• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.259-266
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• 2013

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the workloads of industrial and automobile storage battery industries and their association to biological exposure indices. Background: Occupational lead exposure at battery manufacturing workplace is the most serious problem in safety and health management. Method: We surveyed 145 workers in 3 storage battery industries. Environmental factors(lead in air, temperature, humidity and vibration)), biological exposure indices(lead in blood and zinc protoporphyrin in blood) and individual workload factors(process type, work time, task type, weight handling and restrictive clothing) were measured in each unit workplace. Results/Conclusion: Air lead concentration is statistically significant in associations with workload factors(process type, work time, task type, and restrictive clothing) and environmental factors (humidity and vibration), whereas zinc protoporphyrin in blood are significantly associated with work time and weight handling. And lead in blood is significantly associated with work time, weight handling and temperature. Application: The results of this study are expected to be a fundamental data to job design.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.157-166
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• 2001

Numerous base-metal bearing hydrothermal quartz vein deposits occur in the Hunan province of southern China. The Tangguanpu lead-zinc-tin-silver mine is the major producer among these deposits. Lead-zinc-tin-silver mineralization occurs in a single stage of massive quartz veins which filled fractures in fault zones within Paleozoic metasedimentary rocks. Sphalerite, chalcopyrite, galena, pyrite, arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite are the principal sulphide minerals in the Tangguanpu lead-zinc ores with minor amounts of tin- and antimony-bearing sulphides (stannite, teallite, boulangerite and tetrahedrite). Based on the iron and zinc partitioning between coexisting stannite and sphalerite, the formation temperature for this mineral assemblage range from 300$^{\circ}$ to 330$^{\circ}$C, which relatively agree with the upper part of homogenization temperature of fluid inclusion in quartz (20T-358$^{\circ}$C). Fluid inclusion data show that main lead-zine-tin-silver mineralization occurred from $H_{2}O$-NaCl fluids with relatively low salinities (11.2-7.3 wl.% eg. NaCI) at temperatures between 207$^{\circ}$ and 358$^{\circ}$C. The relationship between homogenization temperature and salinity suggests a history of cooling and dilution followed by initial boiling. Evidence of initial fluid boiling may indicate the fluid trapping pressures of 180 bars. The ${\delta}^{34}S{{\Sigma}S}$ values of -5.0 to 1.1 %, indicate an igneous source of sulfur in the Tangguanpu lead-zinc-tin-silver hydrothermal fluids.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.31-43
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• 1982

Seventy-seven Mugil cephalus of spinal deformation, living in Hanam, Nogsan, and Myeongji area, the downstreams of the Nagdong River, were collected in order to determine their forms and the levels of heavy metal contamination between March and October, 1981. The specimens were examined by X-ray and content of cadmium, lead, copper, and zinc by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The rate of appearance of deformational fish to the total Mugil cephflus were 4.3% (13 fish), 5.7% (17 fish), relatively high in May and June (dry season). Meanwhile during March and October they were low by 1.0% (3 fish), 2.0% (6 fish). As far as the research areas are concerned, they appeared in larger numbers in downstreams than in upper streams Myeongji (39), Nogsan (25), and Hanam (13). 2. Concerning with fractured parts of vertebraes,86 percent (66 out of 77) had their caudal regions fractured and 72 percent (55) their first to seventh caudal regions fractured. 3. The average levels of cadmium, lead, copper, zinc detected from flesh were 0.26ppm, 2.06ppm, 6.35ppm, 0.85ppm on the other hand, they were 0.22ppm, 1.84ppm, 5.03ppm, 0.93ppm in normal fish. 4. The average levels of cadmium, lead, copper, zinc measured in the bones were 0.39ppm, 2.55ppm, 8.97ppm, 2.73ppm. Meanwhile, from normal fish they were 0.33ppm, 2.25ppm, 7.24ppm, 2.42ppm. 5. Compared with regional heavy metal contamination such as cadium, lead, zinc, Myeongji area had higher contamination content than Nogsan area Nogsan area than Hanam area. 6. Compared with heavy metal contamination level in their tissues, cadmium was highly found in bones Lead and copper were highly detected in viscera. Particularly in skeleton cadmium was 560 times, zinc 160 times in proportion to those in the downstreams of the Nagdong River.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.41-53
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• 2013

The study is to propose the optimal separation technique of heavy metals (Pb and Zn) contaminated in soil for improving the removal efficiency by various applicable techniques. The heavy metal contaminated soil samples near abandoned mine X-1 and X-2 were used for the study. Firstly, the wet classification process was shown more than 80% of removal efficiency for lead and zinc. Meanwhile, the magnetic separation process was shown low removal efficiency for lead and zincs because those heavy metals were non-magnetic materials. For the next step, the flotation separation process was shown approximately 24.4% of removal efficiency for zinc, while the gravity concentration process was shown approximately 57% of removal efficiency for lead, and 19.9% of removal efficiency for zinc, respectively. Therefore, zinc contaminated in soil would be effectively treated by the combination technique of the wet classification and the flotation technique. Meanwhile, lead contaminated in soil would be effectively treated by the combination technique of the wet classification process and the flotation process. Furthermore, the extraction of organic matter was shown more effective with aeration, 3% of hydrogen peroxide and 3% of lime such as calcium hydroxide.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.59-64
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• 2000

Heavy metal concentrations in surface sediments, seawater and oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were determined to assess heavy metal contamination in the Jinhae Bay. The ranges of cadmium, cobalt, copper, nickel, lead and zinc concentration in surface sediments were 0.1∼2.4, 12.6∼14.4, 25.3∼ 92.3, 32.4∼ 93.5, 24. 1∼81.2, 124∼477 ㎍/g, respectively. The concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc which were influenced by industrial activity were the highest in the inside of Masan Bay. Dissolved concentrations of cadmium, cobalt, copper, nickel, lead and zinc in seawater were <0.010∼0.043, 0.008∼0.120, 0.31∼0.90, 0.25∼3.10, 0.010∼0.142, 0.27∼9.04 ㎍/L, respectively. The concentrations of cadmium, cobalt, copper, nickel, lead and zinc in seawater were also the highest inside of Masan Bay, suggesting that Masan Bay is the major source of heavy metal input to the Jinhae Bay. Bioconcentration factors (BCF) of zinc, copper, cadmium, lead, cobalt and nickel in C. gigas were 647373, 280861, 145069, 44559, 13524, 2745, respectively, showing C gigas is a stronger accumulator than other bivalves.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.479-484
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• 2007

Bacterial communities at 10 cm, 100 cm, and 200 cm depths in a 100-year-old lead-zinc tailing heap were evaluated by constructing 16S rRNA gene libraries. In total, 98 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified from 193 clones at a 3% sequence difference level. The OTU number and species richness decreased with the depth. Species composition was significantly different between the three libraries. Fifty-seven percent of the examined clones were Acidobacteria and 27% belonged to Proteobacteria. Other sequences included Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, Chlamydiae, Actinobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Nitrospira, and three unclassified OTUs. Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria were mainly distributed in the rhizosphere of naturally colonizing plants; however, Deltaproteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Chloroflexi tended to inhabit the deeper tailings (below the 100 cm-depth).

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.91-99
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• 2015

In this paper, we introduce the application of several currently-representative methods for mineral resources potential assessment on Geographic information system(hereinafter referred to as GIS), and combined with mineral resources potential assessment performed in China and with lead-zinc deposits taken as an example, summarized and divided minerals prediction and assessment models; on this basis, this paper presented the process of metallogenic prognosis based on MRAS platform, and made a simple analysis on existing problems.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 1992

The submerged injection smelting process was performed to recover Zn and Pb from steel dust throuth vaporization and to investigate the effect of temperature, slag composition, injection time, gas flow rate, etc. on the recoveries of valuable metals. The results show that vaporation rates of zinc and lead increased at higher temperture and higher moral ratio of ferrous to ferric oxides. In the initial stage of submerged injection of nitrogen gas, the molten slags of the dust have high value of molar ratio of $Fe^{2+}$/$Fe^{3+}$ and hence zinc and lead can be effectively recovered.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 2007

This study was designed to investigate the difference of airborne lead concentration by type of lead industries and type of lead exposure and to evaluate their association with lead biomarkers of lead workers in 11 lead using industries. Total of 182 lead workers (male: 167, female: 15) from 11 lead industries were participated for this study from March, 2004 to August, 2005. Airborne lead concentration were measured by representative personal sampling of workers in each unit workplace and applied same concentration value to the workers in the same unit workplace who did not measure their airborne lead with personal air sampling. Tibia lead, blood lead, zinc protoporphyrin in whole blood, ${\delta}$-aminolevulinic acid in urine, hemoglobin and hematocrit were selected as study variables of indices of lead exposure. Information about type of lead exposure (fume or non-fume other), age, work duration, smoking & drinking habit were also collected. Significant differences were seen in the means of zinc protoporphyrin, blood lead and tibia lead in lead workers by different airborne lead concentration in workplace. While blood lead and tibia lead in lead workers were significantly higher in secondary smelting than other types of lead industries, zinc protoporphyrin, ${\delta}$-aminolevulinic acid in urine and airborne lead concentration were significantly higher in litharge manufacturing. While the mean blood lead was significantly higher in the lead workers working in fume type unit workplace than those of non-fume lead workers, the mean airborne lead concentration of fume workers was significantly lower than non-fume lead workers. In the multiple regression analysis of airborne lead concentration and the type of lead exposure on tibia lead and lead exposure indices after adjustment of related covariates, airborne lead concentration was statistically significantly associated with blood lead and tibia lead, but the type of lead exposure was only associated with blood lead. To verify the causal association of airborne lead concentration on blood lead and tibia lead, further studies are needed.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.709-718
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• 1996

This experiment was carried out to clarify the effect of lead poisoning on the lead and essential trace elements homeostasis of tissues in rats. Fifty female Wistar rats, 7 weeks old, were divided into four experimental groups(B, C, D, and E) and a control(A). The four experimental groups received diets contaminated artificially with 10 (B group), 100 (C group), 1,000 (D group) and 5,000 (E group) ${\mu}g/g$ of lead as lead acetate, respectively. The control group received normal diet. Rats were necropsied on the 4th or 8th week of experimental periods and heart, liver, spleen, kidney, muscle, lung and hair were taken. The tissues were analysed for lead, copper, zinc, iron and calcium content by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. From these experiments following results ware obtained ; In C group, lead content of the heart, liver, kidney and hair were significantly increased both on the 4th and 8th week of experiment. In D and E group, lead content of all tissues including heart, liver, spleen, kidney, muscle, hair and lung were significantly increased in accordance with the lead contamination both on the 4th and 8th week of experiment. In C group, copper content of tissues were significantly increased in the heart, liver, kidney and lung on the 4th week and all tissues on the 8th week of experimental periods. In D and E group, copper content of the liver were significantly increased both on the 4th and 8th week of experiment. But the copper content of tissues were gradually decreased compared with C group in accordance with the lead contamination. Especially the content in spleen, heart or kidney were significantly decreased compared with the control group. The zinc content of kidney, heart, or spleen were decreased in D and E groups whereas the iron and calcium content showed no significant change.