• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.352-357
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• 2006

Results of development and activity of roots by rootstock sort of oriental melon were followed; Grafted seedlings had higher root growth than self-roots seedlings and among grafted seedlings, Shintozoa and Elite rootstocks had higher root growth. Grafted seedlings had more xylem exudate, which connects activity of roots, than self-root seedlings. Development of roots and increase of xylem exudate were better in higher temperature. Marketable yield was higher in grafted seedling and quality of fruit was higher in self-root seedling.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.351-358
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• 2016

Consistent with a previous study on the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (BPH) (Seo et al., 2009), we identified seven distinct EPG waveforms (np, L1, L2, L3, L4-a, L4-b, and L5) in adult female Laodelphax striatellus (SBPH) that fed on rice plants, by using the direct current electrical penetration graph (DC-EPG) system. The shape of waveforms and the pattern of occurrence of each waveform of SBPH were very similar to those of BPH. L3 and L4-a always occurred prior to L4-b. Periodical honeydew excretion was observed in L4-b only. Microsection observation following laser stylectomy revealed that the tips of SBPH stylets severed in L3, L4-a, and L4-b were commonly located in or near the phloem region of rice plants, but were located in the xylem in L5. Plant sap flowed from the stylets severed in L4-b only, and its main carbohydrate component was detected as sucrose by HPLC analysis. These results and the patterns of EPG waveform progress in SBPH suggested that feeding activities on rice plant tissue were relevant to each EPG waveform. L1 and L2 corresponded to the initiation of stylet penetration and stylet movement with salivation on the outside of the vascular bundle. L3 and L4-a were related to feeding activities within the phloem region in preparation for phloem sap ingestion. L4-b was closely associated with phloem sap ingestion, and L5 corresponded to xylem feeding behavior.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.5 no.1 s.8
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• pp.159-169
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• 2002

Objective: It will be examined in this research whether Lacquer poison can be used as an distinguished treatment to cure incurable diseases by considering literature existing and various papers. Method: I studies origin, alias, species, toxicity, effect, treatment, component, medical action and contraindication of Rhus vemiciflua stokes through various kinds literatures. Results: Sap of Rhus vemiciflua stokes that is used for medical purposes, has an effect on anti-tumor, anti-oxidation, hangover cure, and gastritis suppression. Even though urushiol and fIavonoids, the main ingredient of lacquer, has medical cure effects. but urushiol results in a dermatropic allergy. Sincc xylem of a Rhus vemiciflua stokes, however. does not induce the allergy but has medical efficacy, research on this topic is needed.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.271-273
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• 1997

This study was carried out to obtain basic envirinmental information of the native area and growth characteristics at different age of Dendropanax morbifera LEV. In the southern Korea. The Dendropanax morbifera LEV. Was grown naturally at Wando, Cheju(Mt. Halla), Yecheon(Kermoon island),Sinan(Hong isand), Jindo(Mt. Chermchill) and Haenam(Mt. Taeroon), all between 30 to 450m above the sea level. The soil characterisitics of the native area had a pH of 5.3 to 5.4 with 8.4 to 9.8% content of organic matter and 18.2 to 21.3% soil moisture. Flowering starting in the middle of July begun when the trees were 6 years old. Six year old trees are 129 cm in stem height, 34 mm in stem diameter,15.4 in number of leaves with petioles 12.9 cm long. Xylem sap can be obtained from over 10 year old trees that grew well and have over 10 cm stems in diameter.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.329-336
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• 1989

A series of green house experiment was conducted to find but the effect of fertilizer application and inoculation of rhizobium on the changes of amide-N, ureide-N and $NH_4-N$ concentration in stem and root exudates of soybean plant growth. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1. Five strains of indigenous Rhizobium japonicum-nitrogen fixing activity($C_2H_2$-reducing activity) was more than 6.4 to 20.1 nmole/hr/tube-were identified from 37 soil samples in 22 areas of farmers field throughout country. 2. These identified 5 strains of rhizobium were obtained high nitrate reductase but low ammonium and nitrite oxidase activities. Among 5 strains of rhizobium the Rhizobium japonicum RjK-134 was applied for this green house experiment. 3. Dry matter yield was increased by the combination of inoculation of Rhizobium japonicum RjK-134 with no fertilizer and without nitrogen fertilizer application. However, dry matter yield was decreased with application of N and NPK with inoculation of rhizobium. 4. The concentrations of amide-N and ureide-N were increased in xylem sap than that of root exudate and higher concentration was obtained ar 30 days after planting than flowering stage (45 days after planting). 5. The combination of NPK application with inoculation of Rhrizobium japonicum RjK-134 enhanced the increase of amide-N and ureide-N concentration in xylem sap and root exudate. 6. High ammonium-N concentration in xylem sap and root exudate were obtained in combination with without-fertilizer under no inoculation of rhizobium and N and NPK application with inoculation of rhizobium.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.194-204
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• 2016

The pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola, is a very small sap-feeding insect of many commercial pear varieties that could be considered the most serious insect pest of pear. Detailed information on plant penetration activities of the pear psylla is essential to study its feeding behavior used to evaluate resistant traits to chemical control. The application of the electrical penetration graph technique (EPG) could provide a relevant insight into the nature of this resistance. EPG waveforms of C. pyricola were characterized on the basis of amplitude, frequency, voltage level, and electrical origin. Feeding behaviors of C. pyricola were recorded and analyzed by EPG analysis. During EPG monitoring, waveform PA occurred at the start of stylet penetration of pear leaf epidermal cell. Waveform PB followed, in which stylet secreted saliva was observed. Waveforms PC1 and PC2 involved penetrating and sucking behaviors in parenchyma cells and vascular parenchyma, respectively. In addition, waveform PC1 represented salivation into bundle sheath cells and ingestion from parenchyma. Otherwise, behaviors of salivation into phloem and ingestion from phloem produced waveforms PE1 and PE2, respectively. On the other hand, ingestion from xylem tissues showed waveform PG. Among the feeding patterns of C. pyricola described above, phloem feeding patterns occurred most frequently, followed by xylem feeding and parenchyma penetration patterns in descending order.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.4
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• pp.415-423
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• 1995

This study was conducted to analyze the chemical composition, nutritional contents, and saponin in the xylem sap of Acer mono Max. From Feb 25 to Mar 4, 1994, spring sap was collected by making holes with 1.7cm diameter on the trunk of trees in Mt. Baekwoon and Mt. Jiri. Sugars were quantified by HPIC, amino acids by amino acid analyzer, saponins by TLC, HPLC, and $^1H$ & $^{13}C$ NMR. Major component of the sap was sucrose at a concentration range of 0.68 to 2.01%. Following minor components were found: glucose at 0.03-0.11%, and fructose at 0.01-0.03% as sugars, lipid at 0.03%, threonine at 0.152%, lysine at 0.038%, arginine at 0.068% as amino acids, ash at 0.1%, Ca at 175ppm, Fe at 2ppm, P at 19ppm, K at 16ppm, Na at 31ppm as minerals, vitamin $B_1$ at 0.6ppm, vit. $B_2$ at 0.1ppm, and vit. C at 19ppm. A trace of phenolic compounds was found by TLC, while saponin commonly reported in high-quality ginseng roots was not found in maple sap. It is concluded that sap of Acer mono contains a good variety of natural compounds such as sugars, amino acids, Ca, Fe, and vitamins to serve as an excellent source of very natural and health-promoting drink.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.208-217
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• 1993

Feeding behavior fo female brown planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens Stal, was examined with an electrical recording technique using DC amplifier and through anatomical observation of stylet ovement in the rice plat with electrical recordings. There was six feeding patterns, type P, S, SB, O, X and Ph with the brown planthopper. Type P was a probing pattern during searching the proper feeding site. Type S appeared to be associated with the initial penetration and changing direction through the tissues, and from this type type SB pattern could be distinguished by the regularity of the large potential drops seen, and might be associated with penetration of the phloem sheath and/or salivation in the phloem sheath. The type O pattern shows none of the large voltage drops which were believed to occur when cell walls were being broken down and passes through a relatively thin layer of cells into an air space. The very constant waveform of the type X pattern could be seen during ingestion within the xylem bundle sheath area. The Ph pattern always followed an SB pattern and was associated with a marked negative voltage drop. When this pattern was seen, the brown planthopper might be ingested plant sap from phloem sheath area.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.288-298
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• 1992

Since the major important factors limiting plant growth and crop productivity are environmental stresses, of which low temperature is the most serious. It has been well known that many physiological processes are alterant in response to the environmental stress. With regard to the relationship between plant hormones and the regulation of chilling tolerance in rice seedlings, the major physiological roles of plant hormones: abscisic acid, ethylene and polyamines are evaluated and discussed in this paper. Rice seedlings were grown in culture solution to examine the effect of such plant hormones on physiological characters related to chilling tolerance and also to compare the different responses among tested cultivars. Intact seedlings about 14 day-old were chilled at conditions of 5$^{\circ}C$ and 80% relative humidity for various period. Cis-(＋)-ABA content was measured by the indirect ELISA technique. Polyamine content and ethylene production in leaves were determined by means of HPLC and GC respectively. Chilling damage of seedlings was evaluated by electrolyte leakage, TTC viability assay or servival test. Our experiment results described here demonstrated the physiological functions of ABA, ethylene, and polyamines related to the regulation of chilling tolerance in rice seedlings. Levels of cis-(＋)-ABA in leaves or xylem sap of rice seedlings increased rapidly in response to 5$^{\circ}C$ treatment. The tolerant cultivars had significant higher level of endogenous ABA than the sensitive ones. The ($\pm$)-ABA pretreatment for 48 h increased the chilling tolerance of the sensitive indica cultivar. One possible function of abscisic acid is the adjustment of plants to avoid chilling-induced water stress. Accumulation of proline and other compatible solutes is assumed to be another factor in the prevention of chilling injuies by abscisic acid. In addition, the expression of ABA-responsive gene is reported in some plants and may be involving in the acclimation to low temperature. Ethylene and its immediate precusor, 1-amincyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid(ACC) increased significantly after 5$^{\circ}C$ treatment. The activity of ACC synthase which converts S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to ACC enhanced earlier than the increase of ethylene and ACC. Low temperature increased ACC synthase activity, whereas prolonged chilling treatment damaged the conversion of ACC to ethylene. It was shown that application of Ethphon was beneficial to recovering from chilling injury in rice seedlings. However, the physiological functions of chilling-induced ethylene are still unclear. Polyamines are thought to be a potential plant hormone and may be involving in the regulation of chilling response. Results indicated that chilling treatment induced a remarkable increase of polyamines, especially putrescine content in rice seedlings. The relative higher putrescine content was found in chilling-tolerant cultivar and the maximal level of enhanced putrescine in shoot of chilling cultivar(TNG. 67) was about 8 folds of controls at two days after chilling. The accumulation of polyamines may protect membrane structure or buffer ionic imbalance from chilling damage. Stress physiology is a rapidly expanding field. Plant growth regulators that improve tolerance to low temperature may affect stress protein production. The molecular or gene approaches will help us to elucidate the functions of plant hormones related to the regulation of chilling tolerance in plants in the near future.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.159-164
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• 2001

This study were conducted to investigate the influence of chilling on photosynthetic rate, root activity, contents of total sugars and fatty acids of cucumber seedlings grown in a greenhouse. Even though photosynthetic activity of seedlings exposed to $0^{\circ}C$ for 5 hours was little or insignificantly influenced, it was reduced by 52.8% and 67.7% in seedlings exposed to the same temperature for an extended 10 and 24 hours, respectively. Photosynthetic rate decreased significantly when seedlings were illuminated, as compared to continuously held under darkness, during 15 hours of chilling treatment at 3$^{\circ}C$. Recovery of photosynthetic ability was also retarded by illumination during a recovery period after chilling treatment. Root activity, as measured by the oxidation power of $\alpha$-naphtylamine, was significantly reduced by chilling treatment at 0 to 6$^{\circ}C$, but amount of bleeding xylem sap collected at 40 days after chilling treatment was not significantly different among treatments. Total sugar content increased by 12 and 23% as compared to the control in seedlings chilled for 24 hours, respectively, at 3$^{\circ}C$. Contents of unsaturated linolenic and oleic acids increased, while content of saturated palmitic acid decreased with chilling treatment.