• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.92-111
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• 2002

Objective : Carthami Flos has been used as a herb to promote blood circulation to remove blood stasis in oriental medicine for many centuries, and Amun(GV15) has been used as a meridian point to treat apoplexy etc. To investigate treatment of cerevral vascular disease(CVA) by promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis(活血化瘀法), we observed the experimental effects and mechanism of auqa-acupunture of Carthami Flos(ACF) injected into GV15 on cerevral hemodynamics and cardiovascular system of rats. Method : Aqua-acupuncture of Carthami Flos(ACF) was injected into GV15, and then we investigated experimental effects and mechanism of ACF on the cerebral hemodynamics[regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF), pial arterial diameter(PAD), meal arterial blood pressure(MABP)] and cardiovascular system[cardiac muscle contractile force(CMF), heart rate(HR)I by pretreatment with methylene blue(MTB) and indomethacin(IDN). The changes in rCBF, MABP, CMF and HR were tested by Laser Doppler Flowmetry(LDF), and the changes in PAD was determinated by video microscopy methods and video analyzer. Results :The results were as follows in normal rats ; The changes of rCBF and PAD were significantly increased by ACF($120{\mu}{\ell}/kg$) in a injected time-dependent manner, but MABP was not changed by ACF. The changes of cardiovascular system were increased by ACF in a injected time-dependent manner. And pretreatment with MTB was significantly inhibited ACE induced increase of rCBF and PAD, and was decreased ACF induced increase of HR. And pretreatment with IDN was increased ACF induced MABP and CMF. And the results were as follows in cerebral ischemic rats ; The changes of rCBF was increased stabilizly by treatment with ACF($120{\mu}{\ell}/kg$) in during the period of cerebral reperfusion, but pretreatment with MTB was increased ACF induced increase of rCBF during the period of cerebral reperfusion. The results were as follows in normal rats ; The changes of rCBF and PAD were significantly increased by ACF($120{\mu}{\ell}/kg$) in a injected time-dependent manner, but MABP was not changed by ACF. The changes of cardiovascular system were increased by ACF in a injected time-dependent manner. And pretreatment with MTB was significantly inhibited ACF induced increase of rCBF and PAD, and was decreased ACF induced increase of HR. And pretreatment with IDN was increased ACF induced MABP and CMF. And the results were as follows in cerebral ischemic rats ; The changes of rCBF was increased stabilizly by treatment with ACF($120{\mu}{\ell}/kg$) in during the period of cerebral reperfusion, but pretreatment with MTB was increased ACF induced increase of rCBF during the period of cerebral reperfusion Conclusions : In conclusion, ACF causes a diverse response of rCBF, PAD an HR, and action of ACF is mediated by cyclic GMP. I suggested that ACF has an anti-ischemic effect through the improvement of crebral hemodynamics in a transient cerebral ischemia.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.221-227
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• 2006

Background : Cough may be a consequence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness or inflammation. Empirical treatment is important in this context because it difficult to verify the obvious cause of cough using laboratory tests, Corticosteroid has a nonspecific anti-inflammatory effect, and can be used for cough management. However, its response rate has not yet been fully elucidated. This study investigated the short- term effects of inhaled corticosteroid on chronic cough Methods : Patients with chronic cough with a normal chest radiograph and a pulmonary function test were enrolled. Cases with a prior respiratory infection within 8 weeks, a history of bronchial asthma, objective wheezing on examination, subjective symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux or taking an ACE inhibitor were excluded. On the first visit, a methacholine bronchial provocation test, spontaneous sputum eosinophil count performed twice and a paranasal sinus radiograph were checked, and the patients were treated with budesonide turbuhaler $800{\mu}g/day$ for ten days. The primary outcome measure was a decrease in the cough score after treatment. Results : Sixty nine chronic coughers were finally analyzed. The final diagnoses by the routine tests were as follows: bronchial asthma 13.0%, eosinophilic bronchitis 18.8%, paranasal sinusitis 23.2% and non-diagnostic cases 53.6%. The following responses to the inhaled corticosteroid were observed: definite responders, 76.8%, possible responders, 2.9% and non-responders, 20.3%. The response rate was not affected by the final diagnosis even in the non-diagnostic cases. There were minimal adverse drug related effects during the empirical treatment. Conclusion : Routine objective tests such as methacholine provocation, sputum eosinophil count and simple radiographs were notare not suitable for diagnosing chronic cough Therefore, empirical treatment is important. Short term inhaled corticosteroid is effective and can guide a further treatment plan for chronic cough.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.1656-1663
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• 2009

The antioxidant activities of water extracts from wild vegetables such as Ligularia fischeri (GC), Capsicum annuum L. (GCY), Aster scaber (CNM), Petasites japonicus S. et Z. Max (MYD), Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam) (GGM) were evaluated and compared with water extracts from freeze dried block. The antioxidant properties of water extracts from wild vegetables and their freeze dried block were evaluated using different antioxidant tests; 2.2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging and nitrite scavenging activities. The water extracts from wild vegetables were found to have a higher total phenolic content than water extracts from freeze dried block. Total phenolic contents of water extracts from GC, GCY, CNM, MYD, and GGM were $471.66{\pm}3.52\;{\mu}g/mg,\;141.33{\pm}2.51\;{\mu}g/mg,\;177.33{\pm}2.88\;{\mu}g/mg,\;238.66{\pm}9.50\;{\mu}g/mg\;and\;122.67{\pm}3.51\;{\mu}g/mg$, respectively. At the concentrations of 1000 ppm, water extracts from GC, GCY, CNM, and GGM showed higher activities than water extracts from their freeze dried block on DPPH radical scavenger activity. The activity of water extracts from CNM, GC, GCY, MYD, and GGM were 90.9%, 89.9%, 76.6%, 71.1%, and 57.4%, respectively. When 10000 ppm of GC, GCY, CNM, MYD, and GGM water extracts tested for hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, activities were increased by 38.8%, 33.4%, 35.9%, 34.3%, and 33.8%, respectively and a similar effect was found with water extracts from GCY, CNM, and GGM freeze dried block at 10000 ppm concentration. However, the water extracts from GC and MYD was slightly more effective than freeze dried block extracts. The water extracts from wild vegetables and their freeze dried block had effective DPPH radical scavenger activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at all tested concentrations. Nitrite scavenging activity of GC water extract significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner and the extract had higher nitrite scavenging activity than extracts freeze dried block extracts. We found that freeze dried block maintained antioxidant activities of the wild vegetables.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.81-96
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• 2018

In this study, physicochemical properties of the natural jadeite powder were investigated and also the wash-off pack and liquid foundation containing the jadeite powder were prepared. In addition, each of these formulations was evaluated by various functional effects, sensory evaluation, stability and skin safety. In the wash-off pack, the far-infrared ray emissivity and radiation energy values increased as a function of the jadeite powder content. At a 3% jadeite powder content, the skin temperature increased by about $0.5^{\circ}C$ when the jadeite powder-containing formulation was applied to the skin. Besides, the chroma of the liquid foundation containing the jadeite powder more clearly expressed the original color of the skin. Moisture content measurements of the wash-off pack and liquid foundation containing the jadeite powder showed the highest moisture uptake of 5.0% and 63.0%, respectively. In sensorial test, the wash-off pack formulations containing the jadeite powder demonstrated improved affinities toward a skin, adherency, and moistness and combatted itching. The liquid foundation containing jadeite powder showed also improved affinities except for the coverage when compared to control formulations. Furthermore, the stability evaluation for 8 weeks revealed neither discoloration nor separation phenomenon for the formulations containing the jadeite powder. Moreover, the pH was found to be stable up to 8 weeks and the viscosity up to 4 weeks. Skin safety assessments showed that all formulations containing the jadeite powder were non-irritating. These results suggest that the jadeite powder as an inorganic pigment may serve as a new multi-functional cosmetic ingredient with stability and safety.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.56-61
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• 2018

In Bunsen reaction section for the integrated operation of sulfur-iodine (SI) process, $I_2$ and $H_2O$ reactants are supplied as dissolved species in an $HI_x$ solution. Most of the $H_2SO_4$ product is found in the $HI_x$ phase when Bunsen reaction is performed using the $HI_x$ solution and $SO_2$ feed, so that the volume ratio of the $H_2SO_4$ phase to the $HI_x$ phase is very low. In this study, we investigated the effects of ultrasound irradiation on Bunsen reaction using the $HI_x$ solution to improve its phase separation performance. With ultrasound irradiation, the amount of $H_2SO_4$ moved to the $H_2SO_4$ phase from the $HI_x$ phase increased by up to 58.0 mol% and the volume of $H_2SO_4$ phase also increased by up to 13.1 vol%. In particular, the effect of ultrasound irradiation on the phase separation was improved with decreasing operating temperature, $I_2$ and $H_2O$ feed concentrations. The ultrasound irradiation induces the formation of additional $H_2O$ molecules by shifting microscopically the reaction equilibrium in the $HI_x$ phase. Afterward, the additionally generated $H_2O$ and isolated $H_2SO_4$ molecules form more $H_2SO_4{\cdot}xH_2O$ (x = 5-6) clusters that can be moved to the $H_2SO_4$ phase.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.696-704
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• 2017

In this study, we investigated antioxidative and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) inhibitory effects of Sorbus commixta twig extracts and fermented extracts with Lactobacillus pentosus and analyzed active ingredients. The free radical scavenging activity ($FSC_{50}$) of non-fermented and fermented extracts of S. commixta twig' were 41.04 and $58.2{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. In the $Fe^{3+}-EDTA/H_2O_2$ system, the active oxygen scavenging activity ($OSC_{50}$) was 2.6 and $3.0{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. In the dermal fibroblasts, the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity was 35.3% for non-fermented extract and 40.2% for fermented extracts at the concentration of $10{\mu}g/mL$. Also at the same concentration, the expression of MMPs (MMP-1, -2, -3) by western blot was 68.3, 35.0 and 24.2%, respectively for non-fermented extracts and 84.3, 70.5 and 69.2% for fermented extracts. TLC, HPLC, and LC/ESI-MS/MS were used for measuring the changes in the components of the extract before and after fermentation. As a result, caffeic acid, (-)-epicatechin, isoquercitrin, and quercetin were identified. From the results, S. commixta twig fermented extracts by L. pentosus showed greater ROS scavenging activity and inhibitory effects on MMPs expression than those of using non-fermented extracts. Therefore, it is suggested that S. commixta twig fermented extracts can be used as an anti-aging cosmetic material.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.176-184
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• 2018

In the present study, we investigated the antioxidative properties, cellular protective effects and component analyses of 50% ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction and aglycone fraction obtained from Lysimachia christinae Hance (L. christinae Hance). In the evaluation of antioxidative properties, the free radical scavenging activities ($FSC_{50}$) of 50% ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction and aglycone fraction were 146.8, 22.2 and $27.2{\mu}g/mL$, respectively and total antioxidant capacities ($OSC_{50}$) were 29.3, 2.9 and $4.5{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest free radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity. Also, the cellular protective effects (${\tau}_{50}$) of 50% ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction and aglycone fraction on $^1O_2$ induced photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were 26.9, 57.5 and 103.9 min at $5{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. In particular, ${\tau}_{50}$ of the aglycone fraction exhibited a higher cellular protective effect than that of (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol (37.7 min). The cell viability of the ethyl acetate fraction on the UVB-induced cell damage increased up to 90.1%. In addition, the ethyl acetate fraction ($5-25{\mu}g/mL$) showed cellular protective effects on the $H_2O_2-induced$ cell damages in a dose-dependent manner. TLC, HPLC, UV-vis spectroscopy and LC-MS were used to analyse components of the ethyl acetate fraction and the main components were quercetin, kaempferol and their glycosides. In conclusion, L. christinae Hance extract/fraction can function as antioxidants to protect the skin exposed to UV radiation and may also be used as a novel functional cosmetic material, for example, an antioxidant against skin photoaging.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.452-460
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the physiological activities of Houttuynia cordata extracts and fractions. H. cordata extracts were extracted with 50% ethanol and the ethyl acetate fractions were obtained from the extracts. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the ethyl acetate fraction for S. aureus and B. subtilis were $78{\mu}g/mL$ and $312{\mu}g/mL$, respectively, indicating the high activity against gram-positive bacteria. The free radical scavenging activity ($FSC_{50}$) for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was higher in the ethyl acetate fraction with $12.00{\mu}g/mL$ compared to that of $27.15{\mu}g/mL$ for 50% ethanol extract. The total antioxidant activity ($OSC_{50}$) values for reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in $Fe^{3+}-EDTA/H_2O_2$ system by a luminol-dependent chemiluminescence method were 2.91 and $0.983{\mu}g/ml$ for the 50% ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction, respectively. To investigate cellular protective effects on the HaCaT cell, the intracellular ROS scavenging activity was measured after UVB irradiation and the ethyl acetate fraction of H. cordata showed the activity in a concentration-dependent from $1.6{\mu}g/mL$ and a reduction rate of 54.3% at a maximum concentration of $12.5{\mu}g/mL$. Also, HaCaT cell protective effect against $H_2O_2$-mediated decreased the cell viability of the ethyl acetate fraction of H. cordata which significantly increased the cell viability from $0.8{\mu}g/mL$ and the maximum cell viability showed 86.9%. The ethyl acetate fraction of the H. cordata extracts was analyzed by TLC and HPLC. As a result, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, hyperoside, chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, rutin and afzelin were identified. From the above results, it was suggested that the extracts and fractions of H. cordata have a potential to be applied in the field of cosmetics as a natural antioxidant/preservative capable of protecting the cell membrane from the oxidative stress by eliminating ROS and exhibiting the antimicrobial effect.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.461-467
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• 2018

In this study, $(n-BuCp)_2ZrCl_2$, was supported on $SiO_2/MgCl_2$ binary support. Before supporting the catalyst, the $SiO_2/MgCl_2$ binary support was surface treated with three different alkyl aluminum compound, namely trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, and ethylaluminum sesquichloride. The synthesized surface-treated $SiO_2/MgCl_2$ supported metallocene catalysts were used for the copolymerization of ethylene and 1-hexene. Their catalytic properties and performances were analyzed through BET, XPS analysis, ICP-AES analysis, and FE-SEM. While the resulting copolymers were analyzed through DSC analysis, GPC analysis, 13C-NMR analysis, and FE-SEM. The analysis of synthesized surface-treated $SiO_2/MgCl_2$ supported metallocene catalysts showed that the Zr content of these catalysts is relatively lower compared to that of the catalyst supported on $SiO_2$. This could be attributed to the reduction in the surface area of $SiO_2$ due to the presence of recrystallized $MgCl_2$ and alkyl aluminum. Furthermore, they exhibited a better copolymerization activity compared to that of $SiO_2$ supported catalyst, particularly the EASC-surface treated binary support, which has the highest activity of 1.9 kg PE/($mmol-Zr^*hr$) because EASC acts as a strong Lewis acid. It could also be observed that the larger the ligand of alkyl aluminum used, the rougher the particle surface of the resulting polymer.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.749-756
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• 2019

Na-X and Na-A zeolites that give high adsorption capacity for heavy metals in an aqueous system were synthesized from the coal fly ash obtained from a thermoelectric power plant using a fusion method. The characteristics and Cu(II) adsorption capacity of the synthetic zeolites were also compared to those of using a commercial zeolite. For the selection of optimum conditions of zeolite synthesis, the effects of major parameters in the fusion method such as a dosage ratio of NaOH, aging time, hydrothermal reaction time, and also the dosage ratio of NaAlO₂ (Na-A) on the characteristics and Cu(II) adsorption capacity of the synthetic zeolites were studied. For the analysis of characteristics of the synthetic zeolites, X-ray diffraction (XRD), cation exchange capacity (CEC), Brunaue-Emmett-Teller (BET) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used. The optimum conditions for the synthesis of zeolites with a high adsorption capacity for cationic heavy metals including Cu(II) were the aging time of 6 h, hydrothermal reaction time of 6 h and NaOH and NaAlO₂ dosage ratio of 1.5 and 0.5 (Na-A), respectively. According to the Langmuir isotherm test, maximum Cu(II) adsorption capacities of the synthetic and commercial Na-X and Na-A zeolites were found to be 90.1, 105.26, 102.05, and 109.89 mg/g, respectively. This indicates that the adsorption capacity of synthetic zeolites was comparable to commercial ones. The results of this study also suggest that the coal fly ash can be potentially used as a raw material for the zeolite synthesis.