• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.14 no.1_2
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• pp.21-33
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• 1999

A large number of studies have indicated associations between the impairment of respiratory health and exposure to ambient air pollutants such as ozone (O$_3$) , nitrogen dioxide (NO$_2$) , sulfur dioxide(SO$_2$) , particulate matters (PM$\_$10/). To evaluate this associations, we used the pulmonary function tests (peak expiratory flow rate : PEFR) by mini-wright peak flow meter and counting neutrophils in the nasal lavage (NL) as biomarker. From 15 June to 16 July 1998, for the workers in the highway tollgates, PEFR and NL were measured three times daily and twice per week. and association between the level of air pollutants and PEFR and NL were analyzed using the multiple regression model and the poisson regression model respectively. The results indicated that the effects of all measured air pollutants (SO$_2$, NO$_2$, O$_3$, PM$\_$10/) were not significantly associated with the value of PEFR. On the other side, SO$_2$, NO$_2$, PM$\_$10/ were significantly associated with the number of neutrophils in NL. The increase in SO$_2$, NO$_2$of 10ppb and in PM$\_$10/ of 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/m$^3$was associated with 24%, 21%, 35% increases in neutrophil counts. But the ozone exposure was not associated with NL.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.569-579
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• 2016

, 2007 firm by Joe Wright, deals with tragic love of Cecilia and Robbie. While the 2001 novel of the same name focuses on Briony narrative the movie is seen through romantic relationship of two lovers. However, Briony's narrative in the movie helps to accent the two's love story. The director's emphasis on the love story is unfortunately from Briony tragic story. The continuous build up of misunderstanding and irreconcilable regrets begins to materialize and explodes in the middle of the film. The director manages to use just one day and uses the same location to illustrate the background of the characters as well as build up of the plot's misunderstanding. The study will focus on the beginning of the film that enabled the beautiful love story through effect and symbolic visual expression and techniques- especially the use of mise-en-scene, camera movement, framing, and lighting and how it emphasis and use of specific color and sound.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.1179-1187
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• 2001

In fish both humoral and cell mediated immune responses have been reported whereas antibodies recognizing specific cellular populations have not yet been developed except for ones recognizing surface Ig molecules on B lymphocytes. Our aim was to develop and characterize monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) specific for the immune-related cells. Mabs were produced by fusion of myeloma cells (SP2/0) with Balb/c mouse spleen cells previously sensitized against Israeli carp (I. carp) kidney mononuclear cells. We obtained 44 Mabs positively reacting with I. carp kidney mononuclear cells and partially characterized 7 Mabs in the morphological and mitogen-based proliferative aspects. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis against I. carp kidney cells by using 7 different Mabs showed 80.3% for ICK 17-4, 65.1% for ICK 2-3, 64.1% for ICK 25-1, 67.5% for lCK 22-1, 70.8% for ICK 16-2, 76.8% for ICK 13-2, 79.7% for ICK II-I. Panning method was used for the isolation of Mabs specific mononuclear carp spleen cells followed by Wright's stain. The stained cell populations were identified as monocytes (ICK 17-4, ICK 2-3, ICK 25-1, ICK 22-1 and ICK 16-2), lymphocytes (ICK 11-1), and a mixed cell population of monocytes and lymphocytes (ICK 13-2). In cell proliferation assay, monocytes purified by ICK 17-4, 2-3 and 22-1 efficiently responded to Con A and PHA, while ones separated by ICK 25-1 did not react with any mitogens. Lymphocytes isolated by ICK 11-1, though it is not known whether they are T or B cells, were more responsive to Con A than PHA or LPS, suggesting that fish immune cells are somewhat different from mammalian cells in responding to mammalian T or B cell mitogens.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.359-359
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• 2014

In this study, surface plasmon resonance structures for the selective and the enhanced transmission of infrared light were designed. In order to relieve the large discontinuity of refractive index between air and metal hole array, $Si_3N_4$ was used as the impedance matching layer. Experimental parameter were calculated and determined in advance by the rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) simulation, and then the experiment was carried out. A 2-dimensional metal hole array structures were patterned on the size of $1{\times}1cm^2$ GaAs substrate using photolithography process, and 5 nm thick Ti, 50 nm thick Au were deposited by E-beam evaporator, respectively. Subsequently, $Si_3N_4$ films with various thicknesses (150, 350, 550, and 750 nm) were deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). For the comparison, transmittance of specimens with and without $Si_3N_4$ was measured using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in the range of $2.5-15{\mu}m$. Furthermore, the surface and the cross-sectional images were collected from the specimens by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). From the results, it was demonstrated that the transmittance was enhanced up to 80% by the deposition of 750 nm $Si_3N_4$ at $6.23{\mu}m$. It has advantage of enhanced transmission despite the simple fabrication process.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.82 no.2
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• pp.166-175
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• 1993

The genetic variation patterns at 23 loci coding for 16 isozymes in eight natural populations of Pinus densiflora for. erects distributed in Kangwon-Kyungbuk region and 17 populations of Pinus densiflora and 13 populations of Pinus thunbergii were compared. The absence of marker alleles specific to P. thunbergii and almost the same allele-frequency distributions to those of P. densiflora did not support the hypothesis that P. densiflora for. erecta is a introgressive hybrid between P. densiflora and P. thunbergii. From the results of the hierarchial analysis of population differentiation using Wright's F statistics(1978), the frequency distributions of single-locus distance coefficients and other genetic analysis (genetic distance, cluster analysis, factor analysis, resin duct analysis), it was concluded that Pinus densiflora for. erecta cannot be treated genetically as a distinct group from other natural populations of P. densiflora.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.87-98
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is ultimately subjected to the Orientalism, even though this deals with some positive effects in the realm of art and architecture as the scope of study, because through which the relationship between two different cultures will be discussed. That is to say, this research focused not only on how the presentation of 'avant-garde' visual art, which is explained as formal 'purity' and 'abstraction' as the characteristics of modern arts, could be made in the transition to the 20th's World, but also on what is the role and meaning of Eastern thoughts, which is popular in that time, for the new philosophical background of the artistic revolution. As a result, this study found that a lot of 'avant-garde' architects such as F. L. Wright, M. Mahony in Prairie School and L. Sullivan, D. Burnham, J. Root in Chicago School, and Lauweriks, H. P. Berlage who introduced Wright's works into the Europe, had possessed the 'Universal Philosophy' including Unitarianism, Transcendentalism, Deism, and Theosophy which are all influenced by Oriental religions and thoughts through historic western philosophers, although it is generally well-known that W. Kandinsky and P. Mondrian were belong to that. Furthermore, they gave attention to the Oriental religions and thoughts in that time, eventually made a historical progressive process of unification of thoughts between East and West. In a word, the new universalism was the philosophical background that made the artist's idea and presentation on 'from Being into Becoming'.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.571-592
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• 2010

An energy-based fatigue life prediction framework was previously developed by the authors for prediction of axial, bending and shear fatigue life at various stress ratios. The framework for the prediction of fatigue life via energy analysis was based on a new constitutive law, which states the following: the amount of energy required to fracture a material is constant. In the first part of this study, energy expressions that construct the constitutive law are equated in the form of total strain energy and the distortion energy dissipated in a fatigue cycle. The resulting equation is further evaluated to acquire the equivalent stress per cycle using energy based methodologies. The equivalent stress expressions are developed both for biaxial and multiaxial fatigue loads and are used to predict the number of cycles to failure based on previously developed prediction criterion. The equivalent stress expressions developed in this study are further used in a new finite element procedure to predict the fatigue life for two and three dimensional structures. In the second part of this study, a new Quadrilateral fatigue finite element is developed through integration of constitutive law into minimum potential energy formulation. This new QUAD-4 element is capable of simulating biaxial fatigue problems. The final output of this finite element analysis both using equivalent stress approach and using the new QUAD-4 fatigue element, is in the form of number of cycles to failure for each element on a scale in ascending or descending order. Therefore, the new finite element framework can provide the number of cycles to failure at each location in gas turbine engine structural components. In order to obtain experimental data for comparison, an Al6061-T6 plate is tested using a previously developed vibration based testing framework. The finite element analysis is performed for Al6061-T6 aluminum and the results are compared with experimental results.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.27-41
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• 2022

Objectives: There should be an objective analysis on the academic competency for incorporating Computer-based Test (CBT) in the education of traditional Korean medicine (TKM). However, the Item Response Theory (IRT) for analyzing latent competency has not been introduced for its difficulty in calculation, interpretation and utilization. Methods: The current study analyzed responses of 390 students of 8 years to the herbology test with 14 items by utilizing Rasch model, and the characteristics of test and items were evaluated by using characteristic curve, information curve, difficulty, academic competency, and test score. The academic competency of the students across gender and years were presented with scale characteristic curve, Kernel density map, and Wright map, and examined based on T-test and ANOVA. Results: The estimated item, test, and ability parameters based on Rasch model provided reliable information on academic competency, and organized insights on students, test and items not available with test score calculated by the summation of item scores. The test showed acceptable validity for analyzing academic competency, but some of items revealed difficulty parameters to be modified with Wright map. The gender difference was not distinctive, however the differences between test years were obvious with Kernel density map. Conclusion: The current study analyzed the responses in the herbology test for measuring academic competency in the education of TKM using Rasch model, and structured analysis for competency-based Teaching in the e-learning era was suggested. It would provide the foundation for the learning analytics essential for self-directed learning and competency adaptive learning in TKM.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.298-308
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• 1997

Background : Portable devices for measuring peak expiratory flow(PEF) are now of proved value in the diagnosis and management of asthma and many lightweight PEF meters have become available. However, it is necessary to determine whether peak expiratory flow rate(PEFR) measurements measured with peak flowmeters is accurate and reproducible for clinical application. The aim of the present study is to define accuracy, agreement, and precision of mini-Wright peak flow meter(MPFM) against standard pneumotachygraph. Methods : The lung function tests by standard pneumotachygraph and PEFR measurement by MPFM were performed in a random order for 2 hours in 22 normal and 17 asthmatic subjects and also were performed for 3 successive days in 22 normals. Results : The PEFR measured with MPFM was significantly related to the PEFR and $FEV_1$ measured with standard pneumotachygraph in normal and asthmatics(for PEFR, r = 0.92 ; p < 0.001 ; for $FEV_1$, r = 0.78 ; p < 0.001). The accuracy of MPFM was within 100(limits of accuracy recommeded by NAEP) in all the subjects or 22 normal, mean difference from standard pneumotachygraph being 16.5L/min(percentage of difference being 2.90%) or 10.6L/min(percentage of difference being 1.75%), respectively. According to the method proposed by Bland and Altman, the 95% limits of the distribution of differences between MPFM and standard pneumotachygraph after correction of PEFR using our regression equation were +38.2 and -71.5L/min in all the subjects or 20.49~+9.49L/min in 22 normal and was similar to the intraindividual agreements for 3 successive days in normal. There was no statistically significant difference of PEFR measured with MPFM and standard pneumotachygraph among three days(p > 0.05) and the coefficient of variation($2.4{\pm}1.2%$) of PEFR measured with MPFM was significantly lower than that($5.2{\pm}3.5%$) with standard pneumotachygraph in normal (p < 0.05). Conclusion : This results suggest that the MPFM was as accurate and reproducible as standard pneumotachygraph for monitoring of PEFR in the asthmatic subjects.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.469-484
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• 2001

A new beam system comprising two cantilever stems and an interspan composite beam has been developed and its design philosophy is described in this paper. The system provides the equivalent of a semi-continuous beam without the requirement to calculate the moment rotation capacity of the beam-to-column connection. The economy of braced frames using the system has been investigated and compared with simple, continuous or semi-rigid systems. It is shown that the costs of the proposed system are similar to the semi-rigid system and cheaper than both the simply supported and rigid beam systems. Two tests have been carried out on 6 meter span beams, which also incorporated an asymmetric flange steel section. The behaviour of the system is presented and the test results are compared with those obtained from the theory.