• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.369-389
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• 2013

The main purposes of this study were to analyze the moderating effect of parenting knowledge in the relationship between socio-demographic factors and parenting style. This study was conducted with the data from 'Panel Study Korean Children(2009).' Among the original data, a sample of 1,637 mothers with infants ranged from 13 to 18 months old was selected. The results of this study were as follows. First, there were significant differences in child's birth-order, mother's education level, and monthly family income. Second, there was a statistically significant difference in the parenting style of mothers in their parenting knowledge. That is, the mother with a high score in parenting knowledge reported more positive parenting style. Lastly, the interaction effects between socio-demographic variables and parenting knowledge on parenting style were statistically significant only with the variables such as child's birth-order and mother's education level. The mothers who cared for their first child and got a high score in parenting knowledge showed the most desirable parenting style, and the mothers whose educational level was under high school graduation and parenting knowledge score was low reported the lowest score in parenting style. These results suggest parenting knowledge should be subject-specifically provided as the differences in socio-demographic variables.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.115-126
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• 2018

A new urban paradigm that moves from a vehicle-centric to pedestrian-centric culture should be considered to improve the quality of the pedestrian environments for women, children, senior citizens, and disabled persons as well as to promote community unification by providing general movement rights to everyone. This study was implemented to provide decent alternatives to improve street spaces. The street spaces around the Commercial and Residential Area No.1 located in the Administrative-Centered City, Sejong Special Autonomic City, were selected to analyze and define the status of the walkways and the street spaces. Satellite imagery and numerical maps were used to collect geographic data. Practical and actual surveys for the selected sites were performed to analyze the street status and the pedestrian status. Based on the all collected data, analysis results, and literature reviews, the questionnaire was made, and 315 inquiries qualified for analysis. The physical status of all four study sites was the highest level, Grade A, and green open spaces were relatively sufficient. As a result, the factors obtained from the factor analysis have an impact on the satisfaction of the pedestrian streets in the commercial area. The factors are as followed Design > Convenience > Roadside trees and rest areas > Safety > Safety protective facilities > Transportation and information facilities > Continuity > Basic state of road surfaces > Comfortability, and in the residential area: Transportation and information facilities > Basic state of road surfaces > Comfort > Convenience > Continuity > Design > Illumination and crime prevention facilities > Safety > Roadside trees and rest areas.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.8
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• pp.215-224
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to analyze the cases of verbal interactions occurring during the mathematics lessons taught in middle school special classes in order to examine the elements and types of verbal interactions that occur between the teachers and students. Data were collected and analyzed for the sessions on geometric units that formed part of the mathematics lessons routinely implemented in the special classes. The analysis showed that the teachers initiated 237 (84.1%) of the 291 instances of verbal linguistic interactions. A total of 240 teachers' questions were analyzed, and questions in the area of knowledge occurred the most frequently, at 160 times (66.7%). A total of 617 student responses were analyzed, and short answers occurred the most frequently, at 367 times (59.5%). Teacher feedback occurred 581 times in total, and correct/incorrect (simple) feedback occurred the most frequently, at 234 times (40.3%). A total of 237 verbal interactions were observed between the teachers and children, and the I (RF) type (one teacher question, one student response, and one instance of teacher feedback) occurred most frequently, at 83 times (35.0%).

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.17
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• pp.83-95
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• 2009

As an exploratory research on China's animation, this study aims to enhance an understanding of the trends and characteristics of China's animation through examining its history and to forecast its future development trajectory. From its founding to recent period, China tried to maintain Communist political system through imbuing national identity to its people through management and supervision of media products under direct government's leadership in combination with ideological education. Such policy was also implemented in animation, major audience of which is children. With regard to the introduction of the policy and its influence, five historical phases could be identified as follows. During the first phase, from the founding of the Republic until the Cultural Revolution, national culture was introduced to China's animation. The second phase, which corresponds with the Cultural Revolution period, marks the decline of national culture. National culture was reemphasized during the third phase that follows the Cultural Revolution, which led to the nomination of the 'China school,' followed by the fourth phase, during which China's animation suffered the second decline due to the spread of TVs and foreign animation imports. Reintroduction of national culture on China's animation in the context of rapid industrialization process before and after 2000 characterizes the recent phase. It can be expected that although there could be some change in methods and forms, China's animation, which introduced national culture from its inception and maintained remarkable resilience following the period of decline, will continuously stress the its own national cultural identity.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.338-364
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to investigate current trends and future directions of research in the area of gifted education through the analysis of published manuscripts on giftedness and gifted education between $2000{\sim}2006$. About 521 articles among 35 journals and 49 dissertations listed in the Korea Education and Research Information Service, including the journal of gifted/talented education and the journal of giftedness and gifted education, were mainly analyzed in the present study. The articles were examined by topics, domains, ages, and research methods both yearly and synthetically. The most widely researched topic was curriculum and program issues in gifted education, and the topic related to factors and development of giftedness was the second. Most studies have continuously focused on the mathematically and scientifically gifted students, and studies on gifted students in the areas of art, language, and other domains were scant. Issues on underachieving gifted students and underachievement were researched actively in 2005. More research has utilized elementary students as samples rather than middle or high school students. Young children under 7 have attracted much attention by researchers after 2004. Related to research methods, literature review was the most widely used, survey was the second, and experimental and correlational studies were the next. Implications related to results were discussed in depth.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.771-775
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• 2015

In order to determine the status of Enterobius vermicularis infection among schoolchildren in suburban areas of Myanmar, 761 primary schoolchildren in 3 different townships around Yangon City were subjected to a survey using cello-tape anal swabs. The subjected schoolchildren were 383 boys and 378 girls who were 5-7 years of age. Only 1 anal swab was obtained from each child. The overall egg positive rate of E. vermicularis was 47.2% (359 positives), and sex difference was not remarkable (48.6% in boys and 45.8% in girls). However, the positive rate was the highest in South Dagon (54.6%) followed by Hlaing Thayar (43.8%) and North Dagon (34.8%). This difference was highly correlated with the living standards of the people in each township. Nucleotide sequence of the 5S rDNA from the eggs on the cello-tape (2 children) revealed 99.7% identity with that of E. vermicularis reported in GenBank. The results indicated that E. vermicularis infection is highly prevalent among primary schoolchildren around Yangon, Myanmar.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.53-67
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• 2004

This simulation study investigated the characteristics of normal gait, $30^{\circ}$ crouch gait, $30^{\circ}$ crouch/equinus gait, $45^{\circ}$ crouch gait, $45^{\circ}$ crouch/equinus gait. The knee flexion angles were restricted using a specially designed orthosis. This study was carried out in a motion analysis laboratory of the National Rehabilitation Center. Fifteen healthy male subjects were recruited for the study. The purposes of this study were (1) to compare spatiotemporal parameters, kinematics, and kinetic variables in the sagittal plane among the different gait, (2) to investigate the secondary compensatory strategy, and (3) to suggest biomechanical physical therapy treatment methods. The pattern and magnitude observed in each condition were similar to those of normal gait, except the peak knee extension moment of the unrestricted ankle motion-crouch gait. However, the speed of the $45^{\circ}$ crouch gait was half that of a normal gait. The ankle joint moment in the crouch/equinus gait showed the double-bump pattern commonly observed in children with spastic cerebral palsy, and there was no significant difference in gait speed as compared with normal gait. The peak ankle plantar-flexor moment and ankle power generated during the terminal stance in the crouch/equinus conditions were reduced as compared with normal and $45^{\circ}$ crouch gaits (p<.05). The crouch/equinus gait at the ankle joint was an effective compensatory mechanism. Since ankle plantarflexion contracture can be exacerbated secondary to the ankle compensatory strategy in the crouch/equinus gait, it is necessary to increase the range of ankle dorsiflexion and the strength of plantarflexion simultaneously to decrease the abnormal biomechanical advantages of the ankle joint.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.129-156
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between depression and ego identity of middle-aged women and to identify the variables that show differences in the depression and ego identity of middle-aged women. The subjects in the study were 321 mothers of high school students whose age were 40-59 years old. The instruments for this study were Beck Depression Inventory(BDI) developed Beck(1978) and translated by Lee(1981) and Ego identity Scale developed Suh(1975) and modified by Nam(1975). The reliability values of BDI range from 0.83 to 0.87 and Ego identity range from 0.81 to 0.85 using Cronbach alpha. The data were analysed by using the SAS program and included Frequency, percentage Pearson Correlation MANOVA, t-test, ANOVA. The conclusion obtained from this study were as follows ; 1) There was a negative correlation(r=-0.21, p=0.0002) between depression and ego identity of middle-aged women. Thus the lower depression the higher ego identity for middle-aged women. 2) According to the analysis of interacting effects of depression and ego identity, there were significant differences in the household income(F=0.38, p=0.0035), level of education (F=6.50, p=0.0001), satisfaction of marriage(F=10.45, p=0.0001), family pattern (F=6.18, p=0.0001), menopausal status(F=7.23, p=0.0001), present disease(F=4.85, p=0.0110) and health status(F=9.00, p=0.0001). 3) There were significant differences on the level of education(F=12.98, p=0.0001) household income(F=5.78, p=0.0007), support of spouse(F=8.58, p=0.0002), satisfaction of marriage(F=20.08, p=0.0001), menopausal status(F=11.32, p=0.0001), present disease(t=2.76, p=0.0062) and health status(F=17.23, p=0.0001) of the depression of middle-aged women. 4) There were significant differences on the patterns of household(t=-2.64, p=0.0086), support spouse(F=3.58, p=0.0291), satisfaction of marriage(F=3.90, p=0.0212), menopausal status(F=4.59, p=0.0108) and disease(t=2.11, p=0.0359) of the ego identity of middle-aged women. On the basis of the above findings the following recommendations are made ; 1) According to results of this study, middle-aged women's depression is correlated with ego identity. Thus when the nurse plans the preventive strategy of middle-aged women's depression, the nurse must be considered with level of ego identity. 2) To study for middle-aged women in depth, further research is need to study regard to middle-aged men and their children.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.67-74
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors contributing to internet addiction in 4th, 5th, and 6th graders from low income families. Methods: Participants for this study were 201 4th, 5th, and 6th graders from low income families living in Taegu. Data were collected from March, 2 to May, 29, 2013 using self-report structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS/Win 20.0 programme. Results: Among the students, 78.6% were regular users, 14.4% were potential users, and 7.0% were high-risk users. The factors influencing internet addiction, in order of importance, were; conversation with family, followed by depression. Conclusion: These results suggest that efforts should make to monitor use of internet by elementary school children from low income families, and preventive strategies should be developed taking into consideration factors that influence internet addiction.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.349-354
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the newly-developed $Qraypen^{TM}$ (All In One Bio, Korea) system for the diagnosis of early proximal caries by comparing it with the conventional methods of visual inspection and periapical radiography. This study was carried out from July 2015 to April 2016 targeting 32 children aged 7~12 years who visited Y-Dental Clinic for school oral health examinations. Two investigators selected and examined a total of 153 primary molars that had not undergone restorative treatment. Comparisons were carried out between visual inspections, readings of posterior periapical radiography images, and readings of $Qraypen^{TM}$ images. This study revealed that the percentage of interproximal surfaces of primary molar teeth without caries incidence was 83.7% using $Qraypen^{TM}$ imaging and 84.9% using visual inspection and periapical radiography. The differences between the two methods were not statistically significant. Thus, $Qraypen^{TM}$ is expected to be a useful and convenient auxiliary diagnostic device that can facilitate the detection of hidden proximal caries in primary molars.