• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.368-376
• /
• 2009

A red pigment-producing bacterial strain was isolated from sediment sample of the East China Sea. The isolate was identified by analysis based on 16S rDNA sequence and morphological, physiological properties, biochemical characteristics and fatty acid composition. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequence showed that isolate represent a phyletic lineage within the genus Zooshikella, and this strain was most closely related to Zooshikella ganghwensis KCTC $12044^T$ (AY130994) (99.79%). The strain was Gram-negative, aerobic and required NaCl at 0.5~8.0% for growth. The predominant cellular fatty acids were saturated and monounsaturated straight-chain fatty acids. Consequently, this strain was identified as a member of the genus Zooshikella and designated as Zooshikella sp. JE-34. The pigment showed characteristics similar to prodigiosin, a well-known red pigment previously detected in Serratia marcescens. The antimicrobial activity of Zooshikella sp. JE-34 bacterial pigment was tested against 18 microorganisms, which were fish and human pathogens. The Zooshikella sp. JE-34 red pigment showed high antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus iniae, S. parauberis, S. mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Propionibacterium acnes.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.37 no.3
• /
• pp.219-225
• /
• 2009

A bacterial strain, JE-34, producing a high concentration of red pigment was isolated from a sediment in East China Sea. It was identified as Zooshikella sp. JE-34 based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The red pigment was purified by solvent extraction and HPLC was identified as prodigiosin-like compound. Nutritional and cultural conditions were optimized for the production of prodigiosin-like pigment in the flask level. Optimal culture conditions were at initial medium pH $6.0{\sim}7.0$, $30^{\circ}C$ and 4 days incubation. For carbon and, nitrogen sources were soluble starch and malt extract.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.431-441
• /
• 2011

Microbial colorants produced from Zooshikella sp. were developed as a reddish dye for fabrics. The reddish colorants were extracted from cell mass of Zooshikella sp. using 100% ethanol and were identified as prodiginine by 1H-NMR and FT-IR analysis. Microbial prodiginine had a maximum spectrophotomatric absorbance at 530nm and were chemically stable and 30 to $60^{\circ}C$. The microbial prodiginine could dye natural fibers such as cotton, silk, and wool as well as synthetic fibers such as nylon. The maximum K/S values of the dyed fiber were shown at 540 run with a color appearance of RP (reddish purple). Silk and nylon had an excellent dyeability among the experimental fibers. The optimum pH for the dyeing of experimental fibers was at pH 3.0 and dyeability was improved as the temperature increased. The cover change of dyed multifiber fabrics with the microbial prodiginine were measured after washing with detergents and a dry cleaning solvent for the selection of a proper fabric against microbial prodiginine. Among the experimental fibers, silk and nylon did not show significant color change after washing. Therefore, under the criteria of dyeability, silk and nylon were excellent fabrics for being dyed by microbial prodiginine.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.89-93
• /
• 2019

In this study, the stability of the extracted natural pigments against light, temperature, pH, metal ions, and antimicrobial activity were evaluated in marine bacteria Zooshikella sp. 17TA. The pigment of the strain used in the study was red with maximum absorption at a wavelength of 541 nm. The stability of the pigment was evaluated by measuring the absorbance while preserving for 15 days and examining the retention rate. After 15 days of irradiation, the pigment of this bacterium showed 98% retention in the dark and 91% retention in the temperature range of -20℃ ~ 30℃. When the pH was in the range 4-7, the retention was about 80%, and the retention rate was higher than 85% for all kinds of metal ions except for CuCl₂, ZnCl₂, and KCl. The bacterial pigments showed high stability under the given irradiated pH, temperature, and metal ion conditions and had shown activity against gram-positive strains. These results suggest that this highly conserved microbial pigment can be applied to the food industry.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.237-242
• /
• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the irritation of the prodigiosin isolated from Zooshikella rubidus on the skin and eyes in New Zealand white rabbits. The tests were performed on the basis of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) guidelines. Prodigiosin induced severe eye irritation at high concentration (0.5 g/site/ml) but there was no eye irritation at low concentration (0.3 mg/sitel ml). The primary irritation index was calculated from higher concentration (0.5 g/site/ml) to lower concentration (0.3 mg/site/ml). There were found non-irritation or induced mild irritation at lower concentration of prodigiosin application. On the basis of this study, it could be concluded that the prodigiosin may be non-irritant to mild irritant of usual application at lower concentration (0.3 mg/site) resulting it is safe and useful in dyeing technology of fabrics.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
• /
• 2009.11a
• /
• pp.198-201
• /
• 2009

본 연구는 미생물색소로 염색한 소재의 색채감성을 평가하여 색채감성에 영향을 미치는 색채감각과 물리적 색채특성을 규명하고자 한 것이다. 미생물 Zooshikella rubidus 가 생산하는 색소를 추출하여 면, 견, 모, 나일론 직물에 염색한 소재에 대하여 20 대 대학생 남녀 40 명을 대상으로 의미미분법에 의하여 색채감성을 평가시켰다. 색채감성용어에 대한 요인분석결과, 명랑성, 품위성, 매력성, 편안성등 4 개 요인이 도출되었다. 명랑성 요인은 L*, a*, C*, 맑다, 가볍다, 부드럽다, 밝다와 정적 상관을, b*, 강하다, 깊다, 딱딱하다와 부적상관을 보였으며, 품위성 요인은 b*, 따뜻하다와 정적 상관을, a*, C*, 가볍다, 강하다와 부적 상관을 보였다. 또한 매력성 요인은 a*, C*, 맑다, 밝다와 정적 상관을 보였으며, 편안성은 b*, h, 따뜻하다와 정적 상관을, a*, C*, 강하다와 부적 상관을 보였다. 한편, 미생물색소로 염색한 소재에 대한 색채감성 평가는 성에 따른 유의한 차이가 없었으나, 선호도는 성에 따른 유의한 차이가 있었다.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.693-702
• /
• 2010

This study was carried out in order to investigate the colorimetric values, the color sensation and sensibility for naturally dyed fabrics with microbial prodiginine colorant and to find out the relationship among color sensation, color sensibility factors and colorimetric properties of them. Color sensation and sensibility of four different fabric stimuli coloring red purple by a microbial prodiginine colorant produced from Zooshikella sp. were subjectively evaluated by university students. The color sensibility for the naturally dyed fabrics was classified into four factors: 'pleasantness', 'gracefulness', 'characteristic' and 'relax'. Color sensibility factor 'pleasantness' was the dominant factor for the naturally dyed fabrics with microbial prodiginine colorant. All color sensibility factors showed a significant correlations with the color sensation and colorimetric properties of the dyed fabrics with prodiginine. There were showed significant relationships between the color sensibility factors and lightness $L^{\ast}$, color saturation $C^{\ast}$, $a^{\ast}$ and $b^{\ast}$. Also, color preference of the dyed fabrics with prodiginine was found to be influenced mainly by color sensibility factors.