• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.196-206
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• 2003

The geochemical and mineralogical investigation on the rocks and repair material comprising of the Sungryemun (The 1st National Treasure) has been made. Rock of the Sungryemun is highly weathered coarse-grained calc-alkali granite. The rock consists mainly of quartz, perthite, plagioclase and biotite with small amounts of orthoclase, muscovite, chlorite and sericite, which are major weathering products from perthite. For obtaining informations about degree of weathering, mineral composition of the original rock calculated by CIPW norm and weathered rock composition determined by XRD quantitative analysis were plotted on a ternary diagram of quartz-potash feldspar-plagioclase. Original rock compositions are plotted on the central granite area. whereas weathered ones are plotted on the granite area close to quartz. The result means that quartz is more abundant in weathered rock, due to selective chemical weathering of potash feldspar and plagioclase over quartz. On the whole, surface of the rocks were black-coated, exfoliated and highly fractured due to the physical and chemical weathering and heavy load has made the cracks in the lower parts of the stone construction. Also, cement and nails, which was used as repair material, during the repair work in the early 1960's, has accelerated the weathering process. Furthermore, weathered conditions of repair materials are very severe. Therefore, it is very urgent to establish of the conservation plan for the Sungryemun.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.10-19
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• 1992

Mn - Zn Ferrite has physical properties of the high initial permeability, saturation magnetic flux density, and low loss factor as a representative magnetic material of soft ferrites, in addition the mechanical property is excellent as a single crystal. Therefore it is important electronic components and used for VTR Head. Mn - Zn Ferrite single crystals with the diameter 8mm were grown in atmosphere mixed with $O_2$ and Ar gas by the Floating Zone(FZ) method that impurities can not be incorporated to the crystals because of not-using the crucible to put in the melt, and the sharp temperature gradient results from making a focus at one point utilizing the infrared ray emitted from the halogen lamp as a heat source. During the crystal growing, the highest temperature of melting area was maintained to be $1650^{\circ}C$, growth rate and rotation rate were 10 mm/hr, 20 rpm respectively. The phases and the growth directions of crystals were determined from the analysis of X RD patterns, Laue, TEM diffraction patterns and etch pit shapes were observed by the optical microscope through the chemical etching. The corelation of optimum conditions for acquiring the better crystals was found out with the growth rate, the length and diameter of melt at the interface according to the diameter of feed rod, and the patterns of growing interface also studied.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.42 no.3 s.274
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• pp.145-149
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• 2005

[ $Eu^{2+}$ ]-activated barium magnesium silicate phosphor, $(Ba,Ca)_{3}MgSi_{2}O_{8}:Eu_{x}$, has been known to emit blue-green light. In this study we report the manufacturing processes for producing either pure green or pure blue light-emitting phosphor from the same composition of $Ba_{2-x}Ca_{2}CaMgSi_{2}O_{8}:Eu_{x}$ (0 < x < 1) by controlling heat treatment conditions. Green light emitting phosphor of $Ba_{1.9}CaMgSi_{2}O_{8}:Eu_{0.1}$ can be produced under the sample preparation condition of highly reducing atmosphere of $23\%\;H_2/77\%\;N_2$, while blue or blue-green light emitting phosphor under reducing atmosphere of $5\~20\%\;H_2\;/\;95\~80\%$ N_2. The green light-emitting phosphors are prepared in two steps: firing at $800\~1000^{\circ}C$ for $2\~5$ h in air then at $1100\~1350^{\circ}C$ for 2-5 h under reducing atmo­sphere $23\%$ $H_2/77\%\;N_2$. The excitation spectrum of the green light-emitting phosphor shows a broadband of $300\~410$ nm. The emission spectrum has a maximum intensity at the wavelength of about 501 nm. The CIE value of green light emission is (0.162, 0.528). The pure blue light-emitting phosphors can be produced using the $Ba{2_x}CaMgSi_{2}O_{8}:Eu_{x}$ by introducing additional firing step at $1150\~1300^{\circ}C$ in air before the final reducing treatment. The XRD analysis shows that the green light-emitting phosphor mainly consisted of $Ba_{1.31}Ca_{0.69}SiO_{4}$ (JCPDS $\#$ 36-1449) and other minor phases i.e., $MgSiO_3$ (JCPDS $\#$ 22-0714) and $Ca_{2}BaMgSi_{2}O_{8}$ (JCPDS $\#$ 31-0128). The blue light-emitting phosphor mainly consisted of $Ca_{2}BaMgSi_{2}O_{8}$ phase.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.121-131
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• 2007

A preparation process's conditions of aqueous sol which contains anatase-type nano titania particles with photocatalyic properties was established by using Yoldas process, so called, DCS(Destabilization of Colloidal Solution) process in this study. And crystal size change and phase transformation of titania particles in aqueous titania sol depending on reaction conditions was investigated by a light scattering method and XRD analysis of frozen dried powders, respectively. This sol with photo catalytic nano titania particles was used to the following hydrophilic hybrid coating film's fabrication and its properties was evaluated. Subsequently, for coating film using the above mentioned aqueous titania sol, non-aqueous titania sol was prepared without any chemical additives and its time stability according to aging time was investigate. By using the above mentioned aqueous titania sol and non-aqueous sol, a complex oxide coating sol for metal and ceramic substrate and a organic-inorganic hybrid coating sol for polymer substrate was prepared and it's hydrophilicity depending on UV irradiation conditions was evaluated. As a conclusions, the following results were obtained. (1)Aqueous titania sol The average particle size of titania in formed aqueous titania sol was distributed between 20$\sim$90nm range depending on reaction conditions. And the crystal phase of titania powders obtained by frozen drying method was changed from amorphous state to anatase and subsequently transformed to rutile crystal phase and it is attributed to concentration gradient in aqueous sol. (2)Non-aqueous titania sol Non-aqueous titania sol was prepared using methanol as a solvent and a little distilled water for hydrolysis and nitric acid as a catalyst were used. The obtained non-aqueous titania sol was stable at room temperature for 20 days. Additionally, non-aqueous titania sol with addition of chealating reagent such as acethylaceton and ethylene glycol prolonged the stability of sol by six months. (3)Complex sol and hybrid sol with super hydrophilicity The above mentioned aqueous titania sol as a main photocataylic component and non-aqueous titania sol as a binder for coating process was used to prepare a complex sol used for metal, ceramic and wood material substrate and also to prepare the organic-inorganic hybrid sol for polymer substrate such as polycarbonate and polyethylene, in which process APMS(3-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane), GPTS(3-Glycidoxypropyl-trimethoxysilane) as a hydrophilic silane compound and HEMA(2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate) as a forming network in hybrid coating film were used. The hybrid coating film such as prepared through this process showed a superhydrophilicity below 1$10^{\circ}$ depending on processing conditions and a pencil's hardness over 6 H.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.307-326
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• 2004

Statement of problem. The long-term success of implants is the development of a stable direct connection between bone and implant surface, which must be structural and functional. To improve a direct implant fixation to the bone, various strategies have been developed focusing on the surface of materials. Among them, altering the surface properties can modify cellular responses such as cell adhesion, cell motility and bone deposition. Purpose. This study was to evaluate the cellular behaviors on the surface-modified titanium by morphological observation, cellular proliferation and differentiation. Material and methods. Specimens were divided into five groups, depending on their surface treatment: electropolishing(EP) anoclizing(AN), machining(MA), blasting with hydroxyapatite particle(RBM) and electrical discharge machining(EDM). Physicochemical properties and microstructures of the specimens were examined and the responses of osteoblast-like cells were investigated. The microtopography of specimens was observed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM). Surface roughness was measured by a three-dimensional roughness measuring system. The microstructure was analyzed by X-ray diffractometer(XRD) and scanning auger electron microscopy(AES). To evaluate cellular responses to modified titanium surfaces, osteoblasts isolated from neonatal rat were cultured. The cellular morphology and total protein amounts of osteoblast-like cell were taken as the marker for cellular proliferation, while the expression of alkaline phosphatase was used as the early differentiation marker for osteoblast. In addition, the type I collagen production was determined to be a reliable indicator of bone matrix synthesis. Results. 1. Each prepared specimen showed specific microtopography at SEM examination. The RBM group had a rough and irregular pattern with reticulated appearance. The EDM-treated surface had evident cracks and was heterogeneous consisting of broad sheet or plate with smooth edges and clusters of small grains, deep pores or craters. 2. Surface roughness values were, from the lowest to the highest, electropolished group, anodized group, machined group, RBM group and EDM group. 3. All groups showed amorphous structures. Especially anodized group was found to have increased surface oxide thickness and EDM group had titaniumcarbide(TiC) structure. 4. Cells on electropolished, anodized and machined surfaces developed flattened cell shape and cells on RBM appeared spherical and EDM showed both. After 14 days, the cells cultured from all groups were formed to be confluent and exhibited multilayer proliferation, often overlapped or stratified. 5. Total protein amounts were formed to be quite similar among all the group at 48 hours. At 14 days, the electropolished group and the anodized group induced more total protein amount than the RBM group(P<.05). 6. There was no significant difference among five groups for alkaline phosphatase(ALP) activity at 48 hours. The AN group showed significantly higher ALP activity than any other groups at 14 days(P<.05). 7. All the groups showed similar collagen synthesis except the EDM group. The amount of collagen on the electropolished and anodized surfaces were higher than that on the EDM surface(P<.05).

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.9-14
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• 2016

The effect of the size and shape of magnesium(Mg) powder on the formation of $MgB_2$ and the critical current density($J_{c,}$) of $MgB_2$ bulk was studied. As a precursor for the formation of $MgB_2$, Mg and $MgB_4$ powder, which was synthesized through the reaction of boron (B) with Mg powders, was used. $MgB_4$ was mixed with Mg powders of various sizes, pressed into pellets and heat-treated at $650^{\circ}C-750^{\circ}C$ in flowing argon gas. The XRD analysis of the heat-treated $MgB_2$ samples showed that the volume fraction of $MgB_2$ was the highest as 92.74 % when spherical Mg powder with an average size of $25.7{\mu}m$ was used, whereas the volume fraction was the lowest as 79.64 % when plate-like Mg powder with a size of $34.1{\mu}m$ was used. The superconducting transition temperature ($T_c$) of $MgB_2$ was not sensitive to the characteristics of the Mg powders used. All of the prepared $MgB_2$ samples showed a high $T_c$ of 38.3 K and a small superconducting transition width of 0.2 K-0.5 K. $J_c$ (5 K and 1 T) of $MgB_2$ was the highest as $3.93{\times}10^4A/cm^2$ when spherical Mg powder with a size of $25.7{\mu}m$ was used, whereas $J_c$ was the lowest as $2.18{\times}10^4A/cm^2$when plate-like Mg powder with a size of $34.1{\mu}m$ was used. The relationship between the $J_c$ of $MgB_2$ and the characteristics of the Mg powders used was explained in terms of the volume fraction of $MgB_2$ and the apparent density of the $MgB_2$ pellets.

• Progress in Superconductivity
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.97-101
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• 2005

Bi-22l2 tubes for fault current limiter (FCL) were fabricated by centrifugal melting process. $SrSO_4$ ($10\;wt.\;\%$) was added to Bi-2212 powder to lower the melting point of Bi-22l2 and to improve the mechanical properties. The BSCCO powder was completely melted at $1300\;^{\circ}C$ using the RF furnace and then poured into rotating steel mold. The steel mold, preheated at $450\;{\circ}C{\sim}550^{\circ}C$ for 2 hour was rotated at $1020{\sim}2520\;RPM$. The solidified BSCCO tube was cooled down to room temperature in the furnace for 48 hours and separated from the mold between Bi-2212 and the mold. $ZrO_2$ solution was used to separate it easily from the mold and Ag tape was attached in the mold inner wall of the mold to analysis electrical property. Bi-22l2 tube was often cracked when the cooling rate was high. BSCCO tubes with $70{\Phi}{\times}100\;mm,\;50{\Phi}{\times}100\;mm$ and $30{\Phi}{\times}150\;mm$ size were fabricated by centrifugal melting process. The $J_{c}s$ of tubes with $50{\Phi}{\times}100\;mm{\times}4.0\;t$ and $50{\Phi}{\times}100\;mm{\times}4.l\;t$ were 178 and $74.2\;A/cm^2$ at 77K, respectively. The processing condition for Bi-2212 tube fabrication was investigated using XRD and SEM analyses.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.159-163
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• 2016

Up-conversion (UC) luminescence properties of polycrystalline $Er^{3+}/Yb^{3+}$ doped $NaGd(MoO_4)_2$ phosphors synthesized by a simple solid-state reaction method were investigated in detail. Used to 980 nm excitation (InfraRed area), $Er^{3+}/Yb^{3+}$ co-doped $NaGd(MoO_4)_2$ exhibited very weak red emissions near 650 and 670 nm, and very strong green UC emissions at 540 and 550 nm corresponding to the infra 4f transitions of $Er^{3+}(^4F_{9/2},\;^2H_{11/2},\;^4S_{3/2}){\rightarrow}Er^{3+}(^4I_{15/2})$. The optimum doping concentration of $Er^{3+}$, $Yb^{3+}$ for highest emission intensity was determined by XRD and PL analysis. The $Er^{3+}/Yb^{3+}$ (10.0/10.0 mol%) co-doped $NaGd(MoO_4)_2$ phosphor sample exhibited very strong shiny green emission. A possible UC mechanism for $Er^{3+}/Yb^{3+}$ co-doped $NaGd(MoO_4)_2$ depending on the pump power dependence was discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.42-46
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• 2017

$SrAl_2O_4$ : $Eu^{2+}$,$Dy^{3+}$ phosphorescent phosphors were synthesized by skull melting method. The molar ratio of oxides in the phosphors synthesized by the skull melting technique was $SrCO_3$ : $Al(OH)_3$ : $Eu_2O_3$ : $Dy_2O_3$= 1 : 2 : 0.015 : 0.02. Crystal structure and surface morphology were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Optical properties of the synthesized $SrAl_2O_4$ : $Eu^{2+}$,$Dy^{3+}$ were measured by photoluminescence (PL) spectrometer for in-depth study on the excitation, emission and afterglow properties. From the PL measurements, it was found that excitation occurred in the wavelength range from 300 to 420 nm with peak position at 360 nm. The emission spectrum showed a broad curve in the wavelength from 450 to 600 nm with peak position at 530 nm. $SrAl_2O_4$ : $Eu^{2+}$,$Dy^{3+}$ phosphors exhibited afterglow properties with emission that lasted for a long period.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.62-67
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• 1994

Introduction : Recently, water and environmental pollution becomes serious social problem and high technology makes this pollution accelerate. Hydrogen sulfide, the main subject of our research, is one of the most dangerous air pollutant like SO$_x$ and NO$_x$. The major contaminant in coal gasification is H$_2$S, which is very toxic, hazardous and extremely corrosive. Therefore, control of hydrogen sulfide to a safe level is essential. Although commercial desulfurization process called liquid scrubbing is effective for removal of H$_2$S, it has drawbacks, the loss of sensible heat of the gas and costly wastewater treatment. Many investigations are carried out about high-temperature removal ol H$_2$S in hot coal-derived gas using metal oxide or mixed metal qxide sorbents. It was reported that ZnO was very effective sorbent for H2S removal, but it has big flaw to vaporize elemental zinc above 600\ulcorner \ulcorner As alternative, metal oxides such as CaO, $Fe_2O_3$, TiO$_2$ and CuO were added to ZnO. Especially, different results are reported for $Fe_2O_3$ additive. Tamhankar et al. reported SiO$_2$ with 45 wt% $Fe_2O_3$ sorbent is favorable for removal of H$_2$S and regeneration.