• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.416-426
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mobility and ratio of the bone-implant contact (BIC) of a sandblasted, large grit and acid-etched (SLA) orthodontic micro-implant. Methods: Ninety-six micro-implants (48 SLA and 48 machined) were implanted in the upper and lower buccal alveolar bone, and palatal bone of four beagle dogs. Two weeks after surgery, orthodontic force (150-200 g) was applied. Two beagles were sacrificed at 4-weeks and the other two at 12-weeks. Histomorphometric comparisons were made between the SLA experimental group and the machined micro-implant as a control group to determine the ratio of contact between the bone and implant. Micro-implant mobility was also evaluated using $Periotest^{(R)}$. Results: Periotest values showed no statistically significant difference in the upper alveolar and palatal bone between groups except for the lower buccal area. BIC in the upper buccal area showed no significant difference between groups both at 4-weeks and 12-weeks. However, both the groups showed a significant difference in BIC ratio in the rest of the experimental areas between 4 weeks and 12 weeks. The experimental group showed active bone remodeling around the bone-implant interface compared to the control group. Conclusions: There were significant differences in the BIC and the Periotest values between the surface-treated and machined micro-implants according to bone quality in the early stage.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.46-55
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• 2000

During bonding procedure of composite resin, the prepared cavity can be contaminated by saliva. In this study, marginal microleakage and shear bond strength of a composite resin to primed enamel and dentin treated with artificial saliva(Taliva$^{(R)}$) were evaluated. For the marginal microleakage test, Class V cavities were prepared in the buccal surfaces of fifty molars. The samples were randomly assigned into 5 groups with 10 samples in each group. Control group was applied with a bonding system (Scotchbond$^{TM}$ Multi-Purpose plus) according to manufacture's directions without saliva contamination. Experimental groups were divided into 4 groups and contaminated with artificial saliva for 30 seconds after priming: Experimental 1 group ; artificial saliva was dried with compressed air only, Experimental 2 group ; artificial saliva was rinsed and dried. Experimental 3 group ; cavities were etched with 35% phosphoric acid for 15 seconds after rinsing and drying artificial saliva. Experimental 4 group ; cavities were etched with 35% phosphoric acid for 15 seconds and primer was reapplied after rinsing and drying artificial saliva. All the cavities were applied a bonding agent and filled with a composite resin (Z-100$^{TM}$). Specimens were immersed in 0.5% basic fuschin dye for 24 hours and embedded in transparent acrylic resin and sectioned buccolingually with diamond wheel saw. Four sections were obtained from one specimen. Degree of marginal leakage was scored under stereomicroscope and their scores were averaged from four sections. The data were analyzed by Kruscal-Wallis test and Fisher's LSD. For the shear bond strength test, the buccal or occlusal surfaces of one hundred molar teeth were ground to expose enamel(n=50) or dentin(n=50) using diamond wheel saw and its surface was smoothed with Lapping and Polishing Machine(South Bay Technology Co., U.S.A.). Samples were divided into 5 groups. Treatment of saliva-contaminated enamel and dentin surfaces was same as the marginal microleakage test and composite resin was bonded via a gelatin capsule. All specimens were stored in distilled water for 48 hours. The shear bond strengths were measured by universal testing machine (AGS-1000 4D, Shimaduzu Co., Japan) with a crosshead speed of 5 mm/minute. Failure mode of fracture sites was examined under stereomicroscope. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's studentized range test. The results of this study were as follows : 1. Enamel marginal microleakage showed no significant difference among groups. 2. Dentinal marginal microleakages of control, experimental 2 and 4 groups were lower than those of experimental 1 and 3 groups (p<0.05). 3. The shear bond strength to enamel was the highest value in control group (20.03${\pm}$4.47MPa) and the lowest value in experimental 1 group (13.28${\pm}$6.52MPa). There were significant differences between experimental 1 group and other groups (p<0.05). 4. The shear bond strength to dentin was higher in control group (17.87${\pm}$4.02MPa) and experimental 4 group (16.38${\pm}$3.23MPa) than in other groups, its value was low in experimental 1 group (3.95${\pm}$2.51 MPa) and experimental 2 group (6.72${\pm}$2.26MPa)(p<0.05). 5. Failure mode of fractured site on the enamel showed mostly adhesive failures in experimental 1 and 3 groups. 6. Failure mode of fractured site on the dentin did not show adhesive failures in control group, but showed mostly adhesive failure in experimental groups. As a summary of above results, if the primed tooth surface was contaminated with artificial saliva, primer should be reapplied after re-etching it.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.328-341
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• 1995

I. Shear Bond Strength to Air-dried and Remoistened Dentin.. The effect of air-drying and remoistening of acid-conditioned dentin before priming with the primer of All-Bond 2(BISCO. INC., U. S. A.) on shear bond strength(SBS) was investigated. Ninty freshly extracted sound human molars were divided at random into 9 groups of 10 teeth each. SBSs were meaured for acid-conditioned and non-conditioned dentin to which the primer and bonding agent of All-Bond 2 and composite resin(Z-100, 3M Dental Products, U. S. A.) were applied. The following values(Mean${\pm}$ SD, MPa) were obtained for the groups conditioned with 10% phosphoric acid for 15 seconds: Group l(blot dried) $6.7{\pm}4.1$ ; Group 2(10 seconds dried) $16.1{\pm}5.3$ ; Group 3(20 seconds dried) $15.4{\pm}4.8$ ; Group 4(30 seconds dried) $15.2{\pm}6.3$ ; Group 5(10 seconds dried/remoistened) $26.4{\pm}2.6$ ; Group 6(20 seconds dired/remositened) $22.2{\pm}2.7$ ; Group 7(30 seconds dried/remoistened) $21.5{\pm}4.1$. For the non-conditioned groups the values were: Group 8 (blot dried) $13.3{\pm}2.6$ ; Group 9(10 seconds dried) $12.9{\pm}3.5$. The data were analyzed using ANOVA. In the acid-conditioned groups, mean values of SBS for the air-dried specimens(Grps. 2, 3 and 4) and the 20 and 30 seconds dried/remoistened specimens (Grps. 6 and 7) were significantly lower than that of blot dried specimens.(p<0.05) The value for 10 seconds dried/remoistened specimens (Grp. 5), however, was not statistically different compared to that of blot dried specimens.(p>0.05) In the non-conditined groups, there was no statistical difference between blot dried and 10 seconds dried specimens.(p>0.05) The results suggest that the acid-conditioned dentin surface is more vulnerable to dentin bonding when it is air-dried or even remoistened after long period of drying. II. Shear bond stengh to the moistened and primed enamel. The effect of moistening and priming of enamel compared to the air-drying of enamel on the shear bond strength of enamel bonding agent was investigated. The experiment was divided into 4 groups each containing 10 caries-free maxillary incisor teeth. Shear bond strength values were measured for the primed and non-primed enamel to which All-Bond 2 and Z-100 were applied. The following values(MPa) were obtained for the primed groups pretreated with 32 % phosphoric acid for 15 seconds. : Group 1 (10 seconds dried) $29.8{\pm}2.2$ ; Group 2(moistened) $26.8{\pm}5.4$. For the non-primed groups the values were: Group 3(10 seconds dried/primed) $27.6{\pm}5.0$ ; Group 4(mostened/primed) $28.2{\pm}3.5$. The data were subjected to statistical analysis using ANOVA. The results showed that mean shear bond strengths among the experimental groups were not statistically different. (p>0.05) Conclusively, It is suggested that the bonding ability to enamel is not decreased by the moistening and priming of the enamel.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.30 no.2 s.79
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• pp.215-222
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the application of chlorhexidine varnish affects the shear bond strength and failure pattern of orthodontic brackets or not. The experimental group consisted of 22 human premolars which extracted after chlorhexidine varnish application (4 times for 1 week interval) in vivo, and the control group consisted of 22 human premolars which extracted without any pre-treatment. After all teeth were etched with $37\%$ phosphoric acid gel, metal orthodontic brackets (Q-3002, RMO, USA) were bonded to each tooth using auto-polymerizing orthodontic resin (Ortho-One, Bisco, USA) with the same bonding procedure. The shear bond strength was measured with Instron universal testing machine (model 4466, Instron Ltd., England), and the failure pattern of each bracket was examined with Scanning Electron Microscope (SM 840A, JEOL, Japan). The data were analysed statistically with t-test. The results were as follows : 1. Application of chlorhexidine varnish had no significant effect on the shear bond strength of the orthodontic bracket. 2. There was no significant difference in the failure pattern of orthodontic bracket between the experimental group and the control group.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.366-381
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of conventional sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched (SLA) surface coated with a pH buffering solution based on surface wettability, blood protein adhesion, osteoblast affinity, and platelet adhesion and activation. Methods: Titanium discs and implants with conventional SLA surface (SA), SLA surface in an aqueous calcium chloride solution (CA), and SLA surface with a pH buffering agent (SOI) were prepared. The wetting velocity was measured by the number of threads wetted by blood over an interval of time. Serum albumin adsorption was tested using the bicinchoninic acid assay and by measuring fluorescence intensity. Osteoblast activity assays (osteoblast adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, mineralization, and migration) were also performed, and platelet adhesion and activation assays were conducted. Results: In both the wetting velocity test and the serum albumin adsorption assay, the SOI surface displayed a significantly higher wetting velocity than the SA surface (P=0.000 and P=0.000, respectively). In the osteoblast adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization tests, the mean values for SOI were all higher than those for SA and CA. On the osteoblast migration, platelet adhesion, and activation tests, SOI also showed significantly higher values than SA (P=0.040, P=0.000, and P=0.000, respectively). Conclusions: SOI exhibited higher hydrophilicity and affinity for proteins, cells, and platelets than SA. Within the limits of this study, it may be concluded that coating an implant with a pH buffering agent can induce the attachment of platelets, proteins, and cells to the implant surface. Further studies should be conducted to directly compare SOI with other conventional surfaces with regard to its safety and effectiveness in clinical settings.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.229-236
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• 2000

For the purpose of evaluating the microleakage of compomer restorations in cervical cavities of primary molars according to the length of etching time, an experiment was performed through next procedures. 48 extracted human primary molars were divided into 6 groups according to applied compomers and the etching time of 0, 15, 30 seconds. All the restorations were filled under the manufacturer's direction, and the degree of dye penetration was evaluated with stereomicroscope. The microleakage of etch group was measured and statistically analyzed and obtained the results as follows: 1. Compared with groups without etching, the degree of microleakage was reduced by acid etching the cavities (p<0.05). 2. There revealed similar preventive effects of microleakage when the teeth were etched for 15 seconds and 30 seconds respectively(p>0.05). 3. No significant difference was observed between two compomers examined in this study(p>0.05). It was, therefore, thought acid etching is effective to minimize the microleakage of compomer restorations in primary teeth, and in cases of performing, 15 seconds is adequate for etching.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.514-521
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bonding ability of two self etch systems to human primary and permanent enamel and the effect of additional acid etching time. Exfoliated, caries free human primary molar(n=65) and permanent molar extracted (n=65) were used. prepared enamel specimens were randomly divided into 2 test groups and a control group. The control group(n=10) were treated with 35% phosphoric acid gel and Scotchbond Multi-purpose adhesive. Experimental groups(self-etching systems) were subdivided into 6 groups(each n=10) according to additional etching time(0s, 5s, 10s, 15s, 20s, 30s). The result were as follows : 1) The shear bond strengths of the self-etching adhesives(Clearfil SE Bond, Adper Prompt L-pop) without additional etching were lower than control group(Scotch Bond Multipurpose). 2) Between the same self-etch adhesive groups, additional etched groups showed higher shear bond strength 3) There was no significant difference between primary and permanent enamel. In conclusion, bond strength of self-etch adhesives to enamel could be increased with additional etching.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.545-553
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• 2003

To achieve good dentin bonding, we must obtain proper wet dentin surface. The purpose of this study was to compare dentin surface according to different wetness degree by AFM image as studying how to obtaining proper wet dentin surface. Intact recently extracted primary teeth were used in the study. The extracted teeth were stored in distilled water at $4^{\circ}C$ until prepared. The teeth were used to prepare 1mm thick dentin disks with exposed surfaces parallel to the occlusal surfaces. The surface of the dentin were polished with polishing disk. The sample were ultrasonically cleaned with distilled water. The sample of each group were treated by different ways. We compared dentin surface of each group by AFM image. From the experiment, the following results were obtained. 1. Acid etching in the dentin surface of primary teeth, resulted in the removal of the smear layer, which opened dentinal tubules, caused the demineralization of peritubular and intertubular dentin, and exposed a collagen-rich transition zone. 2. If the etched dentin was so dehydrated, the intertubular dentin surfaces deceased in height and the diameters of the dentinal tubules decreased slightly. 3. In the group dried with compressed air for 20 seconds at 2 cm, the dentin surfaces were too excessive dried and dehydrated. 4. In the group dried with compressed air for 3 seconds at 2 cm, dry cotton, wet cotton, microbrush and absorbent tissue paper, the dentin surfaces were properly wet.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.319-324
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• 2003

Statement of problem. Adhesives in dentistry playa major role in the success of restorative treatments. In the treatment of all ceramic restoration it is needed to find the adequate bond strength between enamel and dentin. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate shear bond strength of resin cement bonded to extracted human uncut enamel, cut enamel, and dentin in vitro. Material and methods. Ten freshly extracted anterior teeth without any previous restorative treatments were chosen. The extracted teeth were embedded in PMMA cold acrylic in the shape of a cylinder, 25 mm in diameter by 25 mm in height. The bonding system used was as follow: Uni-Etch (32% phosphoric acid), One-Step adhesive, Duolink resin cement. The specimens were acid etched and rinsed with water. Two layers of One-Step adhesive were coated with a disposable brush on the uncut enamel. VIP curing light at $500mV/cm^2$ was used to cure the adhesive. For cut enamel shear bond test, the specimen used for uncut enamel was further reduced approximately $0.3{\sim}0.5mm$ using a laminate preparation diamond bur (0.3 mm in depth). The specimens were subsequently treated with 320-grit SiC paper followed by 600-grit SiC paper and cleaned with distilled water. The bonding procedure on the cut enamel was same as uncut enamel bonding procedure. For dentin bonding test, the specimen used for cut enamel was further reduced approximately $0.5mm{\sim}1.0mm$ using a laminate preparation diamond bur (0.5 mm in depth of diamond cutting). The amount of reduction was evaluated with the silicone mold. The specimens were subsequently treated with 320-grit SiC paper followed by 600-grit silicon carbon paper and cleaned in distilled water. The bonding procedure on the dentin was same as uncut enamel bonding procedure. All samples were mounted and secured on the Ultradent shear bond test sample holder, and Ultradent restricted shear bond testing device was used with Universal Instron machine until fracture. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was performed comparing the result at P<0.05. Multiple comparison (Tukey) was used to compare each groups. Result. The result showed that the mean value in shear bond strength of resin cement bonded to uncut enamel, cut enamel and dentin were 27.04 Mpa, 30.25 Mpa and 26.39 Mpa with respect. Conclusion. Within the limitation of this study, the mean value of the shear bond strength of cut enamel was higher than those of uncut enamel or dentin. However there existed no statistical differences between three different human dentition substrates due to increased adhesive characteristics.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2013

Sodium hypochlorite and ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid are substances usually used during endodontic treatment. Several studies found that the bonding was negated with certain irrigants and some of the used irrigants have demineralizing and chealating effects, so it was advocated to omit the etching step in etch and rinse adhesive systems. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of NaOCl & EDTA on the bonding strength of ethanol wet bonding. Thirty human molars were selected and mesiodistally sectioned into halves, thus providing sixty specimens. The specimens were randomly assigned to 4 groups(n=15) according to the irrigant regimen used : (1) irrigated with distilled water for 10min (control); (2) irrigated with 5.25% NaOCl(10min), flushed with 5.25% NaOCl(1min) (3) irrigated with 5.25% NaOCl, flushed with 17% EDTA (4) irrigated with 5.25% NaOCl, flushed with 17% EDTA. Each group was acid-etched with 37% phosphoric acid(except group 4) and had their dentin surfaces dehydrated with ethanol solutions : 50%, 70%, 80%, 95%, 3x100%, 30s for each application. After dehydration, a primer( 50% all bond 3 resin + 50% ethanol) was used, followed by the adhesive(ALL-BOND 3 RESIN) application. Resin composite build-ups were then prepared using an incremental technique. Specimens were sectioned into beams and submitted to a tensile load using a Micro Tensile Tester(Bisco Inc.). The data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD at p<0.5 level. There was no significant difference on G1(control) and G2(irrigated with NaOCl only ). (p>0.05). G3(flushed with EDTA) showed significantly high tensile bonding strength compared to the G2 (p<0.05). G4( treated with EDTA but no acid-etching) was significantly lower value than G3. (p<0.05) Although there was no significant difference, 5.25% NaOCl seemed to have an adverse effect on the bonding strength of ethanol wet bonding. The flushing with EDTA after NaOCl irrigation prevents the decrease of bonding strength. The use of 17% EDTA as a final flush can enhance the bonding strength but EDTA flushing can't substitute for a acid-etching.