• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.65-73
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• 2014

Objectives: The purposes of this study are to investigate workers' exposures to respirable particles generated in taconite mines and to compare two metric methods for mass concentrations using direct-reading instruments. Methods: Air monitorings were conducted at six mines where subjects have been exposed primarily to particulate matters in crushing, concentrating, and pelletizing processes. Air samples were collected during 4 hours of the entire work shift for similarly exposure groups(SEGs) of nine jobs(N=37). Following instruments were employed to evaluate the workplace: a nanoparticle aerosol monitor(particle size range; 10-1000 nm, unit: ${\mu}m^2/cc$, Model 9000, TSI Inc.); DustTrak air monitors($PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, unit: $mg/m^3$, Model 8520, TSI Inc.); a condensation particle counter(size range; 20-1000 nm, unit: #/cc, P-Trak 8525, TSI Inc.); and an optical particle counter(particle number by size range $0.3-25{\mu}m$, unit: #/cc, Aerotrak 9306, TSI Inc.). Results: The highest airborne concentration among SEGs was for furnace operator followed by pelletizing maintenance workers in number of particle and surface area, but not in mass concentrations. The geometric means of $PM_{2.5}$ by the DustTrak and the Ptrak/Aerotrak were $0.04{\mu}m$(GSD 2.52) and $0.07{\mu}m$(GSD 2.60), respectively. Also, the geometric means of RPM by the DustTrak and the Ptrak/Aerotrak were $0.16{\mu}m$(GSD 2.24) and $0.32{\mu}m$(GSD 3.24), respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficient for DustTrak $PM_{2.5}$ and Ptrak/Aerotrak $PM_{2.5}$ was 0.56, and that of DustTrak RPM and Ptrak/Aerotrak RPM was 0.65, indicating a moderate positive association between the two sampling methods. Surface area and number concentration were highly correlated($R^2$ = 0.80), while $PM_{2.5}$ and RPM were also statistically correlated each other($R^2$ = 0.79). Conclusions: The results suggest that it is possible to measure airborne particulates by mass concentrations or particle number concentrations using real-time instruments instead of using the DustTrak Aerosol monitor that monitor mass concentrations only.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.44-54
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• 2018

Objectives: To protect individuals working at the site as well as the surrounding general population from a chemical accident, several emergency exposure guidance levels have been used to set a level of concern for certain chemicals. However, a level of concern has not been established for many substances that are frequently used or produced in large quantities in Korean workplaces. In the present study, we investigated the guidance levels for protecting populations from chemical exposure and the estimation of level of concern using acute inhalation and oral toxicity data. Methods: The number of chemicals to which emergency exposure guidance levels (e.g., ERPG-2, AEGL-2, PAC-2, and IDLH) can be applied were determined among 822 hazardous chemicals according to the 'Technical Guidelines for the Selection of Accident Scenarios (revised December 2016)'. The ERPG and AEGL values were compared across all three tiers for the 31 substances that appeared on both lists. We examined the degree of difference between the emergency exposure guidance levels and the estimates of level of concern calculated from acute inhalation or acute oral toxicity data. Results: Among the 822 hazardous chemicals, emergency exposure guidance levels can be applied to 359 substances, suggesting that the estimates of level of concern should be calculated using acute toxicity data for 56.3% of the hazardous chemicals. When comparing the concordance rates of ERPG and AEGL for 31 substances, the difference between the two criteria was generally small. However, about 40% of the substances have values diverging by more than three-fold in at least one tier. Such discrepancies may cause interpretation and communication problems in risk management. The emergency exposure guidance levels were similar to the estimates of level of concern calculated using acute inhalation toxicity data, but the differences were significant when using acute oral toxicity data. These results indicate that the level of concern derived from acute oral toxicity data may be insufficient to protect the population in some cases. Conclusion: Our study suggests that the development of standardized guidance values for emergency chemical exposure in the Korean population should be encouraged. It is also necessary to analyze acute toxicity data and fill the information gaps for substances that are important in Korean workplace situations.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.29-34
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• 2015

화학물질을 다루는 실험실의 안전사고는 매년 끊이지 않고 있다. 특히 대학 내 실험실은 학생들이 주된 연구자로써 지식과 능력을 쌓아가고 경험을 축적하는 곳이기에 실험실의 안전은 더욱 중요하다. 학 내 실험실에서 주로 사용하는 5가지의 가스(CO, $NH_3$, $H_2$, $CH_4$, $N_2$)를 선정하여 이 가스들이 누출 될 경우의 시나리오들로부터 확산 과정을 PHAST v.6.7로 계산, 분석함으로써 피해 정도를 예측하였다. 실험실 내부 확산과정은 Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) 프로그램 FLUENT를 통하여 모델링하였다. 가스 누출 시 실험실 창을 통해 외부로 유출 될 경우 실내와 실외의 피해 영향에 대해서도 비교하였다. 각 가스들의 모델링 결과를 보면, 실험실 외부보다는 실험실 내부에서 그 피해 정도가 훨씬 큰 데, 학 내 실험실에서 일반적으로 사용하는 가스 용기, 즉 실린더의 용량은 47 L(혹은 그 이하)로 ton 단위로 사용하는 사업장에 비하면 그 양이 현저히 적기 때문에 실외의 영향이 플랜트와 비교해서 현저히 작다. 하지만 시뮬레이션 결과 작은 양으로도 실내에서는 큰 피해가 발생할 수 있음을 보여준다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제59권1호
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• pp.68-76
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• 2021

화학 및 석유화학 공장과 같은 공정산업에서 위험물질이 누출할 때 초기대응의 중요성은 항상 강조되어 왔다. 그러나 이러한 화학물질의 누출동안 단계별 초기대응에 따른 피해예측에 대한 정량적 분석에 대한 연구는 그 동안 미흡하였다. 이에 본 연구에서는 불산 누출사고 동안에 초기대응의 영향을 조사하고자 하였고, 이를 위해 불산농도 범위에 따른 피해예측 영향거리를 산정할 수 있는 간이식을 우선 도출하였다. 그리고 시스템 다이내믹스 기법을 활용하여 초기 대응 단계의 인과지도를 작성하였고, 인과지도에 도출한 간이식을 적용하여 다양한 초기대응 시나리오에 따른 피해예측 영향거리를 분석하였다. 연구결과, 최대피해영향거리와 비교할 때'누출발견 후 초기조치 시작시간'인 경우 최대 약 87%, '누출부위 차단조치'는 약 59%, '전문진압팀 도착시간'이후 조치는 약 50% 감소율을 보였다. 이 연구결과는 불산 취급 사업장에서의 초기대응 지침의 기초자료로 활용하는데 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.205-213
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• 2002

장기간의 소음노출에 의한 혈압상승 또는 고혈압의 발생에 대해서는 많은 연구에도 불구하고 결과가 다양하고 논란이 많은 실정이다. 이에 연구자는 혈압에 대한 소음의 영향을 보다 정확히 평가하기 위해서 일개 사업장을 대상으로 유사 노출군의 코호트를 구성하고 9년간의 추적조사를 실시하였다. 여기서 얻은 자료를 이용하여 소음노출수준별로 혈압의 연도별 변화경향을 파악하고, 혼란변수를 통제한 상태에서도 혈압의 변화에 대해 소음노출이 영향을 미치는가를 파악하고자 하였다. 부산지역의 일개 금속제품 제조업에서 근무하고 있는 530명의 남자 근로자를 1991년부터 1999년까지 혈압을 9년간 매년 계속 추적조사 하였으며, 조사 대상자들을 근무여건과 노출되는 소음수준(noise level category, 이하 NLC로 약함)에 따라 NLC-I (사무실 근로자, 60dB(A) 미만으로 노출, 155명), NLC-II(현장 기술지원자 및 검사원, 소음에 비정기적으로 노출, 75명), NLC-III (현장근로자, 85 dB(A)이하로 노출, 귀마개 또는 귀덮개를 착용, 167명), NLC-IV (현장근로자, 85 dB(A) 초과 노출, 귀마개와 귀덮개를 동시에 착용, 133명) 의 4군으로 구분하였다. 추적기간동안 소음수준별 혈압은 분산 분석을 이용하여 비교하였고, 혼합선형모형을 이용하여 추적기간동안(1992-1999년)의 보정된 통합평균혈압을 구하고 소음노출수준별로 비교하였다. 고려된 혼란변수는 기준연도(1991년)의 연령, 흡연여부, 음주량, 운동, 고혈압 가족력, 수축기 및 확장기 혈압과 체질량지수의 변화였다. 기준연도의 혈압과 혼란변수를 보정한 상태에서 각 연도별 혈압을 비교한 결과 수축기혈압은 9년째에서, 확장기 혈압은 2년째에서 대조군과 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었으며, 대조군의 평균 혈압이 전반적으로 증가되었다. 추적기간동안 혼란변수를 보정한 통합수축기 혈압은 대조군인 NLC-I과의 차이가 NLC-II는 1.7 mmHg, NLC-III는 2.0 mmHg, NLC-IV는 3.8 mmHg이었고, NLC-IV의 경우 그 차이가 통계학적으로 유의하였다. 확장기혈압의 경우에는 소음노출수준별로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 본 연구는 남성근로자에서 장기간의 소음노출은 혈압의 상승에 독립적인 영향이 있음을 시사하였다.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.93-102
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• 2011

Purpose: The study aimed to evaluate working environment for dental technician by measuring dust level, ventilation conditions and the use of personal protective equipment and to provide basic information required to improve working environment and develop health education programs for dental technician. Methods: A total of 240 dental technician who are registered with the Daegu Association of Dental technician and working at 34 dental laboratories participated in the study. And the dust level was measured at 21 different spots in 16 dental laboratories out of 34. Results: Of 34 dental laboratories, 31 (91.2%) were equipped with a ventilator, but the remaining 3 (8.8%) did not have a ventilator. By the number of ventilator, 1 to 3 ventilators were found in 22 dental laboratories (71.0%), 4 to 6 ventilators were in 7 laboratories (22.5%) and more than 7 ventilators in 2 laboratories(6.5%). According to the frequence of changing filters in dust collector, 20 dental laboratories (58.9%) changed filters every four weeks, 10 laboratories (29.4%) changed them every six weeks and 4 laboratories (11.7%) changed them every eight weeks. Of total respondents, 114 (61.3%) said they wore a mask all the time while working, 56 (29.6%) said they frequently wore a mask, 19 (10.1%) said they did not wear a mask. As for the type of masks, 159 (84.1%) used a disposable mask, 25 (13.2%) used a cotton mask and 5 (2.7%) used an anti-dust mask. For dust sat on their outfits while working, 102 (54.0%) shook their uniforms inside workplace to keep dust off the uniforms, 64 (33.9%) did not anything until they wash their uniforms and 23 (12.1%) shook their uniforms outside workplace to keep dust off the uniforms. Of total respondents, 182 (96.3%) had a particle in their eyes while carrying out grinding work. Based on the measurement of floating dust at workplace, 3 dental laboratories showed dust concentration exceeding the minimum level of 10 mg/$m^3$ allowed under the permit for environment. Of those, 1 laboratory had the dust concentration that was more than 1.5 times higher than the minimum level. Dust concentration was higher in laboratories that used a dust collector with 0.5 horse power and changed filters more than 3 weeks ago. Dust comprised of nickel (more than 70%), chrome (9%) and others. The mean chrome concentration was more than twice higher than the minimum permissible level of 0.5 mg/$m^3$. There were two laboratories that showed chrome concentration exceeding the level of 0.4 mg/$m^3$. Like dust concentration, chrome level was higher in laboratories that used a dust collector with 0.5 horse power and changed filters more than 3 weeks ago. There were six laboratories that had nickel concentration exceeding the minimum permissible level of 1 mg/$m^3$. Of those, one laboratory had nickel concentration that was more than three times higher than the minimum permissible level. Nickel concentration was also higher in laboratories that used a dust collector with 0.5 horse power and changed filters more than 3 weeks ago. Conclusion: It is not likely that heavy metal concentrations found in the study constitute respiratory dust. It is however necessary for health of dental technician to apply the Industrial Safety and Healthy Law to dental laboratories and make recommendations for the use of personal protective equipment, installation of a proper number of ventilators, more frequent change of filters in dust collector and improved ventilation for polishing work. At the same time, dental technician need education on how to use personal protective equipment and how to efficiently remove dust from their uniforms.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.124-134
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• 2005

To investigate the exposure effect of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), we measured airborne total PAHs as an external dose, urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) as an internal dose of PAHs exposure, and analyzed the relationship between urinary 1-OHP concentration and PAHs exposure. The study population contained 44 workers in steel-pipe coating and paint manufacture industries. The airborne PAHs was obtained during survey day, and urine were sampled at the end of shift. Personal information on age, body weight, height, eniployment duration, smoking habit, and alcohol consumption was obtained by a structured questionnaire. Airborne PAHs were analyzed by the gas chromatograph with mass selective detector. Urinary 1-OHP levels were analyzed by the high performance liquid chromatograph with ultraviolet wavelength detector. For statistical estimation, t-test, ${\chi}^2$-test, analysis of variance, correlation analysis, arid regression analysis were executed by SPSS/PC (Windows version 10). The mean of environmental total PAHs was $87.8{\pm}7.81{\mu}g/m^3$. The mean concentration ($526.5{\pm}2.85{\mu}g/m^3$) of workers in steel-pipe coating industries using coal tar enamel was the higher than that ($17.5{\pm}3.36{\mu}g/m^3$) of workers in paint manufacture industries using coal tar paint. The mean of urinary 1-OHP concentration ($51.63{\pm}3.144{\mu}\;mol/mol$ creatinine) of workers in steel-pipe coating industries was the higher than that ($2.33{\pm}4.709{\mu}\;mol/mol$ creatinine) of workers in paint manufacture industries. The mean of urinary 1-OHP concentration of smokers was the higher than that of non-smokers. There was significant correlation between the urinary concentration of 1-OHP and the environmental concentration of PAHs (r=O.S48, p<0.001), pyrene(r=0.859, p<0.001), and urinary cotinine (r=0.324, p<0.05). The regression equation between the urinary concentration of 1-OHP in ${\mu}g/g$ creatinine($C_{1-OHP}$) and airborne concentration of PAHs (or pyrene) in ${\mu}g/m^3$ ($C_{PAHs}$ or Cpyrene) is: Log ($C_{1-OHP}$)=-0.650+0.889×Log($C_{PAHs}$), where $R^2=0.694$ and n=38 for p<0.001.Log ($C_{1-OHP}$)=1.087+0.707${\times}$Log(Cpyrene), where $R^2=0.713$ and n=38 for p<0.001. From the results of stepwise multiple regression analysis about 1-OHP, significant independents were total PAHs and urinary cotinine (adjusted $R^2=0.743$, p<0.001). In this study, there were significant correlation between the urinary concentration of 1-OHP and the airborne concentration of PAHs. The urinary 1-OHP was effective index as a biomarker of airborne PAHs in workplace. But it was influenced by non-occupational PAHs source, smoking.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.181-188
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• 2022

최근 식육부산물 가공식품의 소비량 증가에도 불구하고 식육부산물의 생산, 유통 그리고 소비과정에서 위생안전문제가 지속적으로 제기되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 순대의 위해요소를 분석, 평가하여 Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point에 근거한 식육부산물 생산업체의 미생물학적 안전성 확보와 소규모 제조업체의 품질관리 기준 설정 및 위생관리체계를 확립하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 순대 생산에 적용되는 원료(24건), 제조공정(7단계), 제조설비 및 도구(40건), 작업장 환경(17구역), 작업자(12명)에 대한 미생물학적 위해요소를 분석하였다. 원·부재료 돈혈의 일반세균과 대장균군 각각 6.28±0.48, 4.07±0.42 log CFU/g 검출되었고, 돈소창의 대장균군 3.23±0.16 log CFU/g 검출되어 초기단계의 위해요소가 지적되었다. 혼합과 충진공정에서의 일반세균은 각각 5.23±0.17, 5.45±0.37 log CFU/g, 대장균군은 각각 3.25±0.23, 3.31±0.24 log CFU/g로 높게 나타나 미국 육군 Natick의 위생가이드라인에서 제시한 기준을 초과하여 검출되었다. 작업장 충진실과 돈소창 세척실의 일반세균과 대장균군은 기준치를 초과하였으나 세척·소독 후 일반세균은 약 98% 미생물 오염도가 급격히 감소하였고, 대장균군은 모든 구역에서 불검출 되었다. 순대 제조공정의 안전성 확보를 위해서는 세척·소독 및 구역별 분리와 작업자의 위생관리가 선행되어야 하며, 제품의 보관 및 유통단계의 철저한 관리가 필요할 것을 제안한다. 향후 식육부산물의 활용한 가공식품의 안전성평가를 위한 추가적인 연구와 한계기준 유효성평가를 위한 연구가 지속되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제9권12호
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• pp.270-278
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• 2009

그동안 공무원의 스트레스 요인과 직무만족에 대한 연구는 대부분이 역할 관계와 인간 관계에 따른 스트레스 증가로 인한 직무만족의 저하에 대한 연구가 대부분을 이루고 있었다. 그러나 소방공무원의 경우, 직무상 위험성, 긴급성, 대기성, 교대성의 특징을 지니고 있기 때문에 직무 특성에 따른 스트레스가 다소 발생할 것으로 사료된다. 따라서 본 연구는 소방공무원의 스트레스 요인을 직무특성(위험성, 긴급성, 대기성, 교대성)요인과 조직내역할(역할갈등, 역할모호, 역할과다)요인으로 구분하여 각각 직무만족에 어떠한 영향력을 미치는지를 실증 분석 하였다. 결과적으로 소방공무원의 직무특성 요인과 조직내역할 요인은 직무만족에 유의미한 영향력을 미치고 있었고, 구체적으로 직무특성 요인 중에서는 긴급성과 대기성이 직무만족에 정(+)의 영향력을 미치고 있었고, 조직내역할 요인 중에서는 역할 갈등과 역할 과다가 직무만족에 부(-)의 영향력을 미치고 있는 것으로 결과가 나타났다. 또한 업무형태(화재 진압, 구조 구급, 소방 행정, 기타)에 따라 스트레스 요인 및 직무만족에 유의미한 차이를 보이고 있었고, 근무기간(소방본부, 소방서, 119안전센터)에 따라서도 스트레스 요인 및 직무만족에 유의미한 차이를 보이고 있었다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.275-284
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• 1990

To obtain the useful information for the status of working environment and health management of workers in manufacturing industries, comparision of results on the status of working environmental and health management of workers for 32 manufacturing industries in Chunan area from 1988 to 1989 was carried out. The results were as follows : 1. The rate of over-PEL (Permissible Exposure Limit) to for hazardous factors decreased significantly 23.5% in 1988, 18.3% in 1989 (p<0.05) and, the highest rate of over-PEL was the stone and sand handling industry, the highest rate of over-PEL was the dusty workplace as 38.5% in 1988, 35.2% in 1989. 2. The rate of workers exposed to hazardous factors in 1988 and in 1989 was 22.4% respectively, the rate of workers checked up special health examination was 40.1% in 1988, 75.3% in 1989. In stone and sand handling and medicochemical industries, none of workers exposed to hazardous factors was subjected to special health examination in 1988, but 75% of workers exposed to hazardous factors had checked up in 1989. 3. The 6 industries appointed as part-time factory physician among 17 industries which were supposed to have factory physician according to the Safety and Healthy Act of Korea, 6 out of 24 industries only appointed industrial hygienist, furthermore 4 out of 6 hygienists had another duty in addition to occupational hygiene itself.