• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.17-39
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• 2011

As recent inflows of foreign immigrants to relatively advanced countries in Northeast Asia have rapidly increased, Japan in particular uses 'multicultural coexistance' as a key concept for developing both discourse and policies on them. This paper is first of all to suggest a new typology of multicultural societies in the world ill order to differentiate the case of Northeast Asian countries from those of Western countries. And this paper is to suggest that foreign immigrants in Japan have different positions in labor markets and living experiences according to historical and social backgrounds as well as their nationality. The transformation process towards multicultural society is not only historical and social but also geographical and spatial, as foreign immigrants have made different spatial distribution and regional segregation in types. In order to control this socio-spatial process towards multicultural society, Japan has developed the concept of 'multicultural coexistence' similar with that of multiculturalism in Western countries. This concept seems to be quite significant as it has been initiated by local communities for symbiotic relationship between foreign immigrants and native Japanese dwellers. But it can be regarded as a strategic ideology to control foreign immigrants as it targets mainly on Nikkeijin, and is usually concerned with the cultural aspect. Seen from a theoretical point of view, this concept can be seen as closed with liberal multiculturalism as opportunity equity, but far from corporative multiculturalism as outcome equity, and it is on the process transferring from the first stage of tolerance to the second stage of legislation of nondiscrimination, while being distant from the third stage of legislation paradigmization of recognition, and hence appears to be easily reverted to assimilationism.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.281-298
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• 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has so far given the world a great shock and fear that cannot be compared to other infectious diseases, and local economies are experiencing a serious economic crisis accordingly. This paper examines the regional characteristics of economic recession and resilience due to the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on the employment fluctuations in 85 cities nationwide. Although the overall trend is in line with national employment indicators, there are some differences in the shock response and the recovery of employment in individual cities. The difference between cities is somewhat greater in the resilience of the recovery stage than the resistance, which is the shock-response stage. In terms of resilience, cities in the capital area have relatively good condition compared to cities in the non-capital area. The weak resilience of large cities such as Seoul, which has a high population density, can be explained to be the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic of infectious diseases. Regarding the economic structure of the city, the ratio of service and sales workers, wholesalers and retailers, and food and lodging businesses are analyzed as valid explanatory variables for the resilience of cities.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.51-67
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• 1996

There are three main rice-growing regions in the United States: the prairie region along the Mississippi River Valley in eastern Arkansas; the Gulf Coast prairie region in southwestern Louisiana and southeastern Texas; and the Central Valley of California. The Central Valley of California is producing about 23% of the US rice(Fig. 1). In California. most of the crop has been produced in the Colusa, Sutter, Butte, Glenn Counties of the Sacramento Valley since 1912, when rice was commercially grown for the first time in the state(Fig. 2). Roughly speaking, the average annual area sown to rice in California is about 300,000 acres to 400,000 acres during the last forty years(Fig. 3). California rice is grown under a Mediterranean climate characterized by warm, dry, clear days, and a long growing season favorable to high photosynthetic rates and high rice yields. The average rice yield per acre is probably higher in California than in any other rice-growing regions of the world(Fig. 4). A dependable supply of irrigation water must be available for a successful rice culture. Most of the irrigation water for California rice comes from the winter rain and snow-fed reservoir of the Sierra Nevada mountain ranges. Less than 10 percent of rice irrigation water is pumped from wells in areas where surface water is not sufficient. It is also essential to have good surface drainage if maximum yields are to be produced. Rice production in California is highly mechanized, requiring only about four hours of labor per acre. Mechanization of rice culture in California includes laser-leveler technology, large tractors, self-propelled combines for harvesting, and aircraft for seeding, pest control, and some fertilization. The principal varieties grown in California are medium-grain japonica types with origins from the cooler rice climates of the northern latitudes (Table 1). Long-grain varieties grown in the American South are not well adapted to California's cooler environment. Nearly all the rice grown recently in California are improved into semidwarf varieties. Choice of variety depends on environment, planting date, quality desired, marketing, and harvesting scheduling. The Rice Experiment Station at Biggs is owned, financed, and administered by the rice industry. The station was established in 1912, as a direct result of the foresight and effort of Charles Edward Chambliss of the United States Department of Agriculture. Now, The station's major effort is the development of improved rice varieties for California.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.53-71
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• 2015

Geographical travel(Geotravel) is new theme tourism based on geographical fieldwork. Geotravel is an emotional journey to explore physical and human landscapes, and is also a comprehensive environmental one beyond the scope of historical tourism. Geotravel provides an optimized regional content and programs for experiential tourism of the family. Taking advantage of geographical characteristics as spatial tourism, the geotravel methodology in catchment unit is strongly recommended. The geotravel content has to be developed in convergence standpoint. The integrated key words of geotravel are human and water. Geotravel is a pattern of specialized edutainment tourism for the public and elementary, secondary school students as well. The development of geographical travel courses is necessary for the popularization of geotravel. Mobile apps will be the medium that delivers easy geographical travel information. And geotravel curator has to be raised quickly for the generalized easy and interesting geotravel.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.147-164
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• 2015

This study analyzed characteristics and tendencies of seasonal change on shoreline and beach with 8 beaches at East Sea coast by topographical survey for 2 years from March 2012 to February 2013. The shorelines of East Sea coast appeared that amount of seasonal change was bigger than amount of annual change. The seasonal change tendencies between Gangwon-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do coast areas existed some regional differences. To synthesize seasonal changes on 8 beaches of East Sea coast, shoreline advance and beach deposit showed clearly in summer and shoreline retreat and beach erosion showed clearly in autumn. This result is different from tendencies of seasonal change in many mid-latitude coast areas of the world, but generally corresponds with reference studies in west coast and east coast. The major factor of beach erosion showing mostly in summer is storm wave caused by typhoon. The beach erosion by storm wave also occurred in late winter. And it assumes that the beach deposit showing mostly in autumn is result of equilibrium processes of coast area against strong erosion in summer.

• Journal of the Korean Academic Society of Industrial Cluster
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.14-27
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• 2008

Ousters have become a key focus of interest and analysis over the last decade or so, informed by the work of the Harvard business economist Michael Porter. Recent research, however, suggests that the classic Porterian conception of clusters needs to be rethought. In particular, the idea that clusters are geogaphically bounded and integrated units whose primary link to the outside world is through the export of goods and services to global markets is highly Questionable, if not untenable. Relational approaches to clusters and regional development stress the importance of the wider networks and 'pipelines' through which knowledge is exchanged with key partners and collaborators located outside of the particular cluster in question. Rather than the main external links being those between leading firms and global markets, firms may engage in a range of global relations with collaborators and suppliers. This paper address the challenge of rethinking clusters in the light of the recent emphasis on global networks md connections, drawing on experience from m old industrial region in Western Europe Scotland. In assessing cluster experiences and initiatives in Scotland, I examine the development of the oil and gas and electronics clusters. In conclusion, I suggest that cluster initiatives me only likely to generate lasting benefits for the region in question if there is significant local ownership md control of key industries and clusters.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.641-657
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• 2015

Nowadays research collaboration between the business, academic and governmental community is high on the policy agenda in all over the world, especially with regard to science-based technological innovation. The aim of this paper is to explore some of the changing spatial patterns of research collaboration by carrying out bibliometric analysis of co-authorship publications in major international and scientific journals that are jointly realized by Korean scientists and researchers in the seven science-based technologies for the period 2002~2012. Using the co-authored papers as an indicator of research collaboration with the institutional address of each co-authoring researcher and the geographic location of their affiliation, this paper describes some trends and patterns of domestic and international research collaborations. Identifying a rapid increase in the volume of co-authored papers and the trend towards multiple authorships over the last decade, the paper finds collaborative scientific research to be geographically dispersed at the different spatial scales. Despite the rising geographic dispersion of research collaboration within the nation, this paper finds that there were empirical evidences for the presence of localized knowledge production processes at regional level, and biased knowledge flows towards core areas with advanced research resources.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.212-232
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• 2011

The main objective of this study is to establish a population projection method based on the biregional cohort-component method and to apply it to population projections for Busan. Some drawbacks of using the net migration cohort-component method in a regional or local level population projection are demonstrated. A biregional cohort-component method, a variant of the interregional cohort-component method, is established as an alternative where in-migration and out-migration are separately considered and then are combined to produce a projection for the migration component. Predicated on the established method, population projections for Busan are undertaken for the period of 2005~2030 under three different scenarios. Considerably different projection results are obtained between the net migration and biregional methods; among others, the trend of population decline is more severe in the former than in the latter. An investigation of the temporal trend of the projected population shows that the proposed method is highly reasonable. In conclusion, the proposed method based on the biregional cohort-component method seems not only to be theoretically more robust than the net migration cohort-component method but also to be very effective in the real world application.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.146-168
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• 1995

problems involved in defining and identifying it. However, data on ownership of business establishments may be useful and one of the best alternatives for this empirical research because of use of limited information about control This study examines the spatial patterns of external control in the Korean manufacturing activities between 1986 and 1992. Using the data on ownership iinkages of multilocational firms between 15 administrative areas, it was possible to construct a matrix of organizational control in terms of the number of establishments. The control matrix was disaggregated by three types of manufacturing industries according to the capital and labor requirements of production processes used in. On the basis of the disaggregated control matrix, a series of measures were calculated for investigating the magnitude and direction of control as well as the external dependency. In the past decades Korean industrialization development has risen at a rapid pace, deepening integration into the world economy, together with the continuing growth of the large industrial firms. The expanded scale of large firms led to a spatial separation of production from control, Increasing branch plants in the nation. But recent important changes have occurred in the spatial organization of production by technological development, increasing international competition, and changing local labor markets. These changes have forced firms to reorganize their production structures, resulting in changes of the organizational structures in certain industries and regions. In this context the empirical analysis revealed the following principal trends. In general term, the geography of corporate control in Korea is marked by a twofold pattern of concentration and dispersion. The dominance of Seoul as a major command and control center has been evident over the period, though its overall share of allexternally controlled establishments has decreased from 88% to 79%. And the substantial amount of external control from Seoul has concentrated to the Kyongki and Southeast regions which are well-developed industrial areas. But Seoul's corporate ownership links tend to streteh across the country to the less-developed regions, most of which have shown a significant increase of external dependency during the period 1986-1992. At the same time, a geographic dispersion of corporate control is taking place as Kyongki province and Pusan are developing as new increasingly important command and control reaions. Though these two resions contain a number of branch plants controlled from other locations, they may be increasingly attractive as a headquarters location with increasing locally owned establishments. The geographical patterns of external control observable in each of three types of manufacturing industries were examined in order to distinguish the changing spatial structures of organizational control with respect to the characteristics of the production processes. Labor intensive manufacturing with unskilled iabor experienced the strongest external pressure from foreign competition and a lack of low cost labor. The high pressure expected not only to disinte-grate the production process but also led to location of production facilities in areas of cheap labor. The linkages of control between Seoul and the less-developed regions have slightly increased, while the external dependency of the industrialized regions might be reduced from the tendency of organizational disintegration. Capita1 intensive manufacturing operates under high entry and exit barriers due to capital intensity. The need to increase scale economies ied to an even stronger economic and spatial oncentration of control. The strong geographical oncentration of control might be influenced by orporate and organizational scale economies rather than by locational advantages. Other sectors experience with respect to branch plants of multilocational firms. The policy implications of the increase of external dependency in less-developed regions may be negative because of the very share of unskilled workers and lack of autonomy in decision making. The strong growth of the national economy and a scarcity of labor in core areas have been important factors in this regional decentralization of industries to less-developed regions. But the rather gloomy prospects of the economic growth in the near future could prevent the further industrialization of less-developed areas. A major rethinking of regional policy would have to take place towards a need for a regional policy actively favoring indigenous establishments.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.276-296
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• 2003

This study is to analyze the adoption of environmentally friendly fanning(EFF) by Actor-Network Theory(ANT). ANT declares that the world is full of hybrid entities containing both human and non-human elements and maintains that adoption of an innovation comes as a consequence of the action of everyone in the chain of actors who has anything to do with it. In this study, adoption of EFF will be analysed through the role of actors and networks. And this paper try to identify the intermediaries and obligatory passage point(OPP) in each networks. In study area, 5 actors, -nature, governmental institute, food processors, consumers and farmers-, have each roles in their networks, But only 18 farmers adopted EFF. This study revealed that three OPPs were not overcome in each network. The one is nature, such as water and soil pollution. Another is shortage of reliability between farmers and governmental institute. The other is shortage of information about agricultural commodity trade. And through this application of ANT to the EFF, we contend that ANT can be useful for studies of diffusion of EFF and sustainability of rural systems in situations where interactions of the social, technological and political are regarded as particularly important.