• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.67-72
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• 2007

탐라오가피를 기능성 식품소재로 활용하기 위하여 물과 주정의 비율을 달리하여 추출시간에 따른 유용성분의 경시적 변화를 검토하였다. 물 및 주정농도를 각각 $30{\sim}95%$로 조절한 다음 0.5 cm 이하로 세절한 줄기를 300 g/7.5 L의 비율로 첨가하여 9시간 동안 $100^{\circ}C$를 유지하는 항온수조에서 환류냉각 추출하였다. 추출 중에 pH의 변화는 대체로 주정농도가 높을수록 높아지는 경향을 보였고, 추출 후 3시간까지 pH가 낮아졌으며 $pH\;4.0{\sim}6.5$ 범위였다. 색도 a 값은 추출용매에 따라 차이가 있었으나, 추출 $2{\sim}3$시간까지에 변화가 컸다. 색도 b 값은 주정농도가 낮을수록, 추출시간이 경과함에 따라 증가하는 경향이었다. 가용성고형물은 추출 직후부터 $2{\sim}3$시간 안에 급증하였으며, 물 및 주정농도가 낮을수록 많이 추출되었다. 주정농도 $30%{\sim}70%$인 경우 줄기에서 $0.27{\sim}0.47%(w/v)$로 가용성고형물 함량이 높았다. 추출액에 함유된 주요 유리당은 sucrose, fructose, glucose였다. Eleutherosides 성분은 주정농도가 높을수록 추출 직후부터 3시간까지 급속히 증가하였으며, 주정 원액보다 물 및 주정을 혼합하여 추출하였을 때가 함량이 높았다. 물 및 주정용액으로 $3{\sim}5$ 시간 추출하였을 때, 원료의 약 97% 추출되었다. 추출잔사를 분석한 결과에서 acanthoic acid의 추출은 물만으로는 추출이 어려웠으며 주정농도 40% 이상 유지할 필요가 있었다. 따라서 탐라오가피의 기능성분의 추출에서는 주정농도 $40{\sim}70%$로 $3{\sim}5$시간 동안 환류 추출하는 것이었다.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.38-43
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• 2003

목적 : 소아에서는 임상증상만으로 요로감염의 정확한 진단이 어려우므로 DMSA renal scan은 급성 신우신염의 조기 진단과 감별에 중요한 방법이다. 급성 신우신염 환자에서 환자 연령에 따른 DMSA renal scan의 양성률, 신장초음파의 이상여부, 방광요관역류 동반율을 비교해 보고자 하였다. 또 DMSA renal scan과 신장초음파 결과 및 DMSA renal scan과 방광요관역류와의 상관관계를 알아보았다. 방법 : 2001년 3월부터 2002년 9월까지 급성신우신염으로 진단된 67명의 환아를 대상으로 나이에 따라 2세 이하의 소아 57명을 그룹 I으로, 2세 이상의 소아 10명을 그룹 II로 나누었다. 이 환아를 대상으로 DMSA renal scan, VCUG, 신장초음파의 결과를 이용한 후향적 연구를 실시하였다. 결과 : 급성 신우신염 환아에서 DMSA renal scan의 양성률은 나이에 따라서 차이가 없었다. DMSA renal scan과 방광요관역류 등급정도와는 통계학적 의미가 있었으나, 나이에 따른 방광 요관역류와는 통계학적 의미는 없었다. DMSA renal scan과 신장초음파 이상여부와는 의미가 없었다. 나이에 따른 신장초음파 이상여부와도 통계학적 의미는 없었다. 결론 : 현재로서는 DMSA renal scan은 급성 신우신염이 의심되거나, 세균뇨가 있는 환자에게서 감별 진단시 힘들이지 않고, 비교적 경제적 부담이 적은 중요한 검사 방법이다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제24권8호
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• pp.1181-1187
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• 2003

Condensation of 4-cyano-5,6-dimethyl-3-pyridazinone 1 with aromatic aldehydes gave the novel styryl derivatives 2a-c. Refluxing of compound 2a with phosphorus oxychloride furnished 3-chloropyridazine derivative 3. Compound 3 was reacted with thiourea and produced pyridazine-3(2H)thione 4. Thieno[2,3-c]- pyridazines 5a-e were achieved by cycloalkylation of compound 4 with halocompounds in methanol under reflux and in the presence of sodium methoxide. Also, refluxing of compound 4 with N-substituted chloroacetamide in the presence of potassium carbonate afforded thienopyridazines 6a-e. Cyclization of compound 6 with some electrophilic reagents as carbon disulfide and triethyl orthoformate furnished the novel pyrimido[4',5':4,5]thieno[2,3-c]pyridazines 12 and 13a-c, respectively. Diazotisation of compound 6 with sodium nitrite in acetic acid produced the pyridazino[4',3':4,5]thieno[3,2-d][1,2,3]triazines 14a-c. Ternary condensation of compound 1, aromatic aldehydes and malononitrile in ethanol containing piperidine under reflux afforded the novel phthalazines 16a-c. Compound 3 was subjected to some nucleophilic substitution reactions with amines and sodium azide and formed the aminopyridazines 17a, b and tetrazolo[1,5-b]-pyridazine 19, respectively. The structures of the synthesized compounds were established by elemental and spectral analyses.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제59권3호
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• pp.139-144
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• 2016

Purpose: Acute pyelonephritis (APN) is a serious bacterial infection that can cause renal scarring in children. Early identification of APN is critical to improve treatment outcomes. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a prognostic marker of many diseases, but it has not yet been established in urinary tract infection (UTI). The aim of this study was to determine whether NLR is a useful marker to predict APN or vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 298 pediatric patients ($age{\leq}36months$) with febrile UTI from January 2010 to December 2014. Conventional infection markers (white blood cell [WBC] count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR], C-reactive protein [CRP]), and NLR were measured. Results: WBC, CRP, ESR, and NLR were higher in APN than in lower UTI (P<0.001). Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that NLR was a predictive factor for positive dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) defects (P<0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was high for NLR (P<0.001) as well as CRP (P<0.001) for prediction of DMSA defects. NLR showed the highest area under the ROC curve for diagnosis of VUR (P<0.001). Conclusion: NLR can be used as a diagnostic marker of APN with DMSA defect, showing better results than those of conventional markers for VUR prediction.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.63-68
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• 2016

Purpose: Disruption of normal renal development can lead to congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, including renal hypodysplasia. We aimed to clarify whether small kidney size affects clinical manifestations in children with urinary tract infection (UTI). Methods: One hundred fifty-four patients who had their first symptomatic UTI between January 2014 and June 2015 were enrolled in this study. Differences in kidney size were estimated based on percent uptake of $^{99m}Tc-$ dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) in scintigraphy. The patients who showed more than 10% difference in kidney size on DMSA scintigraphy with none or minimal cortical defects were included in group A. (group A, n=17). Laboratory, clinical, and imaging results were compared with those of the other patients (group B, n=137). Results: Group A had a relatively higher incidence of vesicoureteral reflux than group B (44% vs 20%, P<0.05). The levels of plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and serum C-reactive protein were significantly higher in group A (193 [64-337] vs 91 [59-211] ng/mL and 4.1 [0.5-11.9] vs 2.1 [0.7-5.3] ng/mL, respectively; all P <0.05). Linear regression analysis revealed that plasma NGAL level strongly correlated with the difference in renal uptake in DMSA scintigraphy in group A ($R^2=0.505$). Conclusion: The difference in kidney size could influence the clinical course and severity of pediatric UTI.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.114-120
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• 2017

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the clinical characteristics, frequency of renal abnormalities and benefits of a top-down approach in children with their first febrile urinary tract infection (UTI). Methods: We reviewed 308 patients retrospectively who were admitted to Yeungnam University Hospital and were treated for their first febrile UTI from February 2006 to December 2013. We performed a comparative analysis of laboratory findings and results of imaging techniques including a Tc-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) renal scan. Results: Among the patients, 69% (213/308) were males, and 90% (277/308) had their first UTI episode during infancy. A DMSA renal scan was performed on all patients, and showed positive findings in 60% (184/308) of cases. Laboratory indices of inflammation were significantly higher in the DMSA-positive group (P< 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the age distribution between the two groups. In the DMSA-positive group, 165 patients underwent voiding cystourethrography (VCUG), and 58 (35%) cases demonstrated vesicoureteral reflux. In total, 110 patients in the DMSA-positive group, underwent repeat scanning at 6 months; 33 children (30%) demonstrated static scarring, but 77 (70%) had improved completely. The concordance of the ultrasonography (US) and VCUG was low. Older patients had more renal scarring. Conclusion: DMSA is a sensitive method for assessing the severity of inflammation and kidney injury. However, the ability of US to predict renal parenchymal damage was limited. A top-down approach in children with their first febrile UTI showed significant value.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.243-250
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• 2020

Purpose: Gastric delta cells (D-cells), which are somatostatin-secreting cells, are the main paracrine inhibitor of acid secretion. The number of D-cells was studied in children presenting with upper gastrointestinal (UGI) disease. Methods: We retrospectively investigated the number of D-cells in the gastric body and antrum through immunofluorescence examinations according to symptoms, endoscopic findings, and Helicobacter pylori infection in 75 children who visited Hanyang University Hospital Pediatrics. Results: The mean patient age was 12.2±3.3 years. The male-to-female ratio was 1:1.4. The mean D-cell number per high-power field in the antrum and body was 20.5 and 12 in children with substernal pain, 18.3 and 10.3 in vomiting, 22.3 and 6 in diarrhea, and 9.3 and 6 in abdominal pain, respectively (p>0.05). According to endoscopic findings, the mean D-cell number in the antrum and body was 14.3 and 6 with gastritis, 14 and 9.3 with reflux esophagitis, 16.7 and 8.7 with duodeno-gastric reflux, 19.3 and 12.7 with gastric ulcer, 16 and 13.7 with duodenitis, and 12.3 and 4 with duodenal ulcer, respectively (p>0.05). The D-cell number in the gastric body was 2.7 and 8.7 in children with current H. pylori infection and non-infected children, respectively (p=0.01), while those in the antrum were 15.5 and 14, respectively, with no statistical significance. Conclusion: The D-cell number was lower in the gastric body of children with current H. pylori infection. Further studies concerning peptide-secreting cells with a control group would provide information about the pathogenic pathways of UGI disorder.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.47-51
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• 2018

Purpose: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the common infectious diseases in children. Several imaging modalities can be used to confirm the presence of acute pyelonephritis (APN). Among them the 99mTcdimercaptosuccinic acid renal scan (DMSA scan) is used as a gold standard for diagnosis. Ultrasonography technology is evolving. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the sensitivity and specificity of Power Doppler ultrasonography (PDU) compared to the results from the previous study. Methods: There were 260 patients included in this study, aged between 1 and 12 months old. The patients were admitted to the Yeungnam University Medical Center between January 2008 and December 2015. All patients underwent both DMSA scan and PDU within 5days of admission. Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) was performed in 195 patients with abnormal DMSA scan or PDU. Results: The diagnostic sensitivity of APN using PDU was 45.5% and specificity was 85.5% in 260 patients following detection of a defect on DMSA scan that was defined as APN. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of PDU for VUR were 65.5 % and 60.1%, respectively. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of DMSA scan for VUR were 95.7% and 14.1%, respectively. Conclusion: PDU has a high specificity but low sensitivity, so there are limitations in using it to replace a DMSA scan for the diagnosis of APN in children. DMSA scan and PDU have different sensitivity and specificity in diagnosis of VUR, respectively. Therefore, we suggest that the sensitivity and specificity of each test can be helpful in diagnosing APN and VUR when used in conjunction.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.345-359
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• 1999

백년초(손바닥 선인장)는 제주도를 비롯한 우리나라의 남해안에서 많이 생산되는 선인장의 일종으로 오래전부터 그 임상효능이 알려져 여러 가지 기능적 특성을 갖는 것으로 생각된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 추출용매 및 방법에 따른 백년초 추출물에 대한 항균 및 항산화성에 대하여 조사하였다. 백년초의 항균활성은 대체적으로 환류추출법이 상온에서의 진탕추출법보다 조금 강하게 나타났고, 각 용매간에는 큰 차이가 없었다. 또한 모든 시험균주에 대하여 항균활성이 강하게 나타났고, 특히 Pseudomonas aeruginosa균주에 대해서는 진탕추출법에 의한 추출물이, Escherichia coli O-157균주에는 환류추출법에 의한 추출물이 상대적으로 다른 시험균주에 비하여 강한 항균활성을 나타내었다. 백년초 물추출물을 Salmonella enteritidis에 처리하였을 때 균체의 표층구조가 허물어지는 심한 형태학적 변화를 나타내었다. 백년초 추출물의 첨가시 0.1% BHT의 첨가시 보다는 약하였지만 상당한 정도의 수소공여능을 나타내었으며, linoleic acid에 대한 항산화력의 조사에서도 0.1% BHT 첨가시와 같은 정도의 강한 효과를 나타내었다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제66권
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• pp.144-152
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• 2023

Two different extraction methods were used to evaluate the medical value of common rue, Ruta graveolens L. (RGL). The results of our 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid assays indicated that the antioxidant activity of RGL essential oil extract obtained through steam distillation was very low, whereas ethanol (EtOH) extracts of RGL showed higher antioxidant activity. RGL essential oil was extracted by steam distillation and characterized by GC/MS analysis. Furthermore, EtOH extracts of RGL were obtained under reflux and analyzed by HPLC/PDA. The GC/MS results indicated that the ketone compounds 2-undecanol acetate, nonyl cyclopropanecarboxylate, and 2-nonanone accounted for more than 70% of the composition of RGL essential oil. The HPLC/PDA analyses indicated that the RGL extracts were rich in phenolic compounds such as protocatechuic acid, rutin, psoralen, xanthotoxin, and bergapten, among which rutin was the most abundant. Collectively, our results demonstrated that RGL contains high levels of phenolic compounds and could thus be commercialized as a valuable plant-derived antioxidant.