• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.255-270
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that influence the consumption of convenience foods among Korean adolescents. Methods: This study had a descriptive cross-sectional study. Data were obtained from the 15th (2019) Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey, which involved a nationwide representative sample of 57,303 middle- and high-school students. Convenience-food consumption was defined by frequency of adolescents consuming convenience foods obtained from convenience stores, supermarkets, and cafeterias over the previous 7 days. The analyzed variables were related to sociodemographic, mental health, and health behavior. The Rao-Scott χ² test was applied to examine the difference in the rate of consuming convenience foods obtained from convenience stores according to each factor. Hierarchical logistic regression was conducted to examine the factors that influence convenience-food consumption among Korean adolescents. Results: It was found that 29.1% of Korean adolescents consumed convenience foods obtained from convenience store more than three times per week. The significant influencing factors were female sex; low subjective academic achievement, and subjective household economic status; high perceived stress; low subjective sleep sufficiency; experience of depression; suicidal ideation; lower physical activity; skipping breakfast; lower consumptions of fruit, milk, and vegetables; higher consumptions of soda drinks, sweet drinks, caffeine, and fast food; lower water intake; current smoking and drinking; drug use; and experience of violence. Conclusion: These findings provide a better understanding of the sociodemographic, mental-health, and health-behavior factors that influence the consumption of convenience foods among Korean adolescents. We suggest that differentiated policies, strategies, and nutrition education need to be developed and implemented, in order to address the above-mentioned factors and thereby reduce such behaviors among Korean adolescents.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.161-166
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• 2011

The metacercariae of Clinostomum complanatum (Rudolphi, 1814) were isolated in the whole body muscle of wild freshwater fish, spotted barbel gudgeon (Squalidus multimaculatus Rosoya et Jeon) from the local river in Yeongdeok, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. The infected fish with bumpy body surface by "yellow grub" showed erratic swimming behavior and some fish were died. The isolated excysted metacercariae were tongue shaped and 2.85~5.89 mm ${\times}$ 0.8~1.99 mm in size. 1~98 metacercariae were isolated in individual fish and mean infection intensity was 25. All examined adult spotted barbel gudgeon sizing 7 cm in body length were infected. This is the first report of disease outbreak and mortality caused by C. complanatum infection in wild freshwater fish in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2014

This study estimates geomorphological processes of fluvial terraces by uplifts and bedrock features, by the analyses of topography, distribution, formation age and incision rate of fluvial terraces using Gwang-cheon River in Uljin, Namdae-cheon River in Pyeonghae and Osip-cheon River in Yeongdeok located in the southern Taebaek Mountain Range. The tectonic and climatic terraces I in the upper reaches of Gwang-cheon River with an altitude from riverbed of 9~12m indicate the formation age of MIS 2 with a incision rate of 0.40m/ka. However, the tectonic and climatic terraces I in the upper reaches of Osip-cheon River with an altitude from riverbed of 7~10m show the formation age of MIS 3 with an incision rate of 0.10m/ka. These results suggest that the uplift rate in the Gwang-cheon River basin is likely to be higher than that in the Osip-cheon River basin. Unlike the lower reaches of Osip-cheon River, the thalassostatic terraces are not found in the lower reaches of Gwang-cheon River, because the basin has low maintainable ability of landforms in river valley due to high uplift rate and bedrock properties resistant to weathering and erosion. On the other hand, the lowest tectonic and climatic terraces in the study areas indicate different formative ages and the terraces during the cooling stage in interglacial as well as during interstadial are also found. Therefore, this study suggests that chronological method for fluvial terrace by the previous developmental model of climatic terrace should be reconsidered.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.3 s.107
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• pp.153-161
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• 2002

This study was carried out to classify forest vegetation of the Mt. Naeyeon with phytosociological analysis of ZM school and to explain ordination of communities with CCA. The research sites were located between the northern part of Pohang-si area and the southern part of Yeongdeok-gun area. The 70 plots consisted of 253 species were investigated. The forest vegetation was classified into Quercus mongolica community, Q. variabilis community, Pinus densiflora community, Carpinus laxiflora community and Zelkova serrata community. Q. mongolica community was divided into 2 groups such as Rhododendron schlippenbachii group and Euonymus oxyphyllus group and Q. variabilis community was divided into 3 groups such as Syneilesis palmata group, Lespedeza$\times$tomentilia group and Tilia mandshurica group, and Z. serrata community was divided into 2 groups such as Carpinus cordata group and Diospyros lotus group. According to the results of CCA ordination, Q. mongolica community showed high positive correlation to altitude and topography, whereas it showed negative correlation to bare rock. But Z. serrata community showed the opposite tendency to Q. mongolica community, Altitude was considered as the most important factor among 5 environmental variables in the correlation with axes.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.10-19
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• 2011

In order to predict the risk of anthracnose on hot pepper in the future, the projected climate data from SRES A1B scenario in South Korea were used with the modified anthracnose model to calculate Infection Risk (IR), which was to estimate the number of fungicide sprays. Based on daily temperature and precipitation, the anthracnose model resulted in an empirical relationship that IR = (Daily temperature - $16^{\circ}C$) ${\times}$ 0.07 + (Daily precipitation ${\times}$ 0.11). For 135 locations in South Korea, the total number of fungicide sprays needed from 2011 to 2100 was 12,150, indicating a complicated change with an overall increase in anthracnose development in all locations until 2100. In particular, radical changes in anthracnose development were predicted at Yeongdeok, Yeongyang, and Uiseong, whereas gradual changes were predicted at Heongsung, Hamyang and Taean. The eastern counties of Gyeongbuk Province, which ar the major plantation area in these days, would be the place with the highest disease pressure in the future. In addition, the years of 2058, 61, 78 and 2096 will be most severe, requiring 8-11 times of fungicide spraying. The GIS maps show that the mountain areas of Jeonbuk and Chungbuk Province would have the least disease pressure of anthracnose in the future.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.239-248
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• 2016

The habitat, age and spawning characteristics of the Korean eastern spined loach, Iksookimia yongdokensis, were investigated to obtain baseline data for its ecological characteristics in the Chuksancheon (stream), Yeongdeok-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. The difference between the habitats of juveniles (0+) and 1~4 year old loaches was that juveniles mainly inhabited sandy bottoms (substratum particle size $0.6{\pm}1.44\;cm$) with very slow velocities of water current ($2.4{\pm}2.09\;cm/sec$) and low depths ($29.2{\pm}7.57\;cm$), whereas 1~4 year old loaches inhabited pebble and cobble bottoms (substratum particle size 5.5~6.1 cm) with relatively fast velocities of water current (3.8~4.6 cm/sec) and deep depths (50~70 cm). The age groups for I. yongdokensis (female) estimated by the frequency distribution of total length in the spawning season (July) indicated that the 35~64 mm is 1-year old, the 65~94 mm group is 2-year old, the 95~119 mm is 3-year old, and the 120~145 mm is more than 4-year old. The sex ratio (♂/♀) was 0.69, and females were 10~30 mm larger than males. The lamina circularis at the base of the pectoral fins in males, a secondary sexual characteristic, formed at the 13th month after hatching. The spawning season according to the gonadosomatic index (GSI) was June to July with water temperatures of $20{\sim}25^{\circ}C$. The average number of eggs was $2,292{\pm}618$, with a diameter of $1.46{\pm}0.02\;mm$ for mature eggs.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.4
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• pp.479-486
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• 2010

We analyzed the relationships between the daily yield and quality of pine-mushroom to predict the annual production pattern and unit price of the mushroom with the records of pine-mushroom trade at Yeongdeok forestry cooperative's market for nine years (2000~2008). Although there were some exceptions due to extreme drought or extraordinary temperature, the production ratio of high quality (first and second grade) was more than 50% in early stage and decreased, while that of low quality (pileus opened and defected ones) showed increasing pattern after the production reached in peak. The ratio of high quality and that of low quality were reversed 1~9 days before the mushroom production reached the acme of daily yield, which allowed us to predict that the mushroom production would be decreased when the ratio of low quality overcomes that of high quality. The ratio of high quality preceded about 3~4 days prior to that of daily yield, and the mushroom yield showed significant correlations with the ratio of high quality mushroom prior to 3~4 days of the day with the coefficient larger than 0.5 (r=0.51 for 3 days and r=0.54 for 4 days). Thus, we concluded that the analysis of grade distribution of pine-mushroom at the market may provide a significant clue to predict production pattern of the mushroom. In addition, the price of high quality pine-mushroom showed clear negative correlations with the yield. Thus, the analysis may take a good role for the trading of pine-mushroom with providing information for predicting the price of pine-mushroom.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.91-98
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• 2014

This paper aims to calculate the increase in groundwater quantity following groundwater dam construction, and to assess its impact on surface water. In the study area of Osib-cheon, Yeongdeok, we estimated groundwater quantity, groundwater level, and effective porosity, and examined surface water fluctuations with respect to the increased groundwater quantity based on the flow duration. The results reveal that the increased groundwater quantity was at most $91,746m^3$ in the total drainage basin of the groundwater dam, and the reduced groundwater quantity was at most $11,259m^3$ in the lower zone of the groundwater dam. Therefore, the total groundwater resources secured was $80,487m^3$ and the decrease in groundwater quantity was just 12.27% of the amount of increase. There were changes in discharge rate by up to $3.00{\times}10^{-2}m^3/s$, as deduced from an analysis offlow duration as a result of groundwater dam construction. The overall difference between before and after construction of the dam was almost insignificant compared with the previous dam. The present results indicate that dammed groundwater can serve as an alternative water resource with sufficient quantity.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.299-309
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• 2022

Recently, The sea water temperature around Korean Peninsula is steadily increasing. Water temperature changes not only affect the fishing ecosystem, but also are closely related to military operations in the sea. The purpose of this study is to suggest which model is more suitable for the field of water temperature prediction by attempting short-term water temperature prediction through various prediction models based on deep learning technology. The data used for prediction are water temperature data from the East Sea (Goseong, Yangyang, Gangneung, and Yeongdeok) from 2016 to 2020, which were observed through marine observation by the National Fisheries Research Institute. In addition, we use Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Bidirectional LSTM, and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) techniques that show excellent performance in predicting time series data as models for prediction. While the previous study used only LSTM, in this study, the prediction accuracy of each technique and the performance time were compared by applying various techniques in addition to LSTM. As a result of the study, it was confirmed that Bidirectional LSTM and GRU techniques had the least error between actual and predicted values at all observation points based on 1 hour prediction, and GRU was the fastest in learning time. Through this, it was confirmed that a method using Bidirectional LSTM was required for water temperature prediction to improve accuracy while reducing prediction errors. In areas that require real-time prediction in addition to accuracy, such as anti-submarine operations, it is judged that the method of using the GRU technique will be more appropriate.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2020.06a
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• pp.401-401
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• 2020

최근 전 세계적으로 기후변화로 인한 자연재해가 빈번하게 발생하고 있으며, 우리나라 역시 해마다 가뭄과 홍수 등의 피해가 큰 실정이다. 특히 가뭄으로 인한 피해는 농업분야와 직결되어 있으며, 미래식량과 물안보에 영향을 미친다. 최근에는 국내 물관리일원화 정책에 따른 통합물관리 시행으로 수요관리에 의한 물이용 효율성이 물관리 기본원칙으로 포함되어 있어, 농업용수 분야의 물절약 필요성과 중요성은 더욱 증대되고 있는 실정이다. 농업농촌부문 가뭄대응 종합대책의 일환으로 2016년부터 농업용수 이용자 측면에서 물절약 실천을 유도하기 위한 물절약 교육 모델의 개발과 농업인 대상 시범교육이 실시되고 있으나 일부 지역에만 단발성 사업으로 제한적으로 추진되고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 물절약 교육 및 홍보사업을 보다 체계적이고 광법위하게 적용하여 농업 현장에서의 가시적인 물절약 성과를 도출하기 위한 노력이 요구된다. 이에 대한 일환으로 본 연구에서는 물절약 교육 콘텐트 개발 및 현장 교육에 반영하기 위하여 농업인 대상 물절약 의식과 행동실천 여부에 대해 조사를 실시해 보았다. 포항 및 영덕지역의 한국농어촌공사 관할지구 내 농업용수 이용자 중 수리시설감시원(이하 '수감원') 100여명을 대상으로 설문조사로 파악해 보았다. 설문에 참여한 수감원들은 대부분 65세 이상의 고령으로 농업에 오랜 기간 종사한 경험의 소유자로서 소규모 농업경영이 주를 이루었다. 대부분 농사기간동안 물부족 경험이 있었으며, 모내기 및 벼생육기 강우조건에 따라 물부족을 경험한 것으로 파악되었다. 이로 인해 설문 참여자들의 물절약 필요성에 대해서는 높은 공감대를 나타내었으며, 특히 농업인 대상 물절약 교육의 필요성에 대해서 매우 높은 공감대를 나타내었다. 농업인의 물과다 사용 및 물꼬관리 부실 등 필지단위 물관리 부실에 대해서도 상당히 인정하는 편이었으며, 이러한 농업인의 관행적인 물관리 행태에 대해서 변화를 유도할 수 있는 수리계조직 부활을 통한 농업인 물관리 직접 참여 등의 대안이 필요하다는 의견에 대해서도 긍정적이었다. 또한 농업인 용수이용에 대한 비용 부담에 대해서도 다소 긍정적인 의견도 제시되었다. 본 연구 결과로 농업인의 적극적인 물관리 및 물절약 참여를 이끌어 낼 수 있는 실현가능한 관련 제도 마련의 필요성과 체계적이고 지속적인 물절약 교육 및 홍보 정책 추진의 필요성이 제기된다.