• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.114-114
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• 2003

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) induces well-documented mitogenic and differentiating effects on murine and bovine preimplantation embryos. However, the effects of EGF on apoptosis and implantation-related gene expression in bovine embryos developing in vitro have not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of exogenous EGF in the presence and absence of BSA on the preimplantation development of bovine embryos. In addition, we measured cell number, apoptosis, and expression of apoptosis and implantation-related genes of the blastocysts that developed in these culture conditions. In vitro produced bovine embryos were randomly cultured in the same medium containing 0 or 10 ng/ml EGF in the presence and absence of 0.8% BSA. More 2-cell embryos developed into blastocysts at day 7 when BSA was present than when BSA was absent. The addition of 10 ng/$m\ell$ EGF into the medium did not significantly increase the developmental rate and the cell numbers per blastocyst. However, addition of EGF in the presence of 0.8% BSA significantly reduced the degree of apoptosis in the blastocysts (P<0.01). To investigate whether EGF modulates mRNA expression of apoptosis-related genes, mRNA was prepared from single blastocysts and each preparation was subjected to RT-PCR for Bcl-2 and Bax transcripts. EGF did not alter the relative abundance of Bax gene expression in the presence of BSA, but increase Bcl-2 (P<0.01) The relative abundance of Interferon tau expression was increased by EGF treatment in the presence of BSA. These results suggest that EGF and BSA synergistically enhance Bcl-2 and interferone tau gene expression, which may result in a net increase in viability in bovine embryos.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.99-99
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• 2003

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) induces well-documented mitegenic and differentiating effects on murine and bovine preimplantation embryos. However, the effects of EGF on apoptosis and implantation-related gene expression in bovine embryos developing in vitro have not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of exogenous EGF in the presence and absence of BSA on the preimplantation development of bovine embryos. In addition, we measured cell number, apoptosis, and expression of apoptosis and implantation-related genes of the blastocysts that developed in these culture conditions. In vitro produced bovine embryos were randomly cultured in the same medium containing 0 or 10 ng/$m\ell$ EGF in the presence and absence of 0.8% BSA. More 2-cell embryos developed into blastocysts at day 7 when BSA was present than when BSA was absent. The addition of 10 ng/$m\ell$ EGF into the medium did not significantly increase the developmental rate and the cell numbers per blastocyst. However, addition of EGF in the presence of 0.8% BSA significantly reduced the degree of apoptosis in the blastocysts (P< 0.01). To investigate whether EGF modulates mRNA expression of apoptosis-related genes, mRNA was prepared from single blastocysts and each preparation was subjected to RT-PCR for Bcl-2 and Bax transcripts. EGF did not alter the relative abundance of Bax gene expression in the presence of BSA, but increase Bcl-2 (P < 0.01). The relative abundance of Interferon tau expression was increased by EGF treatment in the presence of BSA. These results suggest that EGF and BSA synergistically enhance Bcl-2 and interferone tau gene expression, which may result in a net increase in viability in bovine embryos.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.179-188
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• 2005

To develop the novel anti-allergic drug, many sophoricoside derivatives were synthesized. Among these derivatives, JSH-II-3, VI-3, VII-3, VIII-3, VII-20 and VII-20 (sodium salt) were selected and subjected to high throughput toxicity screening (HTTS) because they revealed strong IL-5 inhibitory activity and limitation of quantity. Single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay, mouse lymphoma thymidine kinase ($tk^{+/-}$) gene assay (MOLY), chromosomal aberration assay in mammalian cells and Ames reverse mutation assay in bacterial system were used as simplified, inexpensive, short-term in vitro screening tests in our laboratory. Through the primary screening using the comet assay, we could choose the first candidates of sophoricoside derivatives with no genotoxic potentials as JSH-VI-3, VII-3, VII-20 and VII-20 (sodium salt). Also JSH-VII-3, VII-20 and VII-20 (sodium salt) are non-mutagenic in MOLY assay, while JSH-II-3 is mutagenic at high concentration with the presence of metabolic activation system in both comet assay and MOLY assay. The selected derivatives (JSH-VI-3, VII-3, VII-20 and VII-20 (sodium salt) are not mutagenic in S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. From results of chromosomal aberration assay, 6 h treatment of JSH-VI-3, VII-3 and VII-20 (sodium salt) were not revealed clastogenicity both in the presence and absence of S-9 mixture. Therefore, we suggests that JSH-VI-3, VII-3, VII-20 and VII-20 (sodium salt), as the optimal candidates with both no genotoxic potential and IL-5 inhibitory effects must be chosen. To process the development into new anti-inflammatory drug of these derivatives, further investigation will need.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.39
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• pp.79-89
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• 1998

This study was carried out the effect of stability and color extract for it's condition in the curcuma L.. dyeing. The stability is to investigate the absorbance of the curcumin, one of the major yellow pigments and the stability regarding the effect of light, oxygen temperature and pH. The dyeing condition is compared the effect of mordanting condition and the best way to extract pigment and analysed through the color-fastness rating, color-difference value test. The main results obtained are summarized as follows ; 1.The best and proper solvent to extrect curcumin pigment was a ethanol and a distilled water. 2. The light effect indicated that the absorbances of solution in absence of ligh was more stable. 3. The oxygen(O2) effect to curcumin show-ed that the condition in the absence of O2 was more stable than that in presence of O2 4. The temperature showed that the absorbnace was best stable in4$^{\circ}C$ and less changed at $25^{\circ}C$ 5. The curcumin-etanol solution was stable in pH 2~4. 6. Generally color-fastness rating to silk, wool and cotton indicated that crocking C.F. and perspiration C.F. were more than 3rd grade and dry cleaning C.F. was more than 4th grade. But light color-fastness and washing color-fastness were very poor. 7. To make good color fastness, the mordan-ting treated group and the pre-mordant conditions were more effective than others 8. When compared with color-difference value test indicated that the silk was looks like more reddish and bluish color and than the wool and cotton were greenish and bluish. As a mordant, A(C2H4OH(COOH3) and D(K2Cr2O7)were more effective to make green-ish color in the silk and the reddish color was abtained by B(Al.K(SO4)2.12H2O) and C(FeSO4.7H2O).

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.382-389
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) on the postoperative patient's pain management and recovery of bowel movement with gastrointestinal cancer Method: The participants were 249 patients diagnosed with gastrointestinal disease and scheduled for elective surgery, who were recruited to either the postoperative patient-controlled analgesia group or epidural analgesia group. Participants aged 20 and above were recruited from P, K, D, and I university hospitals in B city. Pain visual analogue scale, and recovery of bowel movement according to PCA-related characteristics were measured using structured questionnaires from April 2005 through December 2005. Descriptive statistics t-test and F-test were used to analyze the data. SPSS WIN 10.0 program was used. Results: Mean score for pain was 62.31. Scores for pain on the visual analogue scale were significantly lower in the epidural-PCA than in the intravenous PCA, and also significantly lower in the absence of side effect of PCA than in the presence of side effect. Recovery time for bowel movement was significantly faster in the absence of side effect of PCA than in the presence of side effect. Conclusion: Based on the findings, there is a significant difference in pain and no difference in first passage of flatus according to PCA infusion route in patients who are post-operative for gastrointestinal cancer.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.99-105
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• 2001

Sophoricoside was isolated as the inhibitor of IL-5 bioactivity from Sophora japonica (Leguminosae). It has been reported to has an anti-inflammatory effect on rat paw edema model. To develope as an anti-allergic drug, genotoxicity of sophoricoside was investigated in bacterial and mammalian cell system such as Ames bacterial reversion test, chromosomal aberration assay and single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay. As results, in the range of 1,250~40 $\mu\textrm{g}$/plate sophoricoside concentrations was not shown significant mutagenic effects in Salmonella typhimurium TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535 and TA 1537 strains in Ames test. The 80% cell growth inhibition concentration (IC/SUB 80/) of sophoricoside was determined as above 5,000 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ in Chinese hamster lung (CHL) fibroblast cell and L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell line for the chromosomal aberration and comet assay, respectively. Sophoricoside was not induced chromosomal aberration in CHL fibroblast cell at concentrations of 700, 350 and 175 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ or 600, 300 and 150 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ in the absence or presence of S-9 metabolic activation system, respectively. Also, in the comet assay, the induction of DNA damage was not observed in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell line both in the absence or presence of S-9 metabolic activation system. From these results, no genotoxic effects of sophoricoside were observed in bacterial and mammalian cell systems used in these experiments.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.99-107
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• 2004

The validation of many synthetic chemicals that may pose a genetic hazard in our environment is of great concern at present. Since these substances are not limited to the original products, and enter the environment, they have become widespread environmental pollutants, thus leading to a variety of chemicals that possibly threaten the public health. In this respect, the regulation and evaluation of the chemical hazard playa very important role to environment and human health. The clastogenicity of 11 synthetic chemicals was evaluated in Chinese hamster lung (CHL) fibroblast in vitro. Benzoyl chloride (CAS No. 98-88-4) induced chromosomal aberrations with statistical significance at the concentration of 31-123 $\mug/ml$ and 43 $\mug/ml$ in the absence and presence of S-9 metabolic activation system, respectively. 2-Propyn-l-o1 (CAS No. 107-19-7) and 2-Phenoxy ethanol (CAS No. 122-99-6) revealed clastogenicity only at the highest concentration in the presence of S-9 mixture. However, 1-naphthol (CAS No. 90-15-3) which is one of the most cytotoxic chemical among 11 chemicals tested revealed no clastogenicity both in the presence and absence of S-9 metabolic activation system. From the results of chromosomal aberration assay with 11 synthetic chemicals in CHL fibroblast in vitro, Benzoyl chloride (CAS No. 98-88-4), 2-Propyn-l-01 (CAS No. 107-19-7) and 2-Phenoxy ethanol (CAS No. 122-99-6) revealed positive clastogenic results in this study.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.31-39
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• 2011

This paper attempts to extend such analysis to the rather more difficult problem of optimal management of transnational fish stocks jointly owned by two countries. Transboundary fish such as Mackerel creates an incentive to harvest fish before a competitor does and leads to over-exploitation. This tendency is especially poignant for transnational stocks since, in the absence of an enforceable, international agreement, there is little or no reason for either government or the fishing industry to promote resource conservation and economic efficiency. In the current paper I examine a game theoretic setting in which cooperative management can provide more benefits than noncooperative management. A dynamic model of Mackerel fishery is combined with Nash's theory of two countries cooperative games. A characteristic function game approach is applied to describe the sharing of the surplus benefits from cooperation and noncooperation. A bioeconomic model was used to compare the economic yield of the optimal strategies for two countries, under joint maximization of net benefits in joint ocean. The results suggest as follows. First, the threat points represent the net benefits for two countries in absence of cooperation. The net benefits to Korea and China in threat points are 2,000 billion won(${\pi}^0_{KO}$) and 1,130 billion won(${\pi}^0_{CH}$). Total benefits are 3,130 billion won. Second, if two countries cooperate one with another, they reach the solution payoffs such as Pareto efficient. The net benefits to Korea and China in Pareto efficient are 2,785 billion won(${\pi}^0_{KO}$) and 1,605 billion won(${\pi}^0_{CH}$) or total benefits of 4,390 billion won : a gain of 1,260 billion won. Third, the different price effects under the two scenarios show that total benefit rise as price increases.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.11-19
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• 2015

Due to recent development in mobile devices, the mobile device utilization and many related applications have been increasing. Most of initial applications on mobile devices just showed simple information, but now they processes huge data. However, smart devices have certain limitations in processing massive data. Especially, if the size of data increases, the speed of data processing adversely decreases, so the performance of programs also decreases. If hardware specification of the mobile devices is not enough to handle it, response time will be drastically delayed. To overcome these drawbacks, most of application running on mobile devices communicate with their servers to manage data. XML is a proper language for data communication to send and receive data between servers and mobile devices, because it defines rules of document's format and it is a textual data format and small-sized language. However, mobile devices have limitation such as memory, CPU and wireless network to process huge data and XML also takes a lot of time to communicate with servers and devices and handle data, so it could be overhead in service time. Binary XML is an alternative of performance improvement in data processing, which has XML's benefits and minimizes the XML size by binary coding. However, most of binaryXML which are used on applications don't fit on mobile applications. In this paper, we surveyed many kinds of binaryXML, compared merits and demerits to find a binaryXML for mobile applications. We propose how to use binary XML and implemented an electronic attendance system using binary XML to overcome the limitation of XML and to reduce the load of data communications between servers and devices.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.125-131
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• 1995

The authors present 15 cases in which the diagnosis of thyroid cancer was established pathologically among 300 cases of Graves' disease diagnosed clinically at Chosun University Hospital, from January 1982 to December 1994. These cases were analyzed in order to establish guidelines for prophylactic node dissection as part of the initial management of thyroid cancer in patients with Graves' disease. The analysis revealed the following: 1) The average age of the 15 patients was 34.5 years and the male: female ratio was 1 : 4.0. 2) In 8 of the 15 cases(53.5 %) the occult thyroid carcinoma measured less than 1.5cm. 3) The degree of invasivensess manifested in these fifteen cases may be summarized as follows: In Group 1(6 cases) there was absence of microscopic capsular invasion and of lymphnode metastasis. In Group 11(4 cases) threre was microscopic capsular invasion but absence of lymphnode metastasis: In Group III(4 cases) there was either extrathyrodal soft tissue invasion or regional lymph node metastasis: and in Group IV(1 case) there was lymphnode invasion and distant metastasis. 4) Thirteen patients underwent either subtotal or near total thyroidectomy, and 2 patients underwent total thyroidectomy. Seven patients underwent some type of neck dissection, as follows: anterior compartment dissection in one of the cases in Group I; functional neck dissection in two cases and jugular node dissection in one case in Group II; and anterior compartment dissection in one case and modified radical neck dissection in two cases in Group III. 5) The author propose the following guidelines for prophylactic initial node dissection when a unexpected coexisting thyroid carcinoma in encountered on the frozen section during the surgical management of Graves' disease; Group I cases do not require initial neck dissection in group II, anterior compartment dissection in sufficient. In Group III, either jugular node dissection or functional neck dissection should be performed, and followed by postoperative Ra$^{131}$I therapy, Group IV requires Ra$^{131}$I therapy with or without modified radical neck dissection depending in the patient's condition.