3-one 화합물을 합성하고자 하였다. 본 논문에서는 ethylenediamine 1을 2,5-dimethoxyte-trahydrofuran과 1,3-acetonedicarboxylic acid을 반응시켜 8-(2-pyrrol-1-yl-ethyl)-8-aza-bicyclo[3,2,1]octan-3-one 2(yield ; 5.0%)와 1,2-di-8-aza-bicyclo[3,2,1]octan-3-onyl)ethane 3(yield ; 17.0%)을 합성하였다. 1,3diaminopropane 4의 경우에는, 8-(3-pyrrol-1-yl-propyl)-8-aza-bicyclo[3,2,1]octan-3-one 5(yield ; 6.0%)와 1,3-di-8-aza-bicyclo[3,2,1]octan-3-onyl)propane 6 (yield; 21.0%)을, 그리고 1,8-diaminooctane 7의 경우에는 8-(-8-pyrrol-1-yl-octyl)-8-aza-bicyclo[3,2,1]octan-3-one 8(yield; 2.6%)과 1,8-di-8-aza-bicyclo[3,2,1]octan-3-onyl)octane 9(yield; 24.9%)를 합성할 수 있었다. Diaminoalkanes(1,.4, 7)의 반응에서 보면 실온에서 반응을 진행시켰기에 pyrrole 유도체보다는 8-aza-bicyclo[3,2,1]octan-3-one 유도체의 합성이 보다 유리한 결과를 나타냈다. 그리고 탄소 chain이 길수록 N 원자에 전자를 잘 밀어주어 활성이 더 좋았으며 탄소 steric effect도 작기 때문에 생성물의 yield가 더 높았다. Diaminobenzene(10, 14) 역시 diaminoalkane의 반응과 같이 p-phenylenediamine 10을 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran, 그리고 1,3-acetonedicarboxylic acid과 반응시켜 p-dipyrrolylbenzene 11(yield; 4.0%), 8-(4-pyrrol-1-yl-phenyl)-8-aza-bicyclo[3,2,1]octan-3-one 12(yield; 12.0%), 1,4-di-(8-aza-bicyclo[3,2,1]octan-3-onyl)-benzene 13(yield; 59.0%)을 합성하였고, m-phynylenediamine 14의 경우에도 8-(3-pyrrol-l-yl-phenyl)-8-aza-bicyclo[3,2,1]octan-3-one 15(yield; 2.0%)와 1,3-di-(8-aza-bicyclo[3,2,1]octan-3-onyl)-benzene 16(yield; 28.0%)을 합성할 수 있었다. 그러나 o-phynylenediamine 17의 경우에는 8-aza-bicyclo[3,2,1]octan-3-one ring들의 steric hindrance의 영향에 의해 1,3-di-8-aza-bicyclo[3,2,1]octan-3-onyl)benzene은 합성되지 않았다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.389-399
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• 2015

Zinc has been considered as a vital constituent of proteins, including enzymes. Mobile reactive zinc ($Zn^{2+}$) is the key form of zinc involved in signal transductions, which are mainly driven by its binding to proteins or the release of zinc from proteins, possibly via a redox switch. There has been growing evidence of zinc's critical role in cell signaling, due to its flexible coordination geometry and rapid shifts in protein conformation to perform biological reactions. The importance and complexity of $Zn^{2+}$ activity has been presumed to parallel the degree of calcium's participation in cellular processes. Whole body and cellular $Zn^{2+}$ levels are largely regulated by metallothioneins (MTs), $Zn^{2+}$ importers (ZIPs), and $Zn^{2+}$ transporters (ZnTs). Numerous proteins involved in signaling pathways, mitochondrial metabolism, and ion channels that play a pivotal role in controlling cardiac contractility are common targets of $Zn^{2+}$. However, these regulatory actions of $Zn^{2+}$ are not limited to the function of the heart, but also extend to numerous other organ systems, such as the central nervous system, immune system, cardiovascular tissue, and secretory glands, such as the pancreas, prostate, and mammary glands. In this review, the regulation of cellular $Zn^{2+}$ levels, $Zn^{2+}$-mediated signal transduction, impacts of $Zn^{2+}$ on ion channels and mitochondrial metabolism, and finally, the implications of $Zn^{2+}$ in health and disease development were outlined to help widen the current understanding of the versatile and complex roles of $Zn^{2+}$.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.323-329
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• 2007

가시오가피의 면역활성 증진 효과를 알아보기 위하여 선발된 수컷 마우스를 대상으로 하여 발효유에 가시오가피와 더덕 열수추출건조물(가시오가피 :더덕 =8:2)을 혼합하여 투여한 그룹 1 mg/mL(A), 3 mg/mL(B), 9 mg/mL(C)의 3그룹으로 나누어 임상적용 경로인 경구투여를 선택하여 발효유을 각각 3 mL/kg씩 위내로 직접 투여하였다. 대조군은 발효유만 먹인 그룹(D)과 식염수만 먹인 그룹(E)을 두었다. 오가피의 함량이 ICR계 수컷 마우스의 면역기능에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아본 결과 모든 군에서 마우스의 증체량과 체중 증가는 유의성 있는 차이를 보이지 않았고, 7주와 10주령에 안락사 시킨 마우스의 각 장기의 무게에서도 유의성 있는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 비장계수는 7주령에서는 B군이, 10주령에는 C군이 유의성 있는 증가가 관찰되었다(p<0.05). 항체생산세포수는 식이급여 7주에 B와 C군이, 10주에 C군이 각각 대조군에 비해 통계적인 유의성이 있었다(p<0.05). 양적혈구에 대한 응집소가는 식이의 급여기간이 길어질수록 감소하였는데, 7주차에는 A, B, C 군에서, 10주차에서는 B와 C군에서 유의성이 있었다(p<0.05). 혈중 면역글로불린(IgG)의 수치는 7주에서는 C군이, 10주에서는 B와 C군이 유의성이 있었다. 림프구는 B와 C군이 대조군보다 증가하였고, 비장 및 흉선조직에서도 B와 C군이 활발한 면역반응을 보였다. 이상의 결과 가시오가피와 더덕 열수추출건조물이 생체 내에서 면역력을 증강시킬 수 있을 것으로 사료되었다.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.1-11
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• 1974

Results of an experiment on the behavior of rats and mice in order to explore the possible pharmacological actions of Panax ginseng upon the central nervous system can be summarized as follows: 1. Spontaneous motor activity. In the case of mice, those groups who were administered 2.5 mg and 5.0mg of ginseng saponin per kilogram of body weight were observed to have increased their activity compared with the control group, while the 50.0 mg and 100.0 mg per kilogram body weight groups demonstrated lower levels of activity, with the peak of activity appearing at 30 minutes after administration of drugs. In the case of rats, those groups of animals who were given injections in the dosage of 2.5 mg, 5.0 mg and 50.0 mg per kilogram body weight demonstrated higher activity than the control group, while the 100.0 mg per kilogram group appeared to have decreased in their activity, with the peak action appearing 30 minutes after the administration of ginseng saponin. The 50.0 mg per kilogram group demonstrated no significant differential. 2. General behavior analysis. In the case of mice, decrease in sleeping component of behavior and increase in the walking and roaring components, compared those with the control group, turned out to be a common phenomenon among the groups who were administered 2.5 mg, 5.0 mg and 50.0 mg of ginseng saponin per kilogram body weight, with the 5.0 mg per kilogram group standing out of all the other groups in terms of their reactions. In the case of rats, ginseng saponin appeared to reduce sleeping component with 2.5 mg, 5.0 mg and 50.0 mg per kilogram body weight groups, while increased the walking and rearing components. It was observed that administratoin of ginseng saponin in a dose of 2.5 mg per kilogram appeared to markedly increase the lying and grooming components of animal behavior. 3. Open-field exploratory behavior. Adminstration of ginseng saponin to mice in doses of 5.0 mg, 50.0 mg and 100.0 mg per kilogram body weight decreased activity, but increased their exploratory behavior. In the case of rats, however, administration of ginseng saponin in the doses of 2.5 mg and 5.0 mg per kilogram body weight markedly increased their activities, while decreased activities with the 50.0 mg per kilogram and 100.0 mg per kilogram groups. The exploratory behavior of rats appeared to have decreased, while grooming increased ramarkably. 4. The above findings from a series of experiment appear to suggest a stimulating effect on the central nervous system when ginseng saponin is administered in small doses, but that larger doses might result in an inhibitory effect, though differential results can be anticipated with modification of experimental conditions.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.217-222
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• 2014

Lonicerae Flos containing formulation, Geumeumyoungji-tang (GYT), is an herbal prescription prepared using 5 different herbal drugs, namely, Lonicerae Flos, Ganoderma, Lactucae Herba, Xanthii Fructus, and Smilacis Rhizoma. This study was focused on the investigation of the pharmacological effects of GYT on allergic reactions. As the first step of the study, GYT was administered BALB/c mice which were sensitized by 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). As the result GYT ameliorated dermatitis provoked by DNFB. The serum IgE level of the DNFB sensitized-mouse was significantly decreased when GYT was administered. In order to confirm the moderating effect of this prescription on allergic reaction, GYT was pretreated to human mast cells (HMC-1) before they were stimulated by phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate plus calcium ionophore A23187 (PMACI). GYT suppressed secretion of inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, from HMC-1. Additionally, pretreatment of GYT showed regulating effect on COX-2 expression. Collectively, these findings provide insights into the pharmacological actions of GYT as a potential agent for treatment of allergic dermatitis.