• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.249-258
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• 2008

Purpose : Abdominal obesity with visceral fat accumulation have been known to be intimately associated with the development of metabolic syndrome. Therefore, it is important to estimate the precise amount of visceral fat. Ultrasonography has been reported that it is a simple and noninvasive method for visceral fat evaluation. Purpose of this study is to evaluate the association of ultrasonographic visceral fat thickness, anthropometric indexes, and risk factor of metabolic syndrome, and to investigate the cut-off value of abdominal visceral fat thickness leading to increased risk of metabolic syndrome. Materials and methods : The subject included 200 men and 200 women who visited D healthcare center in Daejeon from January to April 2008. The subcutaneous fat thickness and visceral fat thickness were measured by ultrasonograph. As anthropometric index, we measured body mass index, waist circumference and waist/height ratio. As for the risk factor of metabolic syndrome, we measured blood pressure, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride and fasting serum glucose. Results : VFT was significantly correlated with waist circumference, (r=0.683/M, r=0.604/F), waist to height ratio (r=0.633/M, r=0.593/F) and BMI (r=0.621/M, r=0.534/F) in both men and women. In addition it was significantly correlated with Systolic blood pressure (r=0.229/M, r=0.232/F), Diastolic blood pressure ((r=0.285/M, r=0.254/F), high density cholesterol (r=-0.254/M, r=-0.254/F), Triglyceride (r=0.475/M, r=0.411/F), and Fasting blood sugar (r=0.158/M, r=0.234/F) in both men and women. The cut-off value of visceral fat thickness leading to the increased risk of metabolic syndrome was 4.58cm (sensitivity89.2%, specificity 71.2%) in men and 3.50cm (sensitivity61.2% specificity 80.8%) in women respectively. The odds ratio of the risk of metabolic syndrome was dramatically increased with the abdominal visceral fat thickness level over 6cm in men and 5cm in women. Conclusion : The visceral fat thickness using ultrasonography was significantly correlated with anthropometric indexes and risk factors of metabolic syndrome in both men and women. The cut-off value of visceral fat thickness leading to the increased risk of metabolic syndrome was 4.58cm in men and 3.50cm in women.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.sup
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• pp.13-20
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• 2012

This research investigated the effect of $SCOD_{Mn}$ concentrations and pH adjustment at the stage before land application, namely 2nd-aeration treatment stage of liquid fertilizer in the liquid fertilizer treatment process of swine manure on the physicochemical compositions of 2nd-aeration treated liquid fertilizer. The liquid fertilizer used in this research is the alkaline fermented liquid fertilizer of swine manure more than pH 9.0 through aeration treatment (Alkaline fermentation treatment group). About the alkaline liquid fertilizer, phosphate neutralization treatment was conducted with phosphoric acid and it was a phosphate neutralization treatment group. In 2nd-aeration treatment of liquid fertilizer for 30 days, each group was divided into alkaline treatment groups (T-1, T-2, and T-3) and phosphate neutralization treatment groups (T-4, T-5, and T-6) according to early $SCOD_{Mn}$ concentrations. The research results are as follows. 1. As for $SCOD_{Mn}$ reduction rate, the average 29.9% in alkaline treatment groups and the average 36.9% in phosphate neutralization treatment groups were shown and so the relatively high reduction rate was shown in phosphate neutralization treatment groups. 2. After finishing the experiment, the group of the lowest $SCOD_{Mn}$ concentrations was the phosphate neutralization treatment group, T-6 with the lowest inflow concentrations. In case the final goal level of 2nd-aeration treated liquid fertilizer is assumed as concentrations less than $SCOD_{Mn}$ 3,000 ppm, it would be desired that inflow concentrations of 2nd-aeration treatment groups are adjusted less than $SCOD_{Mn}$ 5,500 ppm. 3. As for the persistence rate of nitrogen, the average 29.3% in alkaline treatment groups and the average 38.9% in phosphate neutralization treatment groups were shown and so phosphate neutralization treatment groups showed the relatively low loss rate of nitrogen, meanwhile, in the case of T-P, phosphate neutralization treatment groups maintained high concentrations (average 1,473 ppm). 4. In the event of 2nd-aeration treatment of liquid fertilizer, "alkaline fermentation treatment" condition in 'low phosphate-low nitrogen' type and "phosphate neutralization treatment" condition in 'high phosphate-high nitrogen' type are expected to be favorable.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.141-154
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• 2004

The solar powered water pump is very ideal equipment because solar power is more intensive when the water is more needed in summer and it is very helpful in the rural area, in which the electrical power is not available. The average so]ar radiation energy is 3.488 kWh/($m^2{\cdot}day$) in Korea. In this study, the automatic control logic and system of the water pump driven by the radiation energy were studied, designed, assembled, tested and analyzed for realizing the solar powered water pump. The experimental system was operated automatically and the cycle was continued. The average quantity of the water pumped per cycle was about 5,320 cc. The cycle time was about 4.9 minutes. The thermal efficiency of the system was about $0.030\%$. The pressure level of the n-pentane vapour in flash tank was 150$\%$450 hPa(gauge) which was set by the computer program for the control of the vapour supply. The pressure in the condenser and air tank during cycles was maintained as about 600 hPa and 1,200 hPa respectively. The water could be pumped by the amount of 128kg/($m^2{\cdot}day$) with the efficiency of $0.1\%$ and the pumping head of 10 m for the average solar energy in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.281-286
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• 2014

This study was carried out to develop Yakju, a new kind of Korean traditional rice wine added with bamboo ethanol extract and characterized by containing various health benefits. The wine with bamboo ethanol extract was fermented by adding ginger and pear to improve flavor and quality. Several quality characteristics and physiological functionalities of Yakju were investigated. When bamboo ethanol extract was added to Yakju, the pH level decreased compared to that of the control. However, total acidity and soluble solid levels were higher than those of the control. The alcohol content of Yakju added with bamboo ethanol extract was slightly higher than that of the control. In examining the colors of Yakju containing bamboo ethanol extract, L value was lower than that of the control, whereas b value and brownness were higher. Various organic acids such as citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, and acetic acid were determined, and the main organic acid among them was lactic acid. Various free sugars such as sorbitol, glucose, and fructose were detected and glucose was the most abundant. Total polyphenol content of Yakju added with bamboo ethanol extract was lower than that of the control. Further, electron-donating ability ranged from 23.8~40.0%, which was higher than that of the control. Nitrite scavenging ability of Yakju added with bamboo ethanol extract ranged from 15.2~36.4%, which was higher than that of the control at pH 6.0. Sensory evaluation of Yakju showed that bamboo ethanol extract+ginger as well as bamboo ethanol extract+ginger+pear treatment significantly increased flavor, taste, and overall acceptance compared to the others.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.251-255
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• 2008

Cholesterol and cholesterol oxide products (COPs) of Gulbi (Pseudosciaena manchurica) processed and stored at different salting times of 5 hours and 5 days were analyzed. The content of cholesterol was $133.4{\pm}5.20\;mg/100\;g$ in the fresh sample. Cholesterol content was decreased during salting and storage; its contents were $130.3{\pm}2.95\;mg/100\;g$ and $87.2{\pm}3.49\;mg/100\;g$ in 5 hours and 5 days salting samples, respectively. The content of 7-ketocholesterol in 5 hours and 5 days salting samples were $75.2{\pm}2.70\;{\mu}g/100\;g$ and $82.4{\pm}3.30\;{\mu}g/100\;g$. The 7-ketocholesterol content of salting sample for 5 hours had no significantly difference for 2 days sun drying, but it was dramatically increased during 5 days sun drying and then increased during storage days. $7{\alpha}-$ and $7{\beta}-hydroxycholesterol$ were not detected in fresh sample, but increased during Gulbi processing and storage. The $7{\alpha}-hydroxycholesterol$ was increased during Gulbi processing and storage and a higher level of $658.1{\pm}6.20\;{\mu}g/100\;g$ was detected in 5 hours salting sample than in 5 days salting sample after 21 days storage. The $7{\beta}-hydroxycholesterol$ also showed similar tendency with $7{\alpha}-hydroxycholesterol$; it was largely increased between 7 and 14 days storage in 5 days salting sample.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.67 no.4
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• pp.222-233
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• 2022

The heading responses of rice varieties that originated from South Korea, North Korea, and northern China were examined under the temperature and day-length conditions of 13 major rice production areas in North Korea. Kenjiandao3 and Nongdae3 originated from China, Olbyeo1, Olbyeo2 and Sonbong9 from North Korea, and Joun from South Korea demonstrated the earliest heading stage depending on the regional environment. Out of 40 rice varieties, 34 reached the heading stage within the regional safe marginal heading date (SMHD) under Haeju and Sariwon environmental conditions, while 16 to 17 varieties reached the heading stage under Wonsan, Changjon, Supung, and Yongyon environmental conditions. Some middle and mid-late maturing varieties that originated from South Korea reached the heading stage within the SMHD under the temperature and day-length conditions of Kaesong, Haeju, Sariwon, Nampo, and Pyongyang that are located in the west-southern plain. The majority of early maturing varieties, but not the middle or mid-late ones, reached the heading stage within the SMHD under the environmental conditions of Singye, Anju, Kusong, and Sinuiju. Only a few early maturing varieties demonstrated the heading stage within the SMHD under Yongyon, Changjon, and Wonsan environments. The number of days to heading was highly positively correlated among all regions; however, it was not consistent among the rice varieties. The 40 rice varieties that had been tested were classified into seven groups according to their heading responses to the temperature and day-length variations of the 13 regional conditions at 65% similarity level in cluster analysis.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.263-271
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• 2006

The levels of total PCBs, Co-PCBs and PCDD/Fs in the transformer insulation oil samples obtained using GC/ECD and HRGC/HRMS were ranged from N.D. to 77.3 ppm, from 0.0863 to 2.49 ppm and from N.D. to 0.00241 ppm, respectively. In terms of WHO-TEQ values, Co-PCBs and PCDD/Fs were ranged from 23.3 to 600 pgTEQ/g and from N.D. to 128 pgTEQ/g, respectively (${\Sigma}Co$-PCBs+PCDD/Fs concentration was calculated 24.4~728 pgTEQ/g). Although, the contribution of PCDD/Fs was below 12% in total TEQ concentration, it is suggested contamination of PCDD/Fs in transformer insulation oils. Among 10 samples, 4 samples showed higher concentration than 2 ppm (specific waste criterion of Korea) and Aroclor 1242, 1248, 1254 and 1260 was detected in samples as a single or mixture of Aroclor. It was shown reliable relationship between concentration of Co-PCBs and those of PCDD/Fs (p<0.003), however, was not shown between production year of transformer and concentration of PCBs. The distribution pattern of Co-PCB congeners showed that the ratios of mono-ortho substituted congeners were higher than non-ortho substituted congeners. Among that, PCB-118 congener was predominant. In addition, the OCDD congener was predominated in PCDD/Fs congeners as above 53%. Moreover, the congener pattern of Co-PCBs was similar to that of Aroclor as well as ambient air, which suggested that PCBs volatilization from transformer insulation oil affected the pattern of Co-PCBs in ambient air.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 2010

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary energy and protein levels on milk production in Saanen (Capra hircus) dairy goats fed the diets with the different ratio of forage and concentrate. Four lactating goats in mid lactation ($57.5{\pm}10.8\;kg$ BW) were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square with 21-d periods. Animals were randomly allocated to one of the four groups; 10.59 MJ ME/kg and 11.90% CP (TJ), 10.14 MJ ME/kg and 12.73% CP (T2), 9.45 MJ ME/kg and 15.19% CP (T3), 8.75 MJ ME/kg and 16.60% CP DM (T4). Also ratio of forage to concentrate was 49: 51 (Tl), 59: 41 (T2), 74: 26 (T3) and 90: 10 (T4). Intakes of forage and concentrate were linearly increased (p<0.05) with their increasing energy levels in the diets. No significant differences were found in total dry matter intake and body weight between treatments. Milk yield in T3 was the highest among treatments (p<0.05). Relative to other treatments, T4 significantly (p

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.623-632
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• 2011

To increase the anti-carcinogens phenylethylisothiocyanate (PEITC), myrosinase (MYR), and glutathione S-transferase (GST), genes related to PEITC pathway were isolated and the gene expressions were regulated by Agrobacterium transformation. Isolated cDNAs, MYR, and GST genes were 1,647 bp and 624 bp, respectively, and the protein expression was confirmed through pET system. Thereafter, we constructed a sense-oriented over-expressing myrosinase (pBMY) and RNAi down-regulated GST (pJJGST) binary vectors for the Chinese cabbage transformation. After the transformation, thirteen over-expressing transgenic Chinese cabbage plants (IMS) with pBMY and five down-regulated ones (IGA) with pJJGST were selected by PCR analysis. Selected $T_0$ transgenic plants were generated to $T_1$ plants by self-pollination. Based on the Southern blot analysis on these $T_1$ transgenic plants, 1-4 copies of T-DNA were transferred to Chinese cabbage genome. Thereafter, RNA expression level of myrosinase gene or GST gene was analyzed through real-time RT PCR of IMS, IGA, and non-transgenic inbred lines. In case of IMS lines, myrosinase gene was increased 1.03-4.25 fold and, in IGA lines, GST gene was decreased by 26.42-42.22 fold compared to non-transgenic ones, respectively. Analysis of PEITC concentrations using GC-MS it showed that some IMS lines and some IGA lines increased concentrations of PEITC up to 4.86 fold and up to 3.89 fold respectively compared to wild type. Finally in this study IMS 1, 3, 5, 12, and 15 and IGA 1, 2, and 4 were selected as developed transgenic lines with increasing quantities of anti-carcinogen PEITC.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.92-99
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• 2014

Interferences were removed using anion exchange solid phase extraction (AE SPE) in quantification of selenoproteins in Korean human blood serum with affinity high performance liquid chromatography (AF HPLC)-inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS). The average selenium level obtained for healthy Koreans was $94.3{\pm}2.3ngg^{-1}$ using isotope dilution method. AE SPE was coupled to AF column to separate 3 selenoproteins, glutathione peroxidase GPx, selenoprotein SelP, and selenoalbumin SeAlb. Post column isotope dilution was employed to quantify the proteins. The certified reference material of human blood serum BCR-637 was analyzed to give total selenoprotein concentration of $85.4{\pm}3.4ngg^{-1}$, which agreed well with the reference value of $81{\pm}7ngg^{-1}$. The pooled concentration of GPx, SelP, and SeAlb from healthy Koreans (n=20) was $12.1{\pm}1.4ngg^{-1}$, $57.2{\pm}2.0ngg^{-1}$, and $20.0{\pm}1.9ngg^{-1}$, respectively. The sum of selenoproteins is $89.3ngg^{-1}$, which is about the same as the total selenium concentration of $94.3ngg^{-1}$. The fact suggests that selenium in blood serum is mostly consisted of selenoproteins. After the removal of interference, GPx showed a significant decrease (more than 50%) from $25.0ngg^{-1}$ to $12.1ngg^{-1}$. It was identified that the interference in blood serum was mostly from GPx and the use of AE SPE was proven to be efficient in eliminating Cl and Br that cause interference to GPx.