• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.192-199
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• 2006

Pseudomonas putida KL47 is a natural isolate that assimilates benzene, 1-alkylbenzene $(C_1-C_4)$, biphenyl, p-cumate, and p-cymene. The genetic background of strain KL47 underlying the broad range of growth substrates was examined. It was found that the cym and cmt operons are constitutively expressed due to a lack of the cymR gene, and the tod operon is still inducible by toluene and biphenyl. The entire array of gene clusters responsible for the catabolism of toluene and p-cymene/p-cumate has been cloned in a cosmid vector, pLAFR3, and were named pEK6 and pEK27, respectively. The two inserts overlap one another and the nucleotide sequence (42,505 bp) comprising the cym, cmt, and tod operons and its flanking genes in KL47 are almost identical (>99 %) to those of P. putida F1. In the cloned DNA fragment, two genes with unknown functions, labeled cymZ and cmtR, were newly identified and show high sequence homology to dienelactone hydrolase and CymR proteins, respectively. The cmtR gene was identified in the place of the cmtI gene of previous annotation. Western blot analysis showed that, in strains F1 and KL47, the todT gene is not expressed during growth on Luria Bertani medium. In minimal basal salt medium, expression of the todT gene is inducible by toluene, but not by biphenyl in strain F1; however, it is constantly expressed in strain KL47, indicating that high levels of expression of the todST genes with one amino acid substitution in TodS might provide strain KL47 with a means of adaptation of the tod catabolic operon to various aromatic hydrocarbons.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.174-186
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• 2005

Objectives : The water extract of Samul-tang (SMT) has traditionally been used for treatment of ischemic heart and brain damage in oriental medicine. However, little is known about the mechanism by which the water extract of SMT rescues cells from these damages. Methods: This study was designed to investigate the protective mechanisms of SMT on oxidative stress-induced toxicity in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells. Treatment with $H_2O_2$ markedly induced death of H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells in a dose-dependent manner. Results: The characteristics of H20z-induced death of H9c2 showed apparent apoptotic features such as DNA fragmentation and morphological change. However, SMT significantly reduced both H202-induced cell death and morphological change. The decrease of Bc-2 expression by High were inhibited by SMT. In addition, the increase of Bax expression was also inhibited by SMT. The cotreatment of SMT and $H_2O_2$ in H9c2 cells also induced the phosphorylation of ERK in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, PD98059, a specific inhibitor of ERK1/2 attenuated the protective effects of SMT on $H_2O_2-induced$ toxicity in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells. These results suggest that both ERK1/2 signaling pathways play important roles in the protective effects of SMT on $H_2O_2-induced$ apoptotic death of H9c2 cells. Also, the expression profile of proteins in $H_2O_2$ cardiomyoblast cells were screened by using two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis. Among 300 spots resolved in 2-D gels, the comparison of control versus apoptosis cells revealed that signal intensity of 17 spots increased and 11 spots decreased. Conclusions: Taken together, this study suggests that the protectiw effects of the water extract of SMT against oxidative damages may be mediated by the modulation of Bc1-2 and Bax expression via the regulation of the ERK signaling pathway.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.335-340
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• 1997

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques allow the enumeration of chromosome abnormalities and from a great potential for many clinical applications. In order to produce quantitative and reproducible results, expensive tools such as a cooled CCD camera and a computer software are required. We have developed a Chromosome Image Processing System (Chips) using FISH that allows the detection and mapping of the genetic aberrations. The aim of our study, therefore, is to evaluate the capabilities of our original system using a black-and-white video camera. As a model system, three repetitive DNA probes (D18Z1, DXZ1, and DYZ3) were hybridized to variety different clinical samples such as human metaphase spreads and interphase nuclei obtained from uncultured peripheral blood lymphocytes, uncultured amniocytes, and germ cells. The visualization of the FISH signals was performed using our system for image acquisition and pseudocoloring. FISH images were obtained by combining images from each of probes and DAPI counterstain captured separately. Using our original system, the aberrations of single or multiple chromosomes in a single hybridization experiment using chromosomes and interphase nuclei from a variety of cell types, including lymphocytes, amniocytes, sperm, and biopsied blastomeres, were enabled to evaluate. There were no differences in the image quality in accordance with FISH method, fluorochrome types, or different clinical samples. Always bright signals were detected using our system. Our system also yielded constant results. Our Chips would permit a level of performance of FISH analysis on metaphase chromosomes and interphase nuclei with unparalleled capabilities. Thus, it would be useful for clinical purposes.

• 한국동물번식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물번식학회 2003년도 학술발표대회 발표논문초록집
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• pp.46-46
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• 2003

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a homodimeric protein with a wide spectrum of anti-inflammatory and immune activities. It inhibits cytokine production and expression of immune surface molecules in various cell types. The transgenic mice carrying the human IL-10 gene in conjunction with the bovine $\beta$-casein promoter produced the human IL-10 in milk during lactation. Transgenic mice were generated using a standard method as described previously. To screen transgenic mice, PCR was carried out using chromosomal DNA extracted from tail or toe tissues with a primer set. In this study, stability of germ line transmission and expression of IL-10 gene integrated into host chromosome were monitored up to generation F15 of a transgenic line. When female mouse of generation F9 was crossbred with normal male, generation F9 to F15 mice showed similar transmission rates (66.0$\pm$20.13%, 61.5$\pm$16.66%, 41.1$\pm$8.40%, 40.7$\pm$20.34%, 61.3$\pm$10.75%, 49.2$\pm$18.82%, and 43.8$\pm$25.91%, respectively), implying that the IL-10 gene can be transmitted stably up to long term generation in the transgenic mice. For ELISA analysis, IL-10 expression levels were determined with an hIL-10 ELISA and a mIL-10 ELISA kit in accordance with the supplier's protocol. Expression levels of human IL-10 from milk of generation F9 to F13 mice were 3.6$\pm$1.20 mg/ml, 4.2$\pm$0.93 mg/ml, 5.7$\pm$1.46 mg/ml, 6.3$\pm$3.46 mg/ml, and 6.8$\pm$4.52 mg/ml, respectively. These expression levels are higher than in generation F1 (1.6 mg/ml) mice. We concluded that transgenic mice faithfully passed the transgene on their progeny and successively secreted target proteins into their milk through several generations, although there was a little fluctuation in the transmission frequency and expression level between the generations.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.546-554
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• 2006

식용 및 약용으로 이용되는 산초 (Zanthoxylum schinifolium) 잎에 함유된 항암활성 성분을 분리하기 위하여 산초잎을 유기용매로 추출하여, 각 추출물의 암세포에 대한 독성 및 세포자살 유도 활성을 조사하였다. Methanol, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, n-butanol로 추출한 각 추출물의 세포 독성을 인체 급성백혈병 Jurkat T 세포주, estrogen receptor-positive 유방암 세포주 MDA 361과 estrogen receptor-negative 세포주 MDA 438를 대상으로 조사한 결과, 이들 암세포주에 대한 세포독성이 methylene chloride 추출물 (SL-14)에서 주로 확인되었다. Methylene chloride 추출물 (SL-14)의 Jurkat T세포주에 대한 세포독성의 기전은 mitochondria로부터cytochrome c 방출, 이에 뒤이은 caspase-9 및 caspase-3의 활성화, PARP 분해, jnternucleosomal DNAfragmentation등의 일련의 생화학적 과정을 통해 유도되며 또한 Bcl-xL의 ectopic overexpression에 의해서는 negative regulation되는 세포자살임을 확인하였다. 또한 SL-14를 GC-MS 분석하여, 9,19-cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol (15.1%), 2-a-methyl-17, b-hop-21-ene (15.1%), 15-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H benzazepin (11.95%), phytol (10.38%), lupeol (9.92%), 12-methylbenzofuran (8.23%) 등을 포함한 22가지의 구성성분과 그 조성비를 확인하였다. 이상의 연구결과들은 식용 산초잎에 함유된 항암 활성으로서의 세포자살유도 활성의 규명과 이해에 유익하게 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.99-104
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• 2005

유전자 lacZYA가 aces 유전자의 프로모터 하단에 연계된 $(P_{aceB}-lacZYA)$ 리포터 플라스미드를 함유하는 Escherichia coli를 이용하여 glyoxylate bypass를 매개하는 유전자중하나인 aceB의 발현을 조절하는 것으로 여겨지는 Corynebacterium glutamicum클론들을 색판독에 의해 분리하였다. 이 중 한 개의 클론을 선택하여 분석할 결과 이 클론을 함유한 E. coli는 리포터 플라스미드에서 발현되는 $\beta-galactosidase$의 활성 이 약 $40\%$ 감소하였고 이는 클론에서 발현되는 단백질이 aceB프로로터에 작용함에 기인한 것으로 판단되었다. 서열분석결과 ORF1과 ORF2의 두 개의 인접한 ORF가 발견되었고 이중 ORF2가 reporter plasmid의 $\beta-galactosidase$의 활성 감소에 직접적으로 기여함을 알 수 있었다. ORF1은 206아미노산으로 구성된 23,218 Dalton의 단백질을 발현하는 것으로 여겨졌고, 유사성 분석결과 ECF-type에 해당되는 RNA polymerase의 sigma factor를 암호화하는 것으로 보여 sigH로 명명하였다. 유전자 sigH의 기능을 밝히기 위해 gene disruption technique을 이용하여 sigH 유전자가 기능을 하지 못하는 돌연변이 균을 제작하였으며 이 균주는 야생형에 비해 성장속도가 저하됨을 관찰하였다. 또한 변이균은 oxidative stress를유발하는 pumbagin둥에 대해서도 민감성을 나타내었다. 이들 결과는, 유사성 분석결과에서도 볼 수 있듯이 sigH유전자가 세포성장과정 중 처하게 되는 각종 stress중 특히 oxidative stress에 대한 대응과 관련되어 발현될 수 있음을 암시한다.상관관계는 공간적인 범위가 10$\times$10km 이하인 경우에 높게 나타났다. 하지만 공간범위가 그 이상이 될 경우에는 그 내부에서 나타나는 다양성으로 인해 통계적인 상관성이 현격하게 낮아지는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 지역 및 국가 단위의 환경변화모델에서 모델의 공간적인 구성범위가 일정한 수준을 넘으면, 그 내부에서 발생하고 있는 다양성이 급격하게 증가하여 지표피복변화의 원인과 결과를 정확하게 파악하기 힘들게 된다는 것을 의미한다. 10$\times$10km의 공간적인 범위는 농업생산이 위주가 되는 사바나 지역에서는 주로 개별 마을이 차지하고 있는 공간적인 범위와 대체적으로 일치한다. 따라서 사바나 지역에서 나타나는 지표피복변화의 다양성을 고려하면서 보다 정확하게 모형화하기 위해서는 마을단위에서 나타나는 지표피복변화과정이 최소의 모델단위가 되어야 함을 시사한다. 아니라 다른 방법으로 영향을 미치고 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다., 계절별로는 여름철에 강수가 집중됨으로서 습성강하물 침착량이 총량적으로 증가하였으며, 그 값은 $SO_4^{2-}\;2.118g/m^2/season,\;NO_3^-\;1.509g/m^2/season,\;Cl^-\;2.185g/m^2/season,\;NH_4\;^+\;1.096g/m^2/season$로. 나타났다. 계절별 잎의 평균 pH의 변화는 봄 pH $5.9\pm0.5$, 여름 pH $5.5\pm0.4$, 가을 pH $5.1\pm0.3$을 나타내었고, 엽중 수용성 황함량의 계절별 평균값은 봄 $0.012\pm0.004\%$, 여름 $0.012\pm0.002\%$, 가을 $0.020\pm0.007\%$ 수준을 보이고 있다. 수피 내 함유되어

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.375-395
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• 2006

Purpose: Lingual nerve (LN) damage may be caused by either tumor resection or injury such as wisdom tooth extraction, Although autologous nerve graft is sometimes used to repair the damaged nerve, it has the disadvantage of necessity of another operation for nerve harvesting. Moreover, the results of nerve grafting is not satisfactory. The nerve growth factor (NGF) is well-known to play a critical role in peripheral nerve regeneration and its local delivery to the injured nerve has been continuously tried to enhance nerve regeneration. However, its application has limitations like repeated administration due to short half life of 30 minutes and an in vivo delivery model must allow for direct and local delivery. The aim of this study was to construct a well-functioning $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus for the ultimate development of improved method to promote peripheral nerve regeneration with enhanced and extended secretion of hNGF from the injured nerve by injecting $rhNGF-{\beta}$ gene directly into crush-injured LN in rat model. Materials and Methods: $hNGF-{\beta}$ gene was prepared from fetal brain cDNA library and cloned into E1/E3 deleted adenoviral vector which contains green fluorescence protein (GFP) gene as a reporter. After large scale production and purification of $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus, transfection efficiency and its expression at various cells (primary cultured Schwann cells, HEK293 cells, Schwann cell lines, NIH3T3 and CRH cells) were evaluated by fluorescent microscopy, RT-PCR, ELISA, immunocytochemistry. Furthermore, the function of rhNGF-beta, which was secreted from various cells infected with $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus, was evaluated using neuritogenesis of PC-12 cells. For in vivo evaluation of efficacy of $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus, the LNs of 8-week old rats were exposed and crush-injured with a small hemostat for 10 seconds. After the injury, $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus($2{\mu}l,\;1.5{\times}10^{11}pfu$) or saline was administered into the crushed site in the experimental (n=24) and the control group (n=24), respectively. Sham operation of another group of rats (n=9) was performed without administration of either saline or adenovirus. The taste recovery and the change of fungiform papilla were studied at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. Each of the 6 animals was tested with different solutions (0.1M NaCl, 0.1M sucrose, 0.01M QHCl, or 0.01M HCl) by two-bottle test paradigm and the number of papilla was counted using SEM picture of tongue dorsum. LN was explored at the same interval as taste study and evaluated electro-physiologically (peak voltage and nerve conduction velocity) and histomorphometrically (axon count, myelin thickness). Results: The recombinant adenovirus vector carrying $rhNGF-{\beta}$ was constructed and confirmed by restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA sequence analysis. GFP expression was observed in 90% of $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected cells compared with uninfected cells. Total mRNA isolated from $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected cells showed strong RT-PCR band, however uninfected or LacZ recombinant adenovirus infected cells did not. NGF quantification by ELISA showed a maximal release of $18865.4{\pm}310.9pg/ml$ NGF at the 4th day and stably continued till 14 days by $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected Schwann cells. PC-12 cells exposed to media with $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected Schwann cell revealed at the same level of neurite-extension as the commercial NGF did. $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus injected experimental groups in comparison to the control group exhibited different taste preference ratio. Salty, sweet and sour taste preference ratio were significantly different after 2 weeks from the beginning of the experiment, which were similar to the sham group, but not to the control group.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.1447-1451
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• 2007

해양생물 유래 항암활성을 가지는 천연물의 탐색과정에서 해면동물에서 유래된 PTX-2는 p53 결손 암세포에서 세포독성 효과가 높은 것으로 보고된 바 있다. 본 연구에서는 인체 간암세포 모델을 이용하여 PTX-2의 효능을 조사한 결과는 p53 결손 Hep3B 세포에서 p53 정상 HepG2에 비하여 항암활성이 매우 높았으며, 이는 apoptosis 유발과 연관성이 있음을 확인하였다. PTX-2에 의한 Hep3B 세포의 apoptosis 유발은 DFF family의 발현 변화, pro-apoptotic Bax 및 Bcl-xS 단백질의 발현 증가, caspases (-3, -8 및 -9)의 활성화 등이 관여함을 알 수 있었다. PTX-2는 또한 Hep3B 세포에서 AKT 및 ERK1/2의 활성화를 유도하였으며, caspase-3, AKT 및 ERK1/2의 특이적 저해제에 의하여 PTX-2에 의한 세포증식 억제 효능이 유의적으로 감소되었다. 본 연구는 PTX-2에 의한 Hep3B 세포에서의 apoptosis 유도에 AKT 및 ERK1/2 신호 전달 경로가 중요한 역할을 하고 있음을 보여주는 결과이다.