• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.243-250
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• 2020

Two meridic diets, N4 and N6, containing pinto bean, wheat germ, soybean, whole milk and sucrose as main nutrients were developed for rearing Spodoptera frugiperda (Noctuidae) larvae. Six larval instars were observed when neonate larvae were individually raised on these diets in small petri-dishes (ø 50 × 10 mm, 19.6 ㎤) at 25℃ and 15:9 h (light:dark) photoperiod. The average pupation rate of 97.8% on the N4 diet was significantly higher than the rate of 85.6% on N6 diet. The emergence rates were 92.0% on N4 diet and 93.5% on N6 diet, with a non-significant difference. The larval periods were 17.9 and 17.7 days for females, and 18.7 and 18.5 days for males, for N4 and N6 diets, respectively, with non-significant differences between diets and sexes. The pupal periods on both diets were identical (11.1 days for females and 12.8 days for males), despite differences between sexes. The pupal weights of both sexes on N4 diet were identical with a value of 257 mg, whereas those on N6 diet were 256 and 263 mg for females and males, respectively, with a non-significant difference. The longevity of female adults that emerged on N6 diet was 13.8 days and longer than 8.6 days on N4 diet. The pre-oviposition periods were 5.0 and 4.2 days on the N4 and N6 diets, respectively, with a non-significant difference, however, the oviposition period of 6.5 days on N6 diet was longer than the period of 3.9 days on N4 diet. The effective fecundity on N6 diet was 1,392 eggs (maximum 1,776) and was higher than that of 942 eggs (maximum 1,694) on N4 diet, with a non-significant difference. The egg hatching rates on N4 and N6 diets were 79.2 and 79.8%, and egg periods were 3.0 and 2.9 days, respectively, with non-significant differences.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.90-101
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• 2000

The study attempts to examine the degree of cognition and demand on health promotion center of oriental nursing. It puts unique nursing intervention using traditional health promotion connected with oriental medicine to practical use for residents' health promotion and prevention of disease. With the study design of cross-sectional descriptive study, 516 residents who live in 26 Dongs, Dongdaemoon-gu were selected. The tool of study consists of 30 questions which the study team made for the degree of cognition and demand on health promotion center of oriental nursing. Cronbach's $\alpha$ in the degree of cognition was .8028. Collection of research data had been done from October 1 to October 30, 1999 with help of Dongdaemoon-gu office after pretest from 20 residents. Collected data were analyzed into the number and percentage in the characteristic of a subject and connected with demand on the establishment of center, the mean and the standard deviation in the degree of cognition and F-tests in the difference of the degree of cognition by characteristics. The results were as follow; 1) The characteristic of subject of this study was male 50.6%, and average age was 38.5 years old and 30-39 years old occupied the highest percentage with 31.6%. The married were 71.8%, over high school graduates was 85.6%, monthly income from 500 thousand won to 2 million won was 86.1%. 50.8% was the type living with parents, children and sibling. 2) When they were sick, the institution which residents used at first was a pharmacy(69.2%) and hospital(27.5%), but oriental medicine hospital was just 1.4%. As for subjective health condition, 82.5% answered over average, and 28.7% answered that they had chronic illness such as arthritis, chronic digestion problem, hypertension and so on. As for information collection on health, mass communication(34.9%) and medically concerned people(28.1%) occupied relatively high rate. Free health diagnosis system(36.8%) and establishment of health promotion center(31.5%) among welfare programs that residents want to enjoy were high ranked. The rate using a special institution for health was 17.8%, and among these institutions, the rate using aerobic exercises, health center(7.0%) and steamed room(5.4%) was high. Besides, other institutions such as breathing at the abdomen, finger-pressure therapy, meridian massage, foot massage, and so on were being used. 3) As the average of the degree of cognition on health promotion center of oriental medicine was 2.92, the degree of cognition was medium. The description, "health promotion center of oriental medicine is necessary for health keeping of healthy people, including people who have a problem in health" showed the highest degree of cognition(3.04, ${\pm}0.64$). 4) As for the intention on using health promotion center of oriental nursing, 61.4% said "yes", "no" was just 1.4%. The services that people relatively high wanted to be served from the center were measures reducing stress(68.0%) (relaxation therapy, meditation, breathing at the abdomen and so on), acupuncture(66.5%), finger-pressure(61.6%), moxibustion(57.6%), meridian massage(44.2%), postpartum care(40.3%) and so on. 5) As for the degree of cognition on the establishment of health promotion center of oriental nursing by characteristics of subject, there was significant difference(F=4.03, p=.046) between male(3.01) and female(2.91). But there was no significant difference by age, marital status, level of educational achievement and monthly income. As the above result, cognition on the establishment of health promotion center of oriental nursing was relatively low because people were not familiar with about the health promotion center of oriental nursing yet. However once the center will be established, the degree of demand on the center will be relatively high. So positive advertisement will be necessary, and the management of useful programs will be also required in order to make people recognize the advantage when they actually will use the center. On the other hand, as the subject of the study consists of many young people of below 30, the health problem came to be low. And in the case of sampling, the study using random sampling that can represent population will be required.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.30 no.4 s.81
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• pp.413-421
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of pregnancy on the experimental tooth movement and alveolar bone turnover process of Sprague-Dawley female rat. Sixty rats were divided into pregnant-tooth movement group(P-Tm), normal-tooth movement group(N-Tm) and normal group(N). Maxillary first molar appliances were inserted bilaterally and activated to 40grams. To measure the amount of tooth movement, x-ray was taken 2 times after appliance insertion and before sacrifice. Animals were sacrificed at 1,3,7,14 days(N=5). Just after sacrifice, alveolar bones were collected and frozen immediately for biochemical analysis. Tooth movement was assessed cephalometrically and tartrate-resistant acid(TRAP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were measured in extracts of paradental alveolar bone. The results were as follows: 1. The amount of tooth movement in P-Tm group was greater than that of N-Tm group(p<0.01). 2. Alveolar bone ALP of normal tooth movement group was not significantly different from the control, TRAP was significantly different from the control(p<0.01). In normal tooth movement group, alveolar bone ALP was increased gradually and peak(day 7) fell off significantly at day 14(p<0.05). The Peak of alveolar bone TRAP(day 7) fell off slightly, sustained day 14(p<0.01). 3. Alveolar bone ALP and TRAP of pregnant tooth movement group were not significantly different from that of normal tooth movement group. In pregnant tooth movement group, alveolar bone ALP was increased at day 3(p<0.01) and fell off significantly at day 7-14, alveolar bone TRAP were increased at day 3 and sustained day 14. 4. The peak of alveolar bone phosphatases in pregnant tooth movement group(day3) preceded the peak in normal tooth movement group(day7) (p<0.01). According to the above results, we suggested that bone resorption activity was increased in alveolar bone of pregnant rat, and the degree of tooth movement in pregnancy may be greater than that of normal group because of high bone turnover of alveolar bone in pregnant rat.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.237-243
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• 1994

This work was conducted to study sex differentiation in the black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegeli (Bleeker), using a histological method for the appearance of primordial germ cell, formation of primitive gonads, differentiation of female and male from newly hatched larva to the ovotestis stage of fish. The 3~4 primordial germ cells of $6.8{\sim}7.2\;{\mu}m$ in size, which were buried under fibrous mesenchymal tissue between gut duct and notochord of pre-larva with a total length (T.L.) of 2.4 mm at 3 days after hatching. The proto-gonial cells were located in the epithelium of the coelom attached with pigment cells of juvenile with 6.4 mm in T.L. at 21 days after hatching. In juvenile of 20.8 mm in T.L. at 59 days after hatching, the proto-gonial cells were migrated to the retro-peritoneum through the lineshaped primitive gonad composed of fibrous mesenchymal tissue. In juvenile of 7.8 em in T.L. at 186 days after hatching, the mitotic division of proto-gonial cell appeared in the lineshaped primitive gonad having many eosinophilic granule cells and abundant fibrous connective tissue. In juvenile of 9.5 em in T.L. at 254 days after hatching, the gonad was occupied by abundant fibrous connective tissue, bundles of spermatocyte and spermatid. In juvenile of 10.5 cm in T.L. at 13 months after hatching, the gonad was divided into cortical layer and medullary layer. The former was composed of bundles of a few spermatocytes and proto-gonial cells, the latter was filled with the fibrous mesenchymal tissue and a few proto-gonial cells. In juvenile of 14.7 em in T.L. at 16 months after hatching, the gonad was separated into ovarian part and testicular part by the fibrous connective tissue. The ovarian part is consisted of ovarian cavity and oocytes of perinucleolus stage. The testicular part was occupied by spermatogonia in the cyst.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.75-88
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• 2005

Objectives: This survey was intended to provide basic data which can be available as a baseline in the set up of dietary guidelines for assuring community-based self-support of the rural elderly, through investigation of the relationship of the various dietary consumptions with their ADL and IADL. Methods: The study subjects, 439 rural residents(male: 196, female:243) aged over 65 in Kumsan Kun and Chongyang Kun, Chungchongnamdo Province were interviewed, in June of 2004, about their sociodemographic characteristics, daily life styles, the variety of dietary consumption, ADL and IADL with the following major findings: Results: In terms of the scores' distribution to show variety of food consumption among all subjects, 68.3% got 1~3 points, 23.2% 4~6 points, and 8.4% 7~10 points with a decreasing proportion of subjects in higher points. In terms of their functional status, normal-range groups showed 93.2% of ADL and 72.9% of IADL whereas, impaired ADL group 6.8% of ADL and 27.1% of IADL, respectively. Concerning the relation of ADL and IADL with the variety of their consumed food, the greater scores for food variety was associated with the significantly higher proportion of normal ADL group and the lower proportion of impaired ADL group. Multiple logistic regression analysis with ADL and IADL as dependent variables, and food variety scores as explanatory variables, the relative risk of impaired-ADL group was 0.84 in the food variety group of 4~6 points, 0.63 in 7~10 points with no statistical significance. The relative risk of impaired- IADL group was 0.52(p<0.01) in the food variety group of 4~6 points, 0.41(p<0.05) in 7~10 points with statistical significance. Conclusions: These study results suggest that the lower dietary variety, the lower functional capacity of daily living, and the variety of dietary is associated with the functional capacity of daily living in rural elderly.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.223-235
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• 2004

Objectives: This study was to evaluate the actual condition of falls among community-dwelling elderly people and its related factors to prepare for the establishment of comprehensive prevention programs of senior population. Methods: The study subjects included 460 home residents over 65 years in a district of Chungnam Province and interviews were given to all of them, asking about experiences of falls and their related factors. The analysis of study results came to the following conclusions. Results: The rate of falls among total subjects was 35.5%. With the percentage by age and sex, over 70's and female were significantly higher than male(p=0.000) and under 69 (p=0.008). The groups with poor visual acuity and hearing ability had higher rate of falls than the normal groups based on their health status. In terms of place they experienced falls, out-door occurrence accounted for 53.4% of total falls, which was higher 46.6% of in-door. By season when falls are experienced, "winter" showed the greatest rate, and by time of the day, evening had the highest rate. By causes of falls, "Slippery ground"accounted for 30.5% and "Tumbled over" 23.5% of total falls, respectively, showing the major role of environmental causes for falls. For individual factors, "Irritability" and "Carelessness" occupied 11.3%, 10.8% of total falls, respectively. The Odds Ratios for falls in women was 2.19 times higher than in men, and those in 70's are 2.01 times higher than in 60's, and those with abnormal BMI was 3.68 times higher than in normal groups, and those with perceived symptoms was 1.94 times higher than those without. Conclusions: It is suggested that more consideration should be directed toward taking comprehensive and systematic prevention measures ranging from setting-up the injury-protective environments to allowing senior citizens to have competence in ADL activity as well as proper general health conditions, considering the higher rate of falls for elderly persons in a rural part of this country than that of western countries and the greater proportion of falls which can be ascribed to environmental factors.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2013

Objectives: This study is to investigate the prevalence and related factors of metabolic syndrome among Korean adults aged 20 years and above. Methods: From the database of the $5^{th}$ Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V) conducted in 2010, data of 5,670 adults who responded to all the questionnaires of health interview and had metabolic syndrome in the health examination were included in this analysis. SAS 9.2 was used for statistical analysis with complex sample survey modules and commands. Results: The prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome based on the criteria proposed by International Diabetes Federation (IDF) was 18.8%. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in each group was: 20.7% of women, 43.1% among elderly over 70 years old, 40.6% of the divorced or the separated, 27.6% of recipients of economic support from the government, 23.6% of people who had alcohol dependency problem, and 43.7% of overweight or obese adults. Independent risk factors based on the multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that prevalence of metabolic syndrome was associated with female (odds ratio 1.59 [95% confidence interval 1.20-2.11]), age (50s 3.95 [2.11-7.37], 60s 5.62 [2.98-10.61], 70s 10.56 [5.25-21.25]), high school education (0.52 [0.37-0.74]), clerk occupation (2.14 [1.27-3.60]), divorced marital status (1.72 [1.15-2.59]), alcohol dependency (1.86 [1.16-2.98]), higher BMI (14.08 [10.60-18.70]). Conclusions: The metabolic syndrome is prevalent among Korean adult population according to IDF criteria. Several demographic characteristics and potentially modifiable factors are associated with metabolic syndrome. Identification of this high-risk group and management of these modifiable factors are warranted to reduce the prevalence of metabolic syndrome.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.138-146
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• 1996

Background : Known as a kind of complication or a specific form of pulmonary tuberculosis, endobronchial tuberculosis caused several kinds of problems in diagnosis and managements. But the frequency of this disease are is widely variable, generally reported from as low as 10 - 20 % to as high as 40 - 50 %. We prospectively performed bronchoscopy in patients diagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis to evaluate the frequency of endobronchial tuberculosis and its related findings. Method : From March, 1995 to February, 1996, we prospectively performed bronchoscopy in patients newly diagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis and evaluated the frequency of endobronchial tuberculosis, its clinical features and laboratory findings including raiologic, microbiologic and physiologic aspects. Results : Number of patients diagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis was 103 and 55 patients(53.4%) were found to have endobronchial tuberculosis. But the frequency were 43.8% in male and 76.7% in female, respectively. Frequently noted symptoms were nonspecific including cough, sputum, fever, weight loss in the order of frequency but cough was more frequent than in pulmonary tuberculosis. Physical examination showed rale, decreased breathing sound and wheezing and wheezing was more frequent than in pulmonary tuberculosis. All 7 subtypes were noted bronchoscopically and edema-hyperemia (stenotic without fibrosis) type was most frequently(32.7%) noted, and followed by chronic nonspecific bronchitis type, stenotic with fibrosis type and actively caseating type in the order of frequency. The relationship between subtypes of endobronchial tuberculosis and radiologic findings was insignificant. Right lung was involved more frequently than left lung and left upper lobe was most commonly involved site, and followed by right upper lobe and trachea. Acid-fast bacilli(AFB) positivity in sputum and / or bronchial washing fluid was 73% and suggested high risk of infectivity. Conclusion : The frequency of endobronchial tuberculosis in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis was higher than known and also suggested bronchoscopic examination to detect endobronchial involvement should be recommanded and careful management is also needed to prevent complications.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.397-403
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• 1998

Background: Little information is available concerning the value of bronchoscopy in patients with a lymphocytic exudative pleural effusion in which percutaneous pleural biopsy have been regarded as cornerstone in investigating the etiology. Recently, a few reports suggest that bronchoscopy may be more effective diagnostic method in patients with unexplained pleural effusion accompanied by hemoptysis or other roentgenographic abnormalities, such as mass, infiltrate, atelectasis. Method: Mter initial examinations of sputum and pleural fluid through thoracentesis in 112 patients(male 75 cases, female 37 cases, mean age 53.2 years) who were admitted for evaluation of the cause of pleural effusion, we performed bronchoscopy and closed pleural biology in most patients with undiagnosed lymphocytic exudate and compared the diagnostic yield of both invasive methods according to hemoptysis or other roentgenographic abnormalities, and investigated the sole diagnostic contribution of bronchoscopy. Results: Tuberculosis(57 cases, 51%) was the most common cause of pleural effusion. Percutaneous pleural biopsy showed more diagnostic yield than bronchoscopy regardless of presence or absence of other clinical or radiologic abnormalities. In 25 cases with unknown etiology after pleural biopsy, additional diagnostic yield by bronchoscopy was 36 % (4/11) in patients with associated features and only 7 % (1/14) with lone effusion, and, as the sole mean for diagnsosis in all patients with pleural effusion, was only 4.5%(5/12). Conclusion : In a region of high prevalence of tuberculosis as a cause of pleural effusion, percutaneous pleural biospy is more effective method when invasive method is required for confirmative diagnosis of unexplained lymphocytic exudative pleural effusion, and bronchoscopy is unlikely to aid in the diagnosis of lone pleural effusion.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.267-279
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• 2003

Background : The purpose of this study was to analyze the smoking habits in patients with lung cancer and identify any difference of prevalence according to histologic types of lung cancer. Methods : The data were calculated by total amounts of tar and nicotine inhaled during the whole lifetime according to variation of smoking habit. This study was to investigated any difference of prevalence in lung cancer according to smoking habits. The subjects comprised 150 lung cancer cases and 300 hospital control cases that were matched by age and sex. Smoking habits during the whole lifetime were surveyed by standardized questionnaire. Odds ratios were estimated by unconditional logistic regression analysis. Results : There were 104 male and 34 female lung cancer cases. By histologic type, there were 53 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, 67 of adenocarcinoma and 30 of small cell lung carcinoma. The differences between lung cancer cases and controls according to smoking habits were total duration of smoking, total pack years of smoking and number of cigarettes smoked per day during the previous two years. The odds ratio were higher in Kreyberg I, but not in Kreyberg II, for the longer duration of smoking, the greater total pack years of cigarettes consumed, the more cigarettes smoked per day during the previous two years, the longer duration on non-filter smoking, the earlier life cases who began to smoke, and the higher amounts of calculated total tar and nicotine inhaled over the whole lifetime. When we added grade of inhalation to calculation of amounts of tar and nicotine inhaled over the lifetime, the odds ratios of total inhalation amounts of tar and nicotine were as high as those the without them. Conclusions : This study reconfirmed that smoking habits were strongly associated with lung cancer and that there were different associations between smoking habits and histologic types of lung cancer. In particular, calculations of total tar and nicotine amounts inhaled over the whole lifetime were calculated for the first time in trials from lung cancer epidemiologic studies.