• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.665-670
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• 2016

This study deals with the possible degradation of toluene and acetic acid when subjected to cell-free enzyme system from the toluene degrading bacteria Pseudomonas putida and acetic acid degrading bacteria Cupriavidus necator. P. putida produces toluene dioxygenase only under the existence of toluene in culture medium and toluene is degraded to cis-toluene dihydrodiol by this enzyme. C. necator produces acetyl coenzyme A synthetase-1 and converts acetic acid to acetyl CoA in order to synthesize ATP to need for growth or PHA which is biodegradable polymer. In case of toluene degradation, the experiment was conducted before and after production of toluene dioxygenase as this enzyme, produced by P. putida, is an inducible enzyme. Toluene was detected using gas chromatography (GC). Similar amount of toluene was found in control group and before production of toluene dioxygenase (experimental group 1). However, reduction in toluene was detected after the production of toluene dioxygenase (experimental group 2). Acetic acid was detected through application of gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The results showed the acetic acid peak was not detected in the experimental group to apply cell-free enzyme system. These results show that the cell-free enzyme system obtained from P. putida and C. necator retained the ability to degrade toluene and acetic acid. However, P. putida needs to produce the inducible enzyme before preparation of the cell-free enzyme system.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.97-104
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• 2015

Glucose is universal and essential fuel of energy metabolism and in the synthesis pathways of all mammalian cells. Glucose is the one of the major precursors of lactose synthesis using glycolysis result in producing milk fat and protein. During the milk fat synthesis, lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and CD36 are required for glucose uptake. Various morecules such as acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (ACSL1) activity of acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (ACSS2), ACACA, FASN AGPAT6, GPAM, LPIN1 are closely related with milk fat synthesis. Additionally, glucose plays a major role for synthesizing lactose. Activations of lactose synthesize enzymes such as membranebound enzyme, beta-1,4-galactosyl transferase (B4GALT), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) are changed by concentration of glucose in blood resulting change of amount of lactose production. Glucose transporters are a wide group of membrane proteins that facilitate the transport of glucose over a plasma membrane. There are 2 types of glucose transporters which consisted facilitative glucose transporters (GLUT); and sodium-dependent transport, mediated by the Na+/glucose cotransporters (SGLT). Among them, GLUT1, GLUT8, GLUT12, SGLT1, SGLT2 are main glucose transporters which involved in mammary gland development and milk synthesis. However, more studies are required for revealing clear mechanism and function of other unknown genes and transporters. Therefore, understanding of the mechanisms of glucose usage and its regulation in mammary gland is very essential for enhancing the glucose utilization in the mammary gland and improving dairy productivity and efficiency.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.1296-1302
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• 2005

Laminariae Thallus has been known to be effective for the treatment of obesity. Te show the effectiveness of Laminariae Thallus in a more scientific way, Laminariae Thallus extract was prepared and evaluated in high fat diet rats by measuring the changes of body weight and lipid metabolism as described briefly below. 200 g of crushed Laminariae Thallus was extracted with methyl alcohol. The extract was evaporated under reduced pressure to give 14.4g. For 10 weeks, control group rat were ingested high fat diet, while the test group rat were fed with a fat diet pius Laminariae Thallus extract. Normal group was fed with normal diet. 150 mg of Laminariae Thallus extract per 1 kg of body weight was added to the diet in a test group rats. Control group rats on a high fat diet gained weight significantly, whereas the test group rats on a high fat diet plus Laminariae Thallus extract gained weight less. Significant increase of liver weight caused in a high fat diet was also inhibited by the Laminariae Thallus extract treatment. Total lipid, triglyceride, phospholipid and total cholesterol levels of serum in the high fat diet rats were remarkably increased, whereas their levels on a high fat diet plus Laminariae Thallus extract were less increased. While serum HDL-cholesterol levels was remarkably decreased in a high fat diet, its level was less decreased in a high fat diet plus Laminariae Thallus extract. Furthermore, we observed that the activities of hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase increased in a high fat diet, while their activities in a high fat diet plus Laminariae Thallus extract were getting back nearly to the normal levels of normal diet rats. These result showed that the obesity caused by a high fat diet was effectively inhibited by a Laminariae Thallus extract. Our results also showed that the abnormal lipid metabolism caused by a high fat diet was effectively cured by adding Laminariae Thallus extract.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.14-25
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• 2006

Objectives: Samjunghwan has been known to be effective for the treatment of obesity. To show the effectiveness of Samjunghwan in a more scientific way, Samjunghwan extract was prepared and evaluated in high-fat diet rats by measuring the changes of body weight and lipid metabolism as described below. Methods: 245 g of crushed Samjunghwan was extracted with methyl alcohol. The extract was evaporated under reduced pressure to give 21.8 g. For 30 days, the control group rats were given a high fat diet, while the test group rats were given a high fat diet plus Samjunghwan extract. The normal group rats were given a normal diet. 50 mg of Samjunghwan extract per 1 kg of body weight was added to the diet for the test group rats. Results: The control group rats on a high fat diet gained weight by about 27-28% as compared to the normal group, whereas the test group rats on a high fat diet plus Samjunghwan extract lost weight about 6-8% as compared to the control group. A significant increase of liver weight caused by a high fat diet was also inhibited by the same Samjunghwan extract administration. Similar inhibitory effects on the food intake and on the epididymal adipose tissue weight were observed in the high fat diet rats by the administration of Samjunghwan extract. Serum and liver total lipid levels in the control group on a high fat diet increased significantly as compared to the normal group, whereas their serum and liver levels increased less on a high fat diet plus Samjunghwan extract administered test group than the control group. Impressively, serum leptin levels in the test group decreased almost to the level of the normal group, which was well in accordance with the decreased fat contents in the test group rats. Furthermore, the activities of hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase were increased in the control group, while their activities in the test group on a high fat diet plus Samjunghwan extract decreased nearly to the levels of normal group rats on a normal diet. Conclusions: These results showed that the obesity caused by a high fat diet was effectively inhibited the administration of Samjunghwan extract. Our results also showed that the abnormal lipid metabolism caused by a high fat diet was effectively cured by the administration of Samjunghwan extract.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.228-233
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• 2007

This study evaluated the effects of carnitine supplementation on obesity caused by a high-fat diet in C57BL/6J mice. The mice were fed a normal diet (ND), high-fat diet (HD), or carnitine-supplemented (0.5% of diet) high-fat diet (HDC) for 12 weeks. The results showed that body weight, energy intake, and feed intake were lower in the HDC group than the control groups. Acid-soluble acylcarnitine (A SAC), acid-insoluble acylcarnitine (AIAC), and total carnitine (TCNE) in the serum and liver were significantly higher in the HDC group. Hepatic carnitine palmitoyl transferase-I activity was significantly higher in the HDC group than the control groups. Acyl-coA synthetase (ACS) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase-I (CPT-I) mRNA expression in the liver was highest in the HDC group, however hepatic acetyl-coA carboxylase (ACC) mRNA expression in this group was lowest. Serum leptin levels and abdominal fat weight were lowest in the HDC group. We concluded that L-carnitine supplementation diminished the risk of obesity caused by a high-fat diet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제38권11호
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• pp.1516-1521
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• 2009

This study was carried out to estimate beneficial effects of medicinal plant [Oenanthe javanica (MNR), Coicis lachryma-jobi L. var. (YM), Plantaginis asiatica L. (CJJ)] water extracts on activities of key enzymes such as lipoprotein lipase (LPL), acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) and carnitine acetyltransferase (CAT) on lipid metabolism. LPL and ACS were extracted from the epididymal adipose tissue and liver of Zucker lean rats (lean) and Zucker fatty rats (fa/fa). MNR or YM water extract treatment significantly reduced the activity of lean and fa/fa LPL. When 10000 ppm of MNR, YM, and CJJ water extracts were tested, they decreased fa/fa LPL activity by 32.5%, 30.1% and 22.8%, respectively. The lean ACS activity was significantly higher in YM water extract treatment compared to the control and the MNR water extract treatment significantly increased the activity of fa/fa ACS, compared to the activity in the control (p<0.05). MNR water extract activated fa/fa ACS activity by 12-fold compared with control at 10000 ppm concentration. CAT activity was significantly higher in 10000 ppm and 20000 ppm CJJ water extract treatment than in the control. Thus, the MNR, YM and CJJ water extracts may have beneficial effects due to activities of enzymes related with fat metabolism in obese humans.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.336-342
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• 2008

The aim of the present study was to assess the anti-obesity effects of fermented kochujang supplement in C57BL/6J mice. Thirty mice were divided into 3 groups; normal diet control group (ND), high fat diet control group (HD), and high fat diet plus kochujang supplemented group (HDK). Results were as follows: 1. Fennented kochujang supplement in high fat diet decreased body weight and epidydimal and back fat weight compared to non-supplement in HD group. 2. Lipid content and blood glucose level were lower in HDK group than HD group. 3. Fermented kochujang supplement increased mRNA level of lipolytic genes such as acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS), carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1), and uncoupling proteins-1 (UCP-1) expression, whereas decreased mRNA level of adipogenic genes such as acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) expression. These findings suggest that fermented kochujang supplement in high fat diet normalized body weight, epididymal and back fat weight, lipid content, and blood glucose levels through controlling lipid metabolism and provides basic information on the control of obesity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권12호
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• pp.1758-1763
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• 2000

The effect of tu-chung (Eucommia ulmoides, Oliver) leaf meal on reducing lipid accumulation in chickens fed 1% cholesterol containing diet was studied. Forty male White Leghorn chickens aged 56 days were weighed and divided into four groups of ten chickens, and fed diets with or without 1% dietary cholesterol which were supplemented with 0 and 5% tu-chung. Tu-chung supplementation to the diet without cholesterol increased acetyl-CoA carboxylase (p<0.01) but decreased 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activities (p<0.01) with no effect on fatty acid synthetase activities. However, its supplementation to the diet with cholesterol had no effect on these three enzyme activities as compared with the cholesterol containing diet without tu-chung. Tu-chung supplementation to the diet without cholesterol increased hepatic triglyceride (p<0.01), whereas its supplementation to the diet with cholesterol decreased it (p<0.01). Tu-chung supplementation to the diet with cholesterol decreased plasma cholesterol ester, free cholesterol, phospholipids (p<0.05) and triglyceride (p<0.01) as compared with the cholesterol containing diet without tu-chung. Supplementation of tu-chung to the diet without cholesterol decreased plasma free cholesterol (p<0.05). It is concluded that tu-chung leaf meal reduced an increase in lipid accumulation in chickens stimulated by 1% cholesterol feeding.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.535-539
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• 2001

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of fermented chub mackerel extract (FCME) on lipid metabolism in rats fed diets without cholesterol. Four week-old male rats were divided into three groups of 10 rats with 0, 1% or 2% FCME supplementation to the diets. Purified diets were used in the present study. Feed and water were fed ad libitum. FCME supplementation had no effect on the activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase, and the content of free cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid in the liver (p>0.05). 1% FCME supplementation significantly increased serum triglyceride (p<0.05) and hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity (p<0.05) with no effect on serum total cholesterol, free cholesterol and phospholipid concentration. FCME supplementation significantly reduced serum LDL+VLDL-cholesterol (p<0.01) and atherogenic index (p<0.01) with no effect on HDL-cholesterol. The current study showed that FCME inclusion might reduce the risk of atherosclerosis in rats fed diet without cholesterol.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.427-433
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• 2008

The cephabacins produced by Lysobacter lactamgenus are ${\beta}$-lactam antibiotics composed of a cephem nucleus, an acetate residue, and an oligopeptide side chain. In order to understand the precise implication of the polyketide synthase (PKS) module in the biosynthesis of cephabacin, the genes for its core domains, ${\beta}$-ketoacyl synthase (KS), acyltransferase (AT), and acyl carrier protein (ACP), were amplified and cloned into the pET-32b(+) expression vector. The sfp gene encoding a protein that can modify apo-ACP to its active holo-form was also amplified. The recombinant KS, AT, apo-ACP, and Sfp overproduced in the form of $His_6$-tagged fusion proteins in E. coli BL21(DE3) were purified by nickel-affinity chromatography. Formation of stable peptidyl-S-KS was observed by in vitro acylation of the KS domain with the substrate [L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Ala-L-$^3H$-Arg] tetrapeptide-S-N-acetylcysteamine, which is the evidence for the selective recognition of tetrapeptide produced by nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) in the NRPS/PKS hybrid. In order to confirm whether malonyl CoA is the extender unit for acetylation of the peptidyl moiety, the AT domain, ACP domain, and Sfp protein were treated with $^{14}C$-malonyl-CoA. The results clearly show that the AT domain is able to recognize the extender unit and decarboxylatively acetylated for the elongation of the tetrapeptide. However, the transfer of the activated acetyl group to the ACP domain was not observed, probably attributed to the improper capability of Sfp to activate apo-ACP to the holo-ACP form.