• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.85-94
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• 2023

Ion channels regulate a large number of cellular functions and their functional role in many diseases makes them potential therapeutic targets. Given their diverse distribution across multiple organs, the roles of ion channels, particularly in age-associated transcriptomic changes in specific organs, are yet to be fully revealed. Using RNA-seq data, we investigated the rat transcriptomic profiles of ion channel genes across 11 organs/tissues and 4 developmental stages in both sexes of Fischer 344 rats and identify tissue-specific and age-dependent changes in ion channel gene expression. Organ-enriched ion channel genes were identified. In particular, the brain showed higher tissue-specificity of ion channel genes, including Gabrd, Gabra6, Gabrg2, Grin2a, and Grin2b. Notably, age-dependent changes in ion channel gene expression were prominently observed in the thymus, including in Aqp1, Clcn4, Hvcn1, Itpr1, Kcng2, Kcnj11, Kcnn3, and Trpm2. Our comprehensive study of ion channel gene expression will serve as a primary resource for biological studies of aging-related diseases caused by abnormal ion channel functions.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.666-676
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• 2006

Gangliosides are widely distributed in mammalian cells and play important roles in various functions such as cell differentiation and growth control. In addition, diabetes and obesity cause abnormal development of reproductive processes in a variety of species. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects, and how they are related, are not fully understood. This study examined whether the differential expression of gangliosides is implicated in the abnormal follicular development and uterine architecture of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced and db/db diabetic mice. Based upon the mobility on high-performance thin-layer chromatography, mouse ovary consisted of at least five different ganglioside components, mainly gangliosides GM3, GM1, GD1a and GT1b, and diabetic ovary exhibited a significant reduction in ganglioside expression with apparent changes in the major gangliosides. A prominent immunofluorescence microscopy showed a dramatic loss of ganglioside GD1a expression in the primary, secondary and Graafian follicles of STZ-induced and db/db diabetic mice. A significant decrease in ganglioside GD3 expression was also observed in the ovary of db/db mice. In the uterus of STZ-induced diabetic mice, expression of gangliosides GD1a and GT1b was obviously reduced, but gangliosides GM1, GM2 and GD3 expression was increased. In contrast, the uterus of db/db mice showed a significant increase in gangliosides GM1, GD1a and GD3 expression. Taken together, a complex pattern of ganglioside expression was seen in the ovary and uterus of normoglycemic ICR and $db/^+$ mice, and the correspoding tissues in diabetic mice are characterized by appreciable changes of the major ganglioside expression. These results suggest that alterations in ganglioside expression caused by diabetes mellitus may be implicated in abnormal ovarian development and uterine structure.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.66 no.3
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• pp.332-339
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• 2023

Objective : The present study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics of electrolyte imbalance in patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) who underwent craniotomy and its influence on prognosis. Methods : A total of 156 patients with moderate to severe TBI were prospectively collected from June 2019 to June 2021. All patients underwent craniotomy and intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. We aimed to explore the clinical characteristics of electrolyte disturbance and to analyze the influence of electrolyte disturbance on prognosis. Results : A total of 156 patients with moderate and severe TBI were included. There were 57 cases of hypernatremia, accounting for 36.538%, with the average level of 155.788±7.686 mmol/L, which occurred 2.2±0.3 days after injury. There were 25 cases of hyponatremia, accounting for 16.026%, with the average level of 131.204±3.708 mmol/L, which occurred 10.2±3.3 days after injury. There were three cases of hyperkalemia, accounting for 1.923%, with the average level of 7.140±1.297 mmol/L, which occurred 5.3±0.2 days after injury. There were 75 cases of hypokalemia, accounting for 48.077%, with the average level of 3.071±0.302 mmol/L, which occurred 1.8±0.6 days after injury. There were 105 cases of hypocalcemia, accounting for 67.308%, with the average level of 1.846±0.104 mmol/L, which occurred 1.6±0.2 days after injury. There were 17 cases of hypermagnesemia, accounting for 10.897%, with the average level of 1.213±0.426 mmol/L, which occurred 1.8±0.5 days after injury. There were 99 cases of hypomagnesemia, accounting for 63.462%, with the average level of 0.652±0.061 mmol/L, which occurred 1.3±0.4 days after injury. Univariate regression analysis revealed that age, Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score at admission, pupil changes, ICP, hypernatremia, hypocalcemia, hypernatremia combined with hypocalcemia, epilepsy, cerebral infarction, severe hypoproteinemia were statistically abnormal (p<0.05), while gender, hyponatremia, potassium, magnesium, intracranial infection, pneumonia, allogeneic blood transfusion, hypertension, diabetes, abnormal liver function, and abnormal renal function were not statistically significant (p>0.05). After adjusting gender, age, GCS, pupil changes, ICP, epilepsy, cerebral infarction, severe hypoproteinemia, multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that hypernatremia or hypocalcemia was not statistically significant, while hypernatremia combined with hypocalcemia was statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion : The incidence of hypocalcemia was the highest, followed by hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia, hypernatremia, hyponatremia and hypermagnesemia. Hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypokalemia generally occurred in the early post-TBI period, hypernatremia occurred in the peak period of ICP, and hyponatremia mostly occurred in the late period after decreased ICP. Hypernatremia combined with hypocalcemia was associated with prognosis.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.833-842
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of dietary proteins and fats on the hepatic histological changes, membrane stability, and drug-metabolizing enzyme activities during chemically induced rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed the diet containing 20% casein or soy protein isolate and 15% perilla or corn oil for 10 weeks. Hepatocarcinogensis was initiated with diethylnitrosamine(DEN), and the rats were fed diets containing 0.02% 2-acetylaminofluorene(AAF) followed by 0.05% phenobarbital (PB). The scores of histological changes were decreased in treated rats fed soy protein diet compared to those find casein diet. Liver weights were significantly increased by AAF and PB treatment in rats fed casein diets in both oil groups. Glucose 6-phosphatase(G6Pase) activities, an index of membrane stability, were significantly reduced by AAF and PB treatment in rats find casein diets, and were lower in casein diet compared to soy protein diet groups. Especially, the activities were the highest in the rats fed soy protein-perilla oil diet. Lipid peroxide values also were increased by AAF and PB treatment in rats fed casein diet. Aniline hydroxylase activities were not influenced by protein and fat sources. Glutathione-dependent enzyme activities were increased by AAF and PB treatment. Linoleic and arachidonic acid content were increased in rats fed corn oil diet, and linolenic and eicosapentaenoic acid contents were increased in rats fed perilla oil diet. Our results suggest that soy protein isolate inhibit the abnormal histological changes in liver, possibly by maintaining the membrane stability during chemically induced rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Soy protein may be protective against the hepatocarcinogenesis induced by chemical carcinogen.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.63-68
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• 2008

Efforts tp overcome the current challenge of global warming and abnormal temperature are being taken around the world. According to a report, average temperature of Korea has increased by about $0.8^{\circ}C$ for a century. In particular, temperature has rapidly increased since year 2000. Climate changes have brought remarkable changes in our lives. For example, agricultural field will see changes in crops and production. Energy used to maintain and manage architectures will be changed as well. In order to actively cope with rapidly changing global climate which drives changes from the basic behavior of our lives to subtle changes, international cooperation and researches are performed around the word. For instance, as a part of these global efforts, research on typical meterological data for computer simulation program to evaluate architecture energy performance is in progress in Korea. In order to conduct research on typical meterological data in format of data per time, reference regarding monthly maximum/minimum temperature time is required. Unfortunately, however, reference regarding maximum/minimum temperature time hasn't been defined in Korea. Therefore, this study aims to provide fundamental data essential for various researches by calculating maximum/minimum temperature time of major cities across Korea. According to the study, maximum temperature occurs at 3 p.m and minimum temperature occurs at 5 a.m or 6 a.m. respectively, in overall areas.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.1-12
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• 2009

Objectives : The objective of this study was to compare, the potency of toxicity of Cantharidin containing dried Mylabis phalerata (MP) extract and it's modifier. Methods ： They were monitored at dosage level 2,000, 1,000, 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg, respectively. Changes of body weight, clinical signs, mortality, LD50, macroscopic changes of gastrointestinal tract and liver were observed after single oral dose of test articles with changes of serum Gastrin and Somatostatin levels. Results ： Dosage-dependent decrease of body weight and/or gains were demonstrated in dried MP extract-dosing groups, were also detected in modified and dried MP extract-dosing groups at 2,000 and 1,000 mg/kg-dosing group. However, below 500 mg/kg-dosing group, the body weights were significantly increased compared to that of equal dosage group of dried MP extract-dosing group. Dosage-dependently detected clinical signs in dried MP extract-dosing groups, were also detected in modified and dried MP extract-dosing groups at 2,000 and 1,000 mg/kg-dosing group. However, below 500 mg/kg-dosing group, these clinical signs dramatically were decreased compared to that of equal dosage group of dried MP extract-dosing group. Dosage-dependent increase of mortality rates were observed in dried MP extract-dosing groups, were also detected in modified and dried MP extract-dosing groups at 2,000 and 1,000 mg/kg-dosing group. However, below 500 mg/kg-dosing group, the mortalities were significantly decreased compared to that of equal dosage group of dried MP extract-dosing group. The LD50 of dried MP extract in male mice was dramaticlly increased in their modify, 265.86 vs 426.99 mg/kg. Dosage-dependently increase of number of hemorrhagic and/or erythematous spots detected in the gastrointestinal tracts of dried MP extract-dosing groups, were also detected in modified and dried MP extract-dosing groups at 2,000 and 1,000 mg/kg-dosing group. However, below 500 mg/kg-dosing group, these abnormal spots were dramatically decreased compared to that of equal dosage group of dried MP extract-dosing group. Dosage-dependently increase of degrees of enlargement and congestion detected in the liver of dried MP extract-dosing groups, were also detected in modified and dried MP extract-dosing groups at 2,000 and 1,000 mg/kg-dosing group. However, below 500 mg/kg-dosing group, these abnormal signs were dramatically decreased compared to that of equal dosage group of dried MP extract-dosing group. Dosage-dependently increase of serum gastrin levels of dried MP extract-dosing groups, were also detected in modified and dried MP extract-dosing groups at 2,000 and 1,000 mg/kg-dosing group. However, below 500 mg/kg-dosing group, these abnormal increase were dramatically decreased compared to that of equal dosage group of dried MP extract-dosing group. Dosage-dependently increase of serum somatostatin levels of dried MP extract-dosing groups, were also detected in modified and dried MP extract-dosing groups at 2,000 and 1,000 mg/kg-dosing group. However, below 500 mg/kg-dosing group, these abnormal increase were dramatically decreased compared to that of equal dosage group of dried MP extract-dosing group. Conclusions ： The toxicity of dried MP extract was reduced by their modify.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.347-354
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• 2014

Korea Central Cancer Registry reported in 2011 that the prevalence rate of thyroid cancer was about 19.6% (the highest) in both men and women. The ratio of thyroid cancer, among cancers that women suffer from, was about 31.1%, the highest among female cancers and about five times more than men. Regarding the incidence of thyroid cancer by age group, the crude rate was highest in women and men aged 15~34. From these figures it can be inferred that there is a greater relationship between thyroid cancer and hormones compared with other cancers. Therefore, young women aged 20~25, even if they are in full health, should undergo a medical examination. This study is aimed at examining changes in thyroid gland detected through self evaluation tests and the analysis of ultrasound screening images in persons aged 20~25. According to the study, 213 persons (about 46.6%) out of 457 people who took part in the study had abnormal echo patterns. With regard to women's abnormal patterns, about 73.4% of them were found to have calcified cystic, 11.8% diffuse-type low-echo and 7.3% cystic echo. With regard to male participants, about 61.1% were found to have calcified cystic, followed by 19.4% with the size of the isthmus increased and 13.9% with diffuse-type low-echo. According to the outcomes of an analysis regarding self-testing for hyperthyroidism, the average points of participants who were found to have abnormal echo patterns in ultrasound tests were 6.85 and the figure was 5.88 in persons with normal patterns. The figure was about 15% higher in abnormal respondents.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.34-40
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• 2017

In recent years, global warming has caused abnormal weather phenomena. Unusually cold climates have occurred all around the world, including cold waves in the Northeastern United States, Beijing, China, Southern India, and Pakistan, as well as floods in Chile, Kazakhstan, and Vietnam. China has been experiencing a nationwide heat wave annually since the year 2013, especially in the southern region. In this study, we used Landsat 8 OLI TIRS sensor images from four periods to analyze the characteristics of abnormal high temperature phenomena in Cixi-si, China. Land cover classification was performed using 10 bands of satellite imagery, and the surface temperature was extracted using the 10th thermal band. The results of the land cover classification of the fourth period show the changes of the time series quantitatively. The results of the surface temperature calculation provided both the average overall temperature and the average temperature of individual items. The temperature was found to be highest for buildings, followed by grassland, forest, agricultural land, water systems, and tidal flats in the same period.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.287-297
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• 2011

As electronic mails are being widely used for facility and speedness of information communication, as the amount of spam mails which have malice and advertisement increase and cause lots of social and economic problem. A number of approaches have been proposed to alleviate the impact of spam. These approaches can be categorized into pre-acceptance and post-acceptance methods. Post-acceptance methods include bayesian filters, collaborative filtering and e-mail prioritization which are based on words or sentances. But, spammers are changing those characteristics and sending to avoid filtering system. In the case of Korean, the abnormal usages can be much more than other languages because syllable is composed of chosung, jungsung, and jongsung. Existing formal expressions and learning algorithms have the limits to meet with those changes promptly and efficiently. So, we present an methods for recognizing Korean abnormal language(Koral) to improve accuracy and efficiency of filtering system. The method is based on syllabic than word and Smith-waterman algorithm. Through the experiment on filter keyword and e-mail extracted from mail server, we confirmed that Koral is recognized exactly according to similarity level. The required time and space costs are within the permitted limit.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.85-97
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• 1967

Histopathological changes of various organs of the mice after intra-peritoneal injections of radioactive iodine ($^{131}I$) were experimentally observed. Sixity healthy female mice, weighing average 25 gm, devided into 6 groups, were used. The various doses of $^{131}I$ were injected intraperitoneally at different intervals. The histopathological changes after these treatments were observed in organs such as thyroids, parathyroids, livers, kidneys and gonads. Following were the results; 1) Thyroid: In the group A given $^{131}I$ with a single dose of $10{\mu}C$ per gm body weight, it was observed that the protoplasms of follicular epithelial cells were destroyed, the nuclei were expanded or dissoluted, showing pyknotic changes of nuclei and vacuolizations of protoplasms. In the group B given $^{131}I$ with a single dose of $5{\mu}C$ per gm body weight, hyperemias, hemorrhages and hyaline degenerations in the whole area were observed. In the group C given $^{131}I$ with 3 doses of $2.5{\mu}C$ per gm body weight every week, the thyroid parenchyms were destroyed and epithelial cells of varing size were observed in the fibrinous tissues. In the group D given $^{131}I$ with 6 doses of $0.5{\mu}C$ per gm body weight every week, some destroyed follicles and new borne follicles were observed. But the histopathological changes resemble the follicles of the normal thyroid gland. In the group E and F given $^{131}I$ with 8 and 10 doses of $0.2{\mu}C\;and\;0.01{\mu}C$ for each group per gm body weight every two days, both pyknotic changes of nuclei and cytoplasmic vacuolizations of the follicular epithelia, hypertrophies of follicles and abnormal irregular follicular structures were observed, and in the group F, lymphocytes appeared around the thyroid glands. 2) Parathyroid: In the group A, hyperemia, proliferations of connective tissues, karyorrhexes and vacuolizations were observed. In other experimental groups, no particular pathological change was observed. 3) Liver: The degnerative changes and acute or chronic inflammatory changes were observed in proportion to the amount of $^{131}I$ injected. Atrophies of the liver cells, dilatations of sinusoids, hyaline degenerations and necrotic pictures were observed. 4) Kidney: In the group A, congestions and infiltrations of mononuclear cells and granulocytes were observed around the cortical arteries, and in the group B, the degenerative changes of cortexes, and, in the group C and D, hydronephrotic changes were observed respectively, and hyaline degenerations were partially observed. 5) Gonad: In the group A, the follicles were degenerated. The ova in the follicles showed irregular figures. The changes in the group B were almost the same as in the group A, but the changes were mild. In the group C, the destructions of whole ova, the hypertrophies of ovarian follicular membranes and pyknotic changes of nuclei were observed. In the group D, the pathological changes were similar to that of group C, but mild in the grade. In the group E, almost none of ovarian follicular fluid was observed, and in the group F, the tissue pictures were almost similar to that of the normal group.