• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.115-130
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• 2000

This study was conducted to examine health behaviors in hypertensive patients and the factors that would affect these healthy life-styles. and to provide basic data for effective and continuous hypertension control in private medical facilities. Among those patients diagnosed as hypertension who had visited the Department of Internal Medicine of Yeungnam University Hospital during the two month period from August 2 to September 30, 1999, the present study included 222 patients who were in more than one month after the initial diagnosis of hypertension and those who had hypertension for less than 10 years. Using a structured questionnaire, the present study was conducted by a self-administered survey method, and the obtained data were analyzed with t-test, $x^2$-test and one-way analysis of variance using the SPSS statistical program. The scores on knowledge related to hypertension were higher as the education level of a patient was higher(p〈0.05). As for occupation, those who performed office or management jobs showed higher scores than those who were into manufacturing jobs, and as for economic status, although those patients who were in middle class showed highest scores, however, no statistical significance was observed. The scores of knowledge on hypertension was higher when the family history of hypertension was present(p〈0.05). The scores of health-related behaviors were higher with higher education level and higher economic status, higher in those with family history of hypertension, and higher in those with office or management jobs than those who had manufacturing jobs(p〈0.05). Blood pressure measurement on regular basis was performed most frequently in those who were between 50-59 years old with 83.3% and was least frequent in those who were older than 70 years old with 50%(p〈0.05). The frequency of regular blood pressure measurement was higher with higher education level, higher economic status, higher in those with family history of hypertension, and the highest in those with management position with 93.5%, however, on statistical significance was observed. Changes in health-related behaviors after hypertension diagnosis were higher with higher education level, higher economic status, and in those patients performed office or management work. In particular, diet change was observed in female and higher economic status and smoking cessation was observed in 60-69 years old. Housewives and office workers or managers have taken exercise more regularly and those who had management jobs and had high scores on knowledge related to hypertension would participate health education program more actively. Thus, for improving health-related behaviors for continuous management of hypertension, changes in health-related behaviors can be followed through conduction health education to improve understanding of knowledge related to hypertension as the method of helping to improve changes in health life-styles in those with little education and those in low economic status.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.258-270
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• 1992

Benign lung tumors have been considered as relatively rare disease, which comprise approximately 8 to 15% of all solitary pulmonary lesions that are detected radiographically. We clinically analized 30 cases of benign lung tumors underwent the operation from Jan. 1970 to Aug.1991 in the department of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, Catholic University Medical College. We adopted the classification presented by the World Health Organization[WHO], modified from Liebow, and added benign mesothelioma. There were 11 males & 19 females ranging in age from 2 years to 68 years old % the mean age was 38 years old. Of all 30 benign lung tumors, hamartomas [14 cases, 49%] were the most common & followed by hemangiomas [9 cases, 30%], 3 cases of benign mesotheliomas % a case of teratoma, papilloma, arteriovenous malformation and inflammatory pseudotumor. 14 cases of tumors were asymptomatic & were incidentally detected by plane chest x-ray In other cases, chief complaints at admission were coughing, chest discomfort, dyspnea, hemoptysis, and fever. Diagnosis were made by pathological examination; exploratory thoracotomy in 23 patients[76.7%], bronchoscopy in 4 patients and percutaneous needle aspiration biopsy in 3 patients. Precisely, preoperative diagnosis for confirmation of benign lung tumor was made only in 7 cases[23.6%]. Tumors were located on Rt.side[24 cases], especially Rt. middle lobe, and Lt.side[6 cases]. Operation methods were as follows: 21 cases [70%] of lobectomy, 2 cases of segmentectomy, 2 cases of wedge resection, 1 case of pneumonectomy, 1 case of bronchotomy, 2 cases of wedge resection, 1 case of pneumonectomy, 1 case of bronchotomy removal of the endobronchial hamartoma which located at the rt. main stem bronchus and 3 cases of complete resection in benign mesotheliomas. There were no operative death. The post operative complications were developed in 3 cases; post pneumonectomy empyema, wound infection and atelectasis. In conclusion, benign lung tumors must be histologically diagnosed to confirm of benignity and to provide limited resection for preservation of the lung tissue, whenever possible.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.02a
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• pp.176-177
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• 2013

Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) have attracted the attention of scientists and engineers involved in a wide area of research, microscopy, diagnostics and sensing. SPPs are waves that propagate along the surface of a conductor, usually metals. These are essentially light waves that are trapped on the surface because of their interaction with the free electrons of conductor. In this interaction, the free electrons respond collectively by oscillating in resonance with the light wave. The resonant interaction between the surface charge oscillation and the electromagnetic field of the light constitutes the SPPs and gives rise to its unique properties. In this papers, we studied theoretical and experimental extraordinary transmittance (T) and reflectance (R) of 2 dimensional metal hole array (2D-MHA) on GaAs in consideration of the diffraction orders. The 2d-MHAs was fabricated using ultra-violet photolithography, electron-beam evaporation and standard lift-off process with pitches ranging from 1.8 to $3.2{\mu}m$ and diameter of half of pitch, and was deposited 5-nm thick layer of titanium (Ti) as an adhesion layer and 50-nm thick layer of gold (Au) on the semiinsulating GaAs substrate. We employed both the commercial software (CST Microwave Studio: Computer Simulation Technology GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany) based on a finite integration technique (FIT) and a rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) to calculate transmittance and reflectance. The transmittance was measured at a normal incident, and the reflectance was measured at variable incident angle of range between $30^{\circ}{\sim}80^{\circ}$ with a Nicolet Fourier transmission infrared (FTIR) spectrometer with a KBr beam splitter and a MCT detector. For MHAs of pitch (P), the peaks ${\lambda}$ max in the normal incidence transmittance spectra can be indentified approximately from SP dispersion relation, that is frequency-dependent SP wave vector (ksp). Shown in Fig. 1 is the transmission of P=2.2 um sample at normal incidence. We attribute the observation to be a result of FTIR system may be able to collect the transmitted light with higher diffraction order than 0th order. This is confirmed by calculations: for the MHAs, diffraction efficiency in (0, 0) diffracted orders is lower than in the (${\pm}x$, ${\pm}y$) diffracted orders. To further investigate the result, we calculated the angular dependent transmission of P=2.2 um sample (Fig. 2). The incident angle varies from 30o to 70o with a 10o increment. We also found the splitting character on reflectance measurement. The splitting effect is considered a results of SPPs assisted diffraction process by oblique incidence.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

Copper-zinc-bearing skarns of the Kasihan area developed at limestone layers in the sedimentary facies of the Late Oligocene Arjosari Formation. The skarns consist mainly of fine-grained, massive clinopyroxene-garnet, garnet, garnet-epidote, and epidote skarns. Most copper and zinc(-lead) ore mineralization occur in the clinopyroxene-garnet and garnetepidote skarn, respectively. Clinopyroxene occurs as a continuous solid solution of diopside and hedenbergite (from nearly pure diopside up to ${\approx}34$ mole percent hedenbergite), with a maximum 28.2 mole percent johannsenite component. The early and late pyroxenes of Kasihan skarns are diopsidic and salitic, respectively. They fall in the fields typical Cu- and Zn-dominated skarns, respectively. Garnet displays a relatively wide range of solid solution between grossular and andradite with up to ${\approx}2.0$ weight percent MnO. Garnet in early pyroxene-garnet skarn ranges from 49.1 to 91.5 mole percent grossular (mainly ${\geq}78$ mole % grossular). Garnets in late garnet and garnet-epidote skarns range from 2.8 to 91.4 mole percent grossular (mainly ${\geq}70$ mole % for garnet skarn). Epidote compositions indicate solid solutions of clinozoisite and pistacite varying from 65.8 to 76.2 mole percent clinozoisite. Phase equilibria indicate that skarn evolution was the result of interaction of water-rich fluids ($X_{CO_2}{\leq}0.1$) with original lithologies at ${\approx}0.5$ kb with declining temperature (early clinopyroxene-garnet and garnet skarn, ${\approx}450$ to $370^{\circ}C$; late garnet-epidote and epidote skarn, ${\approx}370$ to $300^{\circ}C$).

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.121-129
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• 2001

Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the efficiency of a method for the cryopreservation of mouse blastocyst.. Methods: Mouse embryos were obtained at 2-cell stage and cultured to blastocyst stage in T6 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Morphologically normal blastocysts were collected and randomly divided to one control and four experimental groups. In control group, blastocysts were cultured in vitro continuously for additional two days. In group 2, blastocysts were exposed to vitrification solution (ethylene glycol) only without cryopreservation (exposure only group). In group 3, 4 and 5, blastocysts were cryopreserved by slow-freezing procedure with glycerol (slow-fteezing group) or by vitrification procedure using EM grids (EM grids group) and cryoloop (cryoloop group), respectively. Frozen blastocysts were thawed and cultured for additional two days. Twenty four hours after thawing, some blastocysts were fixed and stained with Hoechst 33342 (bisbenzimide) and the number of nuclei in each blastocysts were counted to confirm the survival of bias to cysts in experimental groups. Results: Survival rate and hatching rate of the blastocysts in slow-freezing group (24 h: 72.4% and 66.0%, 48 h: 63.2% and 64.6%) and EM grids group (24 h: survival rate 77.3%, 48 h: 70.1% and 71.4%) were significantly lower ($X^2$-test p<0.05) than those of control group (24 h: 93.4% and 86.0%, 48 h: 88.5% and 90.7%). In contrast, the survival rate and hatching rate of the blastocysts in cryoloop group (24 h: 84.1% and 84.1%,48 h 79.3% and 87.7%) is well compared with those in the control group. The mean (${\pm}SD$) cell number of blastocyst in the exposure only ($89.2{\pm}11.5$), EM grids ($85.0{\pm}10.3$) and cryoloop ($89.0{\pm}11.0$) groups, except slow-freezing group ($79.0{\pm}10.0$), were not significantly different from that of control group ($93.1{\pm}13.9$) 24 h after thawing (Student's t-test). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that higher survival rate of vitrified-thawed mouse blastocyst can be obtained using cryoloop as the embryo container at freezing rather than slow-freezing or vitrification using EM grids. The results of this study suggest that vitrification using cryoloop (with ethylene glycol) may be a preferable procedure for mouse blastocyst cryopreservation and could be applied to the human blastocyst cryopreservation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 2012

This study evaluated the effect of fish oil rich in n-3 fatty acids on bone characteristics in Sprague-Dawley rats. Weanling male rats were randomized to receive either a diet containing high fish oil (FO), fish oil blended with corn oil (FICO), or soy oil rich in n-6 fatty acids (SO) for 4 weeks. All diets provided 70 g/kg fat based on the AIN-93G diet. Growth and biomarkers of bone metabolism were analyzed, and femur bone characteristics were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. After the dietary treatment, no significant differences among the diet groups were observed for serum concentrations of Ca, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, or osteocalcin. Alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly greater in FO-fed rats compared to that in the FICO and SO groups, whereas no difference in deoxypyridinoline values was observed, supporting the positive effect of a FO diet on bone formation. These results were accompanied by a significant increase in femur bone mineral density (BMD) in FO-fed rats. These findings suggest that providing fish oil rich in n-3 fatty acids correlates with higher alkaline phosphatase activity and BMD values, favoring bone formation in growing rats.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2001.09a
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• pp.164-167
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• 2001

본 연구에서는 포항제철소에서 제철부산물로 발생되는 제강분진을 전처리 없이 산화촉매로 사용하여 김포 수도권 매립지의 침출수 처리공정에서 펜톤산화조에 유입되는 원수를 대상으 로 과산화수소를 이용한 연속식 산화처리 실험을 수행하였다. 먼저 회분식 실험결과를 바탕 으로 최적 반응조건에서 lab-scale 연속식 기초반응실험과 자체 설계.제작한 연속산화공정에서의 처리실험을 수행하였다. 또한 기존의 펜톤산화공정에서 Fe 공급원으로 사용되고 있는 FeSO$_4$.7($H_2O$)와의 반응성 비교실험도 수행하였다. 반응기간동안 일정 pH를 유지하기 위해 pH controller를 사용하였으며 침출수 수질은 CODcr로 나타내었다. 반응 pH 3.5, 체류시간 1 hr, 과산화수소 주입량 1,500mg/1에서 제강분진과 FeSO$_4$.7($H_2O$)를 각각 주입하여 수행한 연속처리 기초실험에서는 제강분진을 산화반응촉매로 사용한 경우에 침출수CODcr 처리율 62%, 과산화수소의 분해율 52%를 나타내었다. FeSO$_4$.7($H_2O$)를 산화반응 촉매로 사용한 경우에는 약 65-70%정도의 다소 높은 처리효율을 나타낸 반면에 과산화수소의 소비량은 제강분진의 경우보다 약 20%이상의 높은 값을 나타내었다. 연속산화공정 실험에서는 운전 3시간 이후에 유출수 중의 CODcr과 $H_2O$$_2$의 농도가 안정된 값을 나타내었다. 이 때 산화 반응조의 침출수 CODcr 제거효율은 약 43%이었으며, 처리수의 농도는 현재의 침출수 방류기준 이하로 나타났다. 결론적으로 침출수의 연속식 산화처리 실험결과, 처리효율과 경제성에서 제강분진의 산화촉매활용 공정의 개발 가능성이 매우 높은 것으로 나타났다.ell에 의해 완전분해 되었으며, 함께 존재시 TC는 Fe$^{\circ}$만으로는 분해가 되지 않았지만 cell에 의해 완전분해 되었으며, 함께 존재시 TCE분해에 저해작용을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.술의 첨가가 요구되고 있다. 따라서, 산성광산배수 오염지대에 대해 획일적으로 같은 처리방법을 채택하여 사용하는 것보다 각 지역 또는 광산산성폐수가 유출되어 나오는 광산폐기물의 특성 등을 고려하여 거기에 맞는 기술들을 복합적으로 또는 단독으로 사용하되 처리방법 채택 시 신중을 기할 것이 요망된다.정시에는 SeaWiFS 위성과 관련된 global algorithms 중에서 490nm와 555nm의 복합밴드를 포함하는 OC2 알고리즘(ocean color chlorophyll 2 algorithm)을 사용하는 것이 OC2 series 및 OC4 알고리즘보다 좋은 추정 값을 도출할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.환경에서는 5일에서 7월에 주로 이 충체의 유충이 발육되고 전파되는 것으로 추측되었다.러 가지 방법들을 적극 적용하여 금후 검토해볼 필요가 있을 것이다.잡은 전혀 삭과가 형성되지 않았다. 이 결과는 종간 교잡종을 자방친으로 하고 그 자방친의 화분친을 사용할 때만 교잡이 이루어지고 있음을 나타내고 있다. 따라서 여교잡을 통한 종간잡종 품종육성 활용방안을 금후 적극 확대 검토해야 할 것이다하였다.함을 보이고 있다.X> , ZnCl$_{3}$$^{-}$같은 이온과 MgCl$^{+}$, MgCl$_{2}$같은 이온종을 형성하기 때문인것 같다. 한편 어떠한 용리액에서던지 NH$_{4}$$^{+}$의 경우 Dv값이 제일 작았다. 바. 본 연구의 목적중의 하나인 인체유해 중금속이온인 Hg(II), Cd(II)등이 NaCl같은 염화물

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.10a
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• pp.73-73
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• 2018

Bacterial leaf blight(BLB), caused by X. oryzae pv. oryzae(Xoo), is one of the most destructive diseases of rice due to its high epidemic potential. Understanding BLB resistance at a genetic level is important to further improve the rice breeding that provides one of the best approaches to control BLB disease. In the present investigation, a collection of 192 accessions was used in the genome-wide association study (GWAS) for BLB resistance loci against four Korean races of Xoo that were represented by the prevailing BLB isolates under Xoo differential system. A total of 192 accessions of rice germplasm were selected on the basis of the bioassay using four isolated races of Xoo such as K1, K2, K3 and K3a. The selected accessions was used to prepare 384-plex genotyping by sequencing (GBS) libraries and Illumina HiSeq 2000 paired- end read was used for GBS sequencing. GWAS was conducted using T ASSEL 5.0. The T ASSEL program uses a mixed linear model (MLM). T he results of the bioassay using a selected set of 192 accessions showed that a large number of accessions (93.75%) were resistant to K1 race, while the least number of accessions (34.37%) resisted K3a race. For races K2 and K3, the resistant germplasm proportion remained between 66.67 to 70.83%. T he genotypic data produced SNP matrix for a total of 293,379 SNPs. After imputation the missing data was removed, which exhibited 34,724 SNPs for association analysis. GWAS results showed strong signals of association at a threshold of [-log10(P-value)] more than5 (K1 and K2) and more than4 (K3 and K3a) for nine of the 39 SNPs, which are plausible candidate loci of resistance genes. T hese SNP loci were positioned on rice chromosome 2, 9, and 11 for K1 and K2 races, whereas on chromosome 4, 6, 11, and 12 for K3 and K3a races. The significant loci detected have also been illustrated, NBS-LRR type disease resistance protein, SNARE domain containing protein, Histone deacetylase 19, NADP-dependent oxidoreductase, and other expressed and unknown proteins. Our results provide a better understanding of the distribution of genetic variation of BLB resistance to Korean pathogen races and breeding of resistant rice.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.73-85
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to find out the prevalence of the urinary incontinence and it's relating factors in women. The target population is 327 community dwelling women in the age of 30-70 years old at 6 cities in Korea. The data were collected from August, 1996 to December. 1996 with interview using structured questionaire composing of items of general characteristics, obstetric characteristics, disease characteristics, situation of experiencing urinary incontinence, discomfort due to urinary incontinence, and depression. The data were analysed with $SPSS/PC^+$ program, T-test, $x^2$ test, and ANOVA test. The results obtained from this study were as follows : 1) The prevalence of urinary incontinence in women is 37.7%(130/327). 2) The mean duration of experiencing the urinary incontinence was 75.9 months and the 60% of the respondents experienced a few frequency of urinary incontinence and the most common amount of urinary incontinence(91.5%) was somewhat small expressed as 'wetting their clothes'. 3) The common factors related to the urinary incontinence were coughing, sneezing, laughing aloudly, and the activities of need for hurry. 4) The most common situations of discomforts associated with urinary incontinence were having long journey, exercise, playing, and social meeting. 5) The incidence of urinary incontinence was significantly higher in woman who had more children, older age of last delivery, more vaginal delivaries, and less c-section. 6) The incidence of urinary incontinence was not affected with the disease characteristics of the respondents, however it was higher when the women had the physical problems of constipation, abdominal laparatomy and episode of urinary catheterization than who had not. 7) The most common symptom of urinary incontinence was the frequent urine(43.1%), and the next was the urgent urine(12.3), delayed urine(9.2%). 8) 90.7% of the epsodic urinary incontinence were not treated at al, however, they wanted to try the herb medicine(41.5%), Kegel exercise(27.7%), and biofeedback(10.0%). 9) The level of Depression in the group of urinary incontinence was higher than that of non incontinence group significantly. In conclusion, as urinary incontinence in women proved severe health problem, health care providers need to develop and provide nursing intervention of urinary incontinence such as pelvic muscle exercise with bio-feedback and psychological care.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2009

In previously study, many researchers have showed the infection control level and the knowledge of dental hygienists about dental infection control. But, they not tried to research the reason why hygienists don't keep to the infection control regulation closely. Therefore, this study was intended to highlight the affect factor that the infection control regulation keep in all dental hospitals well. The respondents in this research were the dental hygienists who worked in Incheon or Gyeonggi areas between June 16 and July 5, 2008 and who attended a complementary training program conducted by the Seoul Branch of Korean Dental Hygienists Association in April 2008. A total of 191 questionnaires were distributed to them, and the collected data was analyzed using SPSS WIN 12.0. Cross-tabulation analysis($X^2$), which significance level was 0.05, was applied to the data in order to verify the statistical significance of the survey method. According to replied, the reason why they don't used gloves were an unconvinced (38.9%), don't use by dentist (29.6%) and much expensive (9.3%). The gloves supplied a hygienist were proper in most case, 94.8%, but short in hospital, 12.0%. In order to take a good infection control they needed to change the conscious of dentist (66.5%), and the will of dentist is most important to do good infection control (37.2%). Subsequently, the will of dentist is the most important factor in infection control area and must be changed their mind on the infection control.