• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.77-81
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• 2007

Objective : In a variety of thoracolumbar diseases, corpectomy followed by interbody bone graft and anterior instrumentation has allowed direct neural decompression and reconstruction of the weight-bearing column by short segments fusion. In this study, we compared spinal stability of the two different anterior thoracolumbar instruments : Z-plate and Kaneda device representing plate and two-rods type, respectively. Methods : A retrospective review was performed for all the patients with thoracolumbar diseases or traumas treated with anterior corpectomy, autologous iliac bone graft, and fixation with instruments from 1996 to 2000. For the anterior instrumentation, Z-plate or Kaneda device was used for 24 [M:F=5:9, average age=37] and 12 [M:F=9:3, average age=41] patients, respectively. The plain AP and lateral flexion-extension films were taken immediately after surgery and at each follow-up. The sagittal and coronal Cobb's angles at the operation segments were used to observe the change of initial fixation status. The surgical time length and bleeding amount of the two groups were compared. Intra-operative and post-operative instrument associated complications were evaluated. Student t-test was used for statistical analysis and p-value less than 0.05 was considered to be significant. Results : Mean follow-up durations for Z-plate and Kaneda device were 24 and 21 months, respectively. The fusion rate was 91% for Z-plate and 100% for Kaneda device. Two cases of Z-plate group showed instrumentation failure during the follow up period, in which additional surgery was necessary. The mean differences of sagittal Cobb's angles among the AP images immediate after surgery and at follow-up were 7 and 2 degrees for Z-plate and Kaneda device, respectively [p<0.05]. The mean differences of coronal Cobb's angles were 5 and 2 degrees for Z-plate and Kaneda device, respectively [p<0.05]. No Intra-operative complication has occurred in both groups. There was no difference in surgery time and bleeding amount between two groups. Conclusion : We think that Kaneda device [rod type] is stronger than Z-plate [plate type] to keep the spinal stability after anterior thoracolumbar surgery.

• Special Issue of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• 2017.10a
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• pp.8-13
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• 2017

The rolled carbon steel plate has anisotropic property in Z-direction(thickness direction). This is induced by cooling rate difference of Z-direction and sulfur which make non-metallic inclusion(MnS) at center line of thickness direction. Z-directional mechanical properties of normal steel plate are not generally specified and it is defined for Z-Quality steel only through tensile test in Z-direction. If Z-quality steel is not applied for cruciform joint, the lamella tearing will be occurred by tensile stress after welding & during operation of the structure. In this research, one equation estimating Z-directional(orthogonal to plate) stress was developed to prevent lamella tearing by welding. This equation deals with plate thickness & joint configuration(eccentricity, angle and curvature). Analyses were done by strain boundary method using sectional FE modeling and FE 3D models are also used for some cases. Designers can predict the possibility of lamella tearing by adequately applying the result and can appropriately minimize the application of Z-quality steel by revising welding design to some extent.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.293-303
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• 2020

The present work aims to analyzed the transient thermoelastic stress analysis of a thin circular plate with uniform internal heat generation. Initially, the plate is characterized by a parabolic temperature distribution along the z-direction given by T = T₀(r, z) and perfectly insulated at the ends z = 0 and z = h. For times t > 0, the surface r = a is subjected to convection heat transfer with convection coefficient h_c and fluid temperature T_∞. The integral transform method used to obtain the analytical solution for temperature, displacement, and thermal stresses. The associated thermoelastic field is analyzed by making use of the temperature and thermoelastic displacement potential function. Numerical results are carried out with the help of computational software PTC Mathcad Prime-3.1 and shown in figures.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.668-676
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• 2003

The effect of nozzle height on heat transfer of a hot steel plate cooled by an impinging liquid jet is not well understood. Previous studies have been based on the dimensionless parameter z/d. To test the validity of this dimensionless parameter and to investigate gravitational effects on the jet, stagnation velocity of an impinging liquid jet were measured and the cooling experiments of a hot steel plate were conducted for z/d from 6.7 to 75, and an inverse heat conduction method is applied for the quantitative comparison. Also, the critical instability point of a liquid jet was examined over a range of flow rates. The experimental velocity data for the liquid jet were well correlated with the dimensionless number 1/F $r_{z}$$^2$based on distance. It was thought that the z/d parameter was not valid for heat transfer to an impinging liquid jet under gravitational forces. In the cooling experiments, heat transfer was independent of z when 1/F $r_{z}$$^2$< 0.187(z/d = 6.7). However, it was found that the heat transfer quantity for 1/F $r_{z}$$^2$=0.523(z/d = 70) is larger 11% than that in the region for 1/F $r_{z}$$^2$=0.187. The discrepancy between these results and previous research is likely due to the instability of liquid jet.uid jet.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.503-508
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• 2010

$Eu^{2+}$-doped $\beta$-SiAlONs ($Si_{6-z}Al_zO_zN_{8-z}:Eu_y$) are recognized as promising phosphor materials to build an white LED for lighting application due to its excellent absorption/emission efficiency in the long wave length region. In this research, the fabrication of $\beta$-SiAlON:Eu plate phosphor by sintering was investigated with fixed Eu content(y) and varied composition of the host lattice(z). The addition of the activator $Eu_2O_3$ lead to enhanced densification by forming the transient liquid phase. The refinement of a composition by the calculated lattice parameter indicated that the measured composition of the fabricated specimens is nearly same to that of designed one. The single phase $\beta$-SiAlON:Eu plate with relative density of 96.4% was achieved by addition of 2 wt% CaO, which implies the possibility of full densification by adjusting the processing variables.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.61 no.7
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• pp.226-230
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• 2018

Purpose: This pilot study assessed changes in the growth plate and growth rates in children during a 6-month period. Methods: The study included 31 healthy children (17 boys, 14 girls) under evaluation for growth retardation. Height, weight, bone age, insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and insulin like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGF-BP3) were measured at baseline and after 6 months. In addition, the diameter, thickness, and volume of the femoral and tibial growth plates were measured using magnetic resonance imaging. Results: The mean bone age in boys and girls was 11.7 and 10.7 years, respectively. In boys, height (z score) (-0.2 vs. 0.0), weight (z score) (0.8 vs. 1.1), body mass index (BMI) (z score) (1.27 vs. 1.5), IGF-1 (ng/mL) (343.6 vs. 501.8), and IGF-BP3 (ng/mL) (5,088.5 vs. 5,620.0) were significantly higher after 6 months. In girls, height (z score) (-1.0 vs. -0.7), weight (z score) (-0.5 vs. 0.1), BMI (z score) (-0.02 vs. 0.3), IGF-1 (ng/mL) (329.3 vs. 524.6), and IGF-BP3 (ng/mL) (4,644.4 vs. 5,593.6) were also significantly higher after 6 months. In both sexes, the mean diameter and volume of the femoral and tibial growth plates were significantly increased 6 months later. Conclusion: No significant correlation was found between changes in the growth plate and clinical parameters in children with growth retardation in this study, other than correlations of change in femoral diameter with weight and BMI. A larger, long-term study is needed to precisely evaluate the correlation between change in the growth plate and growth.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.07a
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• pp.598-601
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• 2005

Z-correction is new method to be used when measuring pattern registration of photomasks. The method is based on measurement of the plate profile in the Zaxis and takes into account the impact on the registration deviations caused by plate support, contamination as well as the photomask flatness itself. Z-correction further facilitates a more neutral way of judging the overlay properties between individual photomasks within a mask set.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.763-771
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• 2000

Objectives : Thoracolumbar burst fractures(TBLF) result in not only compressive deformity of vertebral body but also spinal cord compression by bony fragments. Many thoracolumbar burst fractures demand both anterior decompression and intervertebral fusion. Most of spinal surgeons use anterior instrumentation for anteior intervertebral bony fusion. The use of Z-plate has been increased recently, however there has been only a few reports regarding its clinical long-term strength. We studied nineteen patients with TBLF to find out the long-term stability of Z-plate. Methods : We have operated 19 patients from March 1996 to August 1998. They were treated with anterior decompression through either a transthoracic, retroperitoneal extrapleural or retroperitoneal approach. Retropulsed bony fragments were removed completely by corpectomy. Iliac bone graft was used for interbody fusion in all of the cases. They were evaluated by plain X-ray films including flexion and extention lateral films. Cobbs angle was used to evaluate kyphotic and lateral wedging deformity. Results : Burst fractured sites were T11 in two, three T12, nine L1, and five L2. Mean follow-up duration was fifteen months. Preoperative average kyphotic angle was 23.7 degree. Immediate postoperative kyphotic angle was 10.2 degree. Follow-up resluts of average kyphotic angles revealed 14 degrees. Four patients(21%), including two spinal 3-column injury, showed increasement of kyphotic angle more than 5 degree or breakage of intrumentation. Two patients showed the difference of kyphotic angle more than 3 degree. Five patients(26%) revealed lateral wedging deformity more than 3 degrees. Postoperative complications were two meralgia parestheticas, one pulmonary atelectasis and two donor site infections. Four of the eight patients, who initially showed incomplete spinal cord deficits, were nerologically improved by Frankel's grade. Conclusion : Z-plate fixation and iliac bone graft after anterior decompression in thoracolumbar burst fractures is a safe and easy method. Immediate postoperative results revealed excellent correction of posttraumatic kyphosis, but long-term follow-up evalution showed insufficient strength. Therefore we believe that use of Z-plate should be carefully decided, especially in the case of large lumbar fracture or 3-column injury.

• Interaction and multiscale mechanics
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.177-187
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• 2009

Machine or structural members subjected to fatigue loading will have a crack initiated during early part of their life. Therefore analysis of members with cracks and other discontinuities is very important. Finite element method has enjoyed widespread use in engineering, but it is not convenient for crack problems as the region very close to crack tip is to be discretized with very fine mesh. However, as the body force method (BFM), requires only the boundary of the discontinuity (crack or hole) to be discretized it is easy versatile technique to analyze such problems. In the present work fundamental solution for concentrated load x + iy acting in the semi-infinite plate at an arbitrary point $z_0=x_0+iy_0$ is considered. These fundamental solutions are in complex form ${\phi}(z)$ and ${\psi}(z)$ (England 1971). These potentials are known as Melan potentials (Ramakrishna 1994). A crack in the semi-infinite plate as shown in Fig. 1 is considered. This crack is divided into number of divisions. By applying pair of body forces on a division, the resultant forces on the remaining 'N'divisions are to be found for which ${\phi}_1(z)$ and ${\psi}_1(z)$ are derived. Body force method is applied to calculate stress intensity factor for crack in semi-infinite plate. Also for the case of crack emanating from circular hole in semi-infinite plate radial stress, hoop stress and shear stress are calculated around the hole and crack. Convergent results are obtained by body force method. These results are compared with FEM results.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.619-637
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• 2005

The objective of this research was to determine the Vlasov soil parameters for quadratically varying elasticity modulus $E_s$(z) of the compressible soil continuum and discuss the interaction affect between two close plates. Interaction problem carried on for uniformly distributed load carrying plates. Plate region was simulated by Kirchhoff plate theory based (mixed or displacement type) 2D elements and the foundation continuum was simulated by displacement type 2D elements. At the contact region, plate and foundation elements were geometrically coupled with each other. In this study the necessary formulas for the Vlasov parameters were derived when Young's modulus of the soil continuum was varying as a quadratic function of z-coordinate through the depth of the foundation. In the examples, first the elements and the iterative FE algorithm was verified and later the results of quadratic variation of $E_s$(z) were compared with the previous examples in order to discuss the general behavior. As a final example two plates close to each other resting on elastic foundation were handled to see their interaction influences on the Vlasov foundation parameters. Original examples were solved using both mixed and displacement type plate elements in order to confirm the results.