• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1193-1200
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• 2018

This study investigated the physiochemical properties, antioxidative, nitrite-scavenging, and alcohol metabolism enzyme activities of nectarine vinegar prepared by a traditional fermentation method. The pH of nectarine vinegar was 3.70, the sugar content was $8.87^{\circ}Brix$, and the total acidity was 6.29%. Among organic acids detected, acetic acid was highest at 32.42 mg/ml, followed by lactic acid, malic acid, and succinic acid. Total phenol content of the nectarine vinegar was $121.84{\mu}g$ tannic acid equivalents (TAE)/100 ml. The antioxidative effects of muskmelon vinegar were measured using 1,1-Diphenyl2-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) assay. DPPH of nectarine vinegar was increased in a dose-dependent manner, which was 84.47% at 40% concentration. SOD activity was increased in a dose-dependent manner, which was 89.06% at 60% concentration. Nitric scavenging activities of nectarine vinegar were 94.17%, 76.91%, and 20.21% at pH values 1.2, 3.0, and 6.0 at 100% concentration, respectively. The effects of nectarine vinegar on alcohol-metabolism were determined by measuring the generation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). ADH and ALDH activities of nectarine vinegar were increased in a dose-dependent manner, which were 153.61% and 178.20 % at 60% concentration, respectively. These results suggest that nectarine vinegar has great potential as a resource for high quality functional health beverages.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.290-297
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• 2022

This study was performed to investigate the organic acids, alcohol metabolism enzyme, and antioxidative, nitrite-scavenging, and hepatoprotective effects of Dendropanax morbifera vinegar prepared by a traditional fermentation method. Among the organic acids detected, acetic acid was the highest found, at 91.72 mg/ml, followed by lactic acid (7.31 mg/ml), malic acid (1.36 mg/ml), and succinic acid (1.20 mg/ml). The total polyphenol content of the D. morbifera vinegar was 13.73 ㎍ tannic acid equivalent (TAE)/ml. The 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of D. morbifera vinegar was 76.04% at a 60% concentration. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of D. morbifera vinegar was increased in a dose-dependent manner, which was 95.14% at a 60% concentration, while the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of D. morbifera vinegar was 98.94% at a 10% concentration. The effects of D. morbifera vinegar on alcohol metabolism were determined by measuring the generation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). The ADH and ALDH activities of D. morbifera vinegar were increased in a dose-dependent manner, 43.62% and 60.39% at a 60% concentration, respectively. The D. morbifera vinegar showed significant protective effects against tacrine-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells at the 0.6% concentration. These results suggest that D. morbifera vinegar has great potential as a resource for high quality functional health beverages.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.323-329
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• 2013

The stationary-phase sigma factor, RpoS, influences the expression of factors important in survival of Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6 in the rhizosphere. A partial proteomic profile of a rpoS mutant in P. chlororaphis O6 was conducted to identify proteins under RpoS regulation. Five of 14 differentially regulated proteins had unknown roles. Changes in levels of proteins in P. chlororaphis O6 rpoS mutant were associated with iron metabolism, and protection against oxidative stress. The P. chlororaphis O6 rpoS mutant showed increased production of a pyoverdine-like siderophore, indole acetic acid, and altered isozyme patterns for peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase. Consequently, sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide exposure increased in the P. chlororaphis O6 rpoS mutant, compared with the wild type. Taken together, RpoS exerted regulatory control over factors important for the habitat of P. chlororaphis O6 in soil and on root surfaces. The properties of several of the proteins in the RpoS regulon are currently unknown.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.223-228
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• 1990

The contribution of endogenous transport systems to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport of basic and acidic drugs was studied by using a carotid injection technique in rats and an isolated bovine cerebrovascular disease state were compared between the normotensive rats (WKY) and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) which have been well established as an animal model with pathogenic similarities to humans. Basic drugs such as eperisone, thiamine and scopolamine inhibited, in a concentration dependent manner the in vivo uptake of $[{^3}H]choline$ through BBB, whereas amino acids and acidic drugs such as salicylic acid and valproic acid did not inhibit the uptake. The uptake of $[^3H]choline$ by B-CAP increased with time and showed a remarkable temperature dependency. The uptake of $[^3H]choline$ by B-CAP showed the very similar inhibitory effects as observed in the in vivo brain uptake, and was competitively inhibited by a basic drug, eperisone. The in vivo BBB uptakes of $[^3H]acetic$ acid and $[^{14}C]salicylic$ acid were dependent on pH of the injectate and the concentration of drugs. Several acidic drugs such such as salicylic acid, benzoic acid and valproic acid inhibited the in vivo uptake of $[^3H]acetic$ acid, whereas amino acid, choline and a basic drug such as eperisone did not inhibit the uptake. The uptake of acetic acid by B-CAP was competitively inhibited by salicylic acid. The permeability surface area product (PS) through BBB for $[^3H]choline$ in SHRSP was significantly lower than that in WKY. The concentration of choline in the brain dialysate in SHRSP was about half of that in WKY, while no significant difference was observed in the plasma concentration of choline between SHRSP and WKY. No significant difference was observed in the transport of monocarboxylic acids, glucose and neutral amino acid through BBB between SHRSP and WKY. From these results, it was concluded that BBB transport system of choline contributes to the transport of basic drugs through BBB, that acidic drugs can be transported via a moncarboxylic acid BBB transport system and that the specific dysfuntion of the BBB choline transport in SHRSP was ascribed to the reduction of the maximum velocity of choline concentration in the brain interstitial fluids.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.1333-1339
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• 2010

The present study was conducted to determine plasma acetate, glucose and protein metabolism using dilution of isotopes [[1-$^{13}C$]Na acetate, [U-$^{13}C$]glucose and [1-$^{13}C$]leucine (Leu)] in sheep fed rice straw (Oriza japonica L.). Four sheep were assigned to either rice straw (RS-diet) or mixed hay (MH-diet) with a crossover design. Nitrogen (N) intake and N digestibility were lower (p = 0.002 and p = 0.02, respectively) for RS-diet than MH-diet, but N retention did not differ (p>0.10) between the diets. Concentrations of rumen acetate tended to be lower (p = 0.07), and propionate was higher (p = 0.02) for RS-diet than MH-diet. Concentrations of plasma lactate, non-esterified fatty acids, Leu and ${\alpha}$-ketoisocaproic acid did not differ (p>0.10) between the diets, but plasma glucose and urea concentrations were lower (p = 0.01 and p = 0.003, respectively) for RS-diet than MH-diet. Turnover rate of plasma acetate did not differ (p = 0.39) between the diets, and plasma glucose and Leu turnover rates were numerically lower (p = 0.15 and p = 0.14, respectively) for RS-diet than MH-diet. Whole body protein synthesis and degradation did not differ (p>0.10) between the diets. Thus it can be concluded that the intermediary metabolism of acetate, glucose and protein on rice straw is comparable to mixed hay in sheep.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1362-1370
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• 2015

This study was performed to investigate the effect of different levels of dietary crude protein (CP) on composition of odorous compounds and bacterial communities in pig manure. A total of 48 male pigs (average initial body weight 45 kg) fed diets containing three levels of dietary CP (20%, 17.5%, and 15%) and their slurry samples were collected from the pits under the floor every week for one month. Changes in composition of odorous compounds and bacterial communities were analyzed by gas chromatography and 454 FLX titanium pyrosequencing systems, respectively. Levels of phenols, indoles, short chain fatty acid and branched chain fatty acid were lowest (p<0.05) in CP 15% group among three CP levels. Relative abundance of Bacteroidetes phylum and bacterial genera including Leuconostoc, Bacillus, Atopostipes, Peptonphilus, Ruminococcaceae_uc, Bacteroides, and Pseudomonas was lower (p<0.05) in CP 15% than in CP 20% group. There was a positive correlation (p<0.05) between odorous compounds and bacterial genera: phenol, indole, iso-butyric acid, and iso-valeric acid with Atopostipes, p-cresol and skatole with Bacteroides, acetic acid and butyric acid with AM982595_g of Porphyromonadaceae family, and propionic acid with Tissierella. Taken together, administration of 15% CP showed less production of odorous compounds than 20% CP group and this result might be associated with the changes in bacterial communities especially whose roles in protein metabolism.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.94-99
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• 2003

The effect of medium composition on the production of bacterial cellulose (BC) by Gluconacetobacter hansenii PJK was investigated. The addition of yeast extract and peptone in the medium increased the production yield (Y/sub p/s/) of BC. The amount of BC produced by G. hansenii PJK was constant if the initial pH of the medium was in the range 4.5 to 6.0. Strains from the supernatant of the culture medium produced more BC than those from inside the BC. BC production was dependent on glucose metabolism, and the addition of fructose or lactate as a carbon source converted cells to Cel/sup -/ mutants. Cel/sup -/ mutants produced by the addition of fructose or lactate to the medium caused 73% or 30% decreases in BC production, respectively. The addition of succinate, which is one of the constituents of the TCA cycle, did not affect the production of BC.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.402-405
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• 2017

Vinegar has been widely produced for a variety of industrial and domestic use as well as medicinal use. For sale of the commercial vinegar with herbal extracts, we produced an experimental black vinegar through sequential fermentation of alcohol, followed by acetic acid according to the manufacturer's procedure. To investigate the effect of anti-obesity of black vinegar on biochemical values, we evaluated enzyme activities via acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), which plays a critical role in the lipid metabolism. We found that increased phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate (AMP) activated protein kinase (AMPK) and ACC in L6 mouse muscle cells treated with the manufactured vinegar. Based on the results, supplementation of experimental herbal black vinegar inactivates ACC, enhancing the phosphorylation of AMPK. Thus, the lipid oxidation and inhibitory effect of fatty acid synthesis by the black vinegar expects to facilitate the anti-obesity activity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.54-64
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• 2023

Background: Panax ginseng Meyer (P. ginseng) is a traditional natural/herbal medicine. The amelioration on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) activity rely mainly on its main active ingredients that are referred to as ginsenosides. However, the current literature on gut microbiota, gut microbiota-host co-metabolites, and systems pharmacology has no studies investigating the effects of ginsenoside on IBD. Methods: The present study was aimed to investigate the role of ginsenosides and the possible underlying mechanisms in the treatment of IBD in an acetic acid-induced rat model by integrating metagenomics, metabolomics, and complex biological networks analysis. In the study ten ginsenosides in the ginsenoside fraction (GS) were identified using Q-Orbitrap LC-MS. Results: The results demonstrated the improvement effect of GS on IBD and the regulation effect of ginsenosides on gut microbiota and its co-metabolites. It was revealed that 7 endogenous metabolites, including acetic acid, butyric acid, citric acid, tryptophan, histidine, alanine, and glutathione, could be utilized as significant biomarkers of GS in the treatment of IBD. Furthermore, the biological network studies revealed EGFR, STAT3, and AKT1, which belong mainly to the glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways, as the potential targets for GS for intervening in IBD. Conclusion: These findings indicated that the combination of genomics, metabolomics, and biological network analysis could assist in elucidating the possible mechanism underlying the role of ginsenosides in alleviating inflammatory bowel disease and thereby reveal the pathological process of ginsenosides in IBD treatment through the regulation of the disordered host-flora co-metabolism pathway.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 1996

The effects of 3 week treatment with haloperidol(2mg/kg/day, i.p.) on dopamine(DA) D2 receptor and DA metabolism in rat striata were studied at various time points after withdrawal from the drug treatment. Striatal DA D2 receptors were characterized with the radioligand 0.5nM [$^3H$]Spiperone. Dopamine(DA), homovanillic acid(HVA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid(DOPAC) in rat striatum were measured with the high performance liquid chromatography. Drug withdrawal for 1 week induced significant increase in the number of D2 receptor in striatum after withdrawal for 1 week(p<0.05), and then this change was restored to control level during the withdrawal time of 2 and 4 weeks. There was no difference in striatal concentrations of DA and its metabolites among the groups. In conclusion, one-week withdrawal from chronic haloperidol treatment induced DA D2 receptor supersensitivity in the striatum, and that was normalized rapidly. Though this adaptive change in DA receptors, it may not affect the metabolism of DA in striatum.