• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.396-408
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• 2008

Gwangtan-myeon, Paju-si, Gyeonggi-do was classified as a 4 grade age-class deciduous tree forest, however as a result of vegetation survey, this site was found to consist of natural forest with deciduous trees, thus causing difficulty in judging which age class it belongs to. Subsequently, the necessity of drawing up a detailed stock map plan was raised. For this reason, this research was designed to propose a mapping method for a detailed stock map plan based on a detailed survey on actual vegetation, vegetation structure, and analysis data on tree rings. The detailed analysis of actual vegetation pattern showed that there exist 22 patterns of vegetation, in which the natural forest has 11 patterns, such as Quercus mongolica forest and Q. variabilis forest, etc. while the artificial forest was found to have 6 patterns including Castanea crenata, etc. In order to verify their age-class, this research measured a tree age by collecting 42 quadrats and 89 specimen tree cores on the basis of a detailed actual vegetation map; as a result, an artificial forest and oak trees with small diameters located at low-lying areas, was categorized as 2-grade age class(covering 29.8%), and other areas were judged to be available for land use as 3-grade age-class(covering 57.6%) while the areas judged to be 4-or-more grade age-class (covering 8.8%) was impossible for land use because they are located on a steep slope ridge line on a boundary. In case a proposed site for a small-scale development is judged as a natural forest with deciduous trees as mentioned above, it is necessary that a detailed stock map plan should be drawn up through a detailed investigation into actual vegetation and analysis of plant gathering structure & specimen trees. A detailed stock map plan includes the data that makes it possible to comprehensively judge natural property, scarcity, and diversity of vegetation; thus, it is considered that a detailed stock map plan will be useful in judging the development propriety of a small-scale site.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.55-72
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to analyze the consumers' demand pattern and the feature of the market for nursing homes, the number of which is tending upwards. The survey data were obtained from the interview of 500 elderly people living in Seoul and Kyung-Ki provincial area. All respondents were 60 years of age and above. The main findings were summarized as follows: 1. The respondents who are less aged, highly educated comparatively, and living with spouse show positive response for the use of nursing homes. The aged living independently and the aged living with unmarried children show higher demand for this facility. Also, the respondents who prefer independent living away from their childrenn, urban areas as their residence and flat-type housing show more interest for the facility. The respondents who are self- supportive, who has no financial supporter, no caretaker, and no domestic helper demonstrate strong inclination to the use of the facility. The respondents who are interested in this kind of facility, acknowledge the necessity of it show strong intention of moving into it. 2. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to understand factors related to the intention of moving into the nursing homes. The group who wish to live separated from their children in the future give 1.78 times more favorable response than the opposite. The group who have an interest in the facility for elderly has 2.02 times higher intention of moving than the opposite. The group who have an intention of using the facility for elderly it is 7.34 times more likely to move into it. 3. The respondents who are the potential consumers for nursing homes can be subdivided. Within the positive group, it could be divided into the group of living independently with the preference of flat-type housing, the group living independently with the preference of separate housing, and the group wishing to live with their children. Within the negative group, the factor of the division is their concern to the facility. Following this study, it can be said that old age people, who have been regarded as one homogeneous group so far, should be recognized as one characteristic individual. This study also shows that the demand aspect yet in its initial stage shold be researched in anticipation of rapid increase. The understanding of diciding factors, the segmentation of potential market will help work out proper strategy, which will contribute to providers' benefit.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.683-696
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• 2002

In this work. we investigated the ozone data sets that exceeded ambient air quality standards from 31 air quality monitoring stations dispersed across the Seoul metropolitan city during the period covering 1990 and 2000. To specifically describe spatial dependency of high level O$_3$ occurrence, we grouped our data into four different geographical ozone exceedance is much longer in SW than the other three sectors. When we compared the exceedance data in terms of occurrence frequency, the month of maximum frequency differed slightly among different sectors. Examination of long-term exceedance trend indicated that its frequency increased continuously from all sectors over the past years, although slightly opposite patterns existed in their absolute values. Most importantly, its peak occurrence frequency seemed to center in very recent years such as 1998 (NE sector) and 2000 (ail pattern sectors except NE). Consequently, we were able to describe the existence of certain patterns of ozone exceedance data sets in terms of both temporal and spatial scales.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.61-72
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• 2002

This paper is the second part of a series of the research about the Teddy boy style which is to examine various fashion changes in subcultural styles in 1900s. The main concern of this research is to investigate the creation and meaning of the Teddy boy style, how it interacted with the elements of class and generation and how the materials needed by the group constructed and appropriated into the visible systematic cultural form of correspondence. The Teddy Boys are the first recognized members of the British youth culture, which is known as the new Edwardian because of their dress. They had created the concept of the "teenagers," which forms the basis of the sense of a "generation" in the 20th century. The Teds set the style that would be used and modified in the following generations. They adopted the Edwardian style of the upper class, and changed it into their own style by modifying it and adding to it some other elements. The Teddy boys style is a special version of the sartorial appropriation encountered in the sphere of the fashion history. It actually began immediately after the war by the upper class youth far from the working class neighborhood. In the late 1953, the elitist aura surrounding the Edwardian suit was suddenly shattered. Within just a few months, the Edwardian suit became a source of social anxiety and the focus of a symbolic battle. Although the Edwardian look had initially went back to the upper class root, it became a symbol of rootlessness. In appropriation of this image, The Teddy boys were also rejecting the sartorial conformism of the English working class with its modest tradition. In this respect, the Teds effected the ascent or fall of the working class in the area of fashion. The Teds dress was not a merely borrowed fashion, but was a bastard fashion in the form of American trends, the Zoot suit. At this time members of the working class possessed only work dress for the week and waist suits for the Sunday outings. Teds broke this pattern, and developed the working class dandyism of wearing clothes simply to show off. The results were that they succeeded in opening the teen market, and popularizing a working class style for the first time in British history. The Teds became the first British street style with ties music, and remain as an symbol of the rising of a new age of values and styles.f values and styles.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.3
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• pp.321-329
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• 2016

To estimate the sediment discharge controlled by sediment-filled check-dam and thereby enhancing factor for check-dam design and dredging criteria, we surveyed slope failures and stream-bed fluctuation caused by geomorphic disturbances (i.e., landslides and debris flows) in Inje, Gangwondo. In general, check-dams play roles for restraining and controlling sediment discharge within a section under the design equilibrium gradient and a section under the design flood gradient, respectively. The results in this study showed same pattern: that is, the closed type check-dam, which has a design restraint sediment discharge of $2,111m^3$, estimated to control a sediment discharge of $3,996m^3$ in the stream section within 250 m right upper area immediately after the disturbances occurred in 2006. As a result, a design control sediment discharge of the check-dam was larger than its design restraint sediment discharge. This represents that the check-dam is still having an own function for controlling sediment discharge although it exceeded the designed capacity by the sediment discharged from upstream during the disturbances. Our finding suggests that the sediment discharge controlling of check-dam may need to be evaluated separately from its sediment discharge restraint. Currently, the country, however, does not consider the design control (or restraint) sediment discharges, based on the actual field survey, as criteria for check-dam design and/or dredging work. Therefore, the accumulation of the quantitative data is required to support that check-dam has functions for both restraining and controlling sediment discharge. This would be a way to develop our erosion control technology to the scientific technology equipped with a more objective and systematic aspects.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.95-102
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• 2007

Purpose: To acquire high-resolution spiral-scan images at higher magnetic field, high homogeneous magnetic field is needed. Field inhomogeneity mapping and in-vivo shimming are important for rapid imaging such as spiral-scan imaging. The rapid scanning sequences are very susceptible to inhomogeneity. In this paper, we proposed a higher-order shimming method to obtain homogeneous magnetic field. Materials and Methods: To reduce measurement time for field inhomogeneity mapping, simultaneous axial/ sagittal, and coronal acquisitions are done using multi-slice based Fast Spin echo sequence. Acquired field inhomogeneity map is analyzed using the spherical harmonic functions, and shim currents are obtained by the multiplication of the pseudo-inverse of the field pattern with the inhomogeneity map. Results: Since the field inhomogeneity is increasing in proportion to the magnetic field, higher order shimming to reduce the inhomogeneity becomes more important in high field imaging. The shimming technique in which axial, sagittal, and coronal section inhomogeneity maps are obtained in one scan is developed, and the shimming method based on the analysis of spherical harmonics of the imhomogenity map is applied. The proposed technique is applicable to a localized shimming as well. High resolution spiral-scan imaging was successfully obtained with the proposed higher order shimming. Conclusion: Proposed pulse sequence for rapid measurement of inhomogeneity map and higher order shimming based on the inhomogeneity map work very well at 3 Tesla MRI system. With the proposed higher order shimming and localized higher order shimming techniques, high resolution spiral-scan images are successfully obtained at 3 T MRI system.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.307-322
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• 1996

The corpus luteum (CL) is formed by the action of a surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) on the pre-ovulatory follicle. Luteal cells derived from granulosa and theca interna cells continue to secrete progesterone for about two weeks. LH in domestic animals is essential for the normal secretion of progesterone at all stages of the luteal phase. For this process in the rodents, 20$\alpha$-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20$\alpha$-HSD) is indispensable. 20$\alpha$-HSD is an enzyme to be a biologically inactive steroid. This enzyme plays a critical role in the regulation of the rat luteal function and reported to be present in steroid-producing tissues such as the testis and adrenal gland. We have purified 20$\alpha$-HSD and found two distinct 20$\alpha$-HSD molecules (HSD-1 and HSD-2). Their molecular weights are both estimated to be 33kd.The amino acid compositions of HSD-1 and HSD-2 are mostly similar, but there is a slight difference in the content of lysine. We demonstrated that 1) CL of previous generations contribute more to whole ovarian 20$\alpha$-HSD activity, 2) newly formed corpora lutea contain only 20$\alpha$-HSD-1 activity, and 3) old CL express activities of each HSD isozyme as shown in the luteal tissue of cycling rats on the day of diestrus where only degenerating old CL exist. The increase in 20$\alpha$-HSD activity identified seems to be related to the increase in the numbers of 20$\alpha$-HSD-positive cells. Interestingly, 20$\alpha$-HSD-1 activities were strongly found in the follicle fluids and theca interna cells by immunohistochemical study. Thus, the activity of 20$\alpha$-HSD may be related to a survival mechanism of those luteal cells and follicles remaining in the ovaries. Luteal cells arise from two sources. The small luteal cells are all of theca cell origin, while the large luteal cells are mainly of granulosa cell origin. CL of Korean Native Cattle, as those of other animal species, contains two morphologycally and functionally distinct luteal cell populations, such as small and large luteal cells as well as nonluteal cells. In all reproductive states except in the late luteal phase, the bovine CL also contained more small luteal cells than large luteal cells. Luteal tissue secretes a variety of growth factors (proteins) and the pattern of secretion changes during all stages of the luteal phase. These growth factors could be important in regulating the function of the bovine corpus luteum and may act in a potential endocrine autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. Therefore, further work has to be done to elucidate the role of growth factors in the ovary, especially in the corpus luterum. Interest should be focussed on interaction of these growth factors in the regulation of luteal cell and the localization of cytokine synthesis in differnet luteal cells.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.38-42
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• 2006

Background and Objectives: There has been a gradual decline in the incidence of laryngeal tuberculosis due to effective an-tituberculous chemotherapy and improvement in the standard of living. During the last decade, however, the disease has changed its clinical pattern. We aimed to study a clinical and telescopic evaluation of laryngeal tuberculosis. Materials and Method: A retrospective clinical analysis was done for 16 patients who diagnosed laryngeal tuberculosis from January 2000 through December 2004. All patients had a complete clinical and laboratory work-up including telescopy, chest X-rays, sputum cultures, Tbc PCR(polymerase chain reaction). Laryngeal biopsies were performed in some cases. All the patients received proper antituberculous chemotherapy. Results: The patients age ranged from 21 to 59 with a mean age 43. The male to female ratio was 10:6. The prominent presenting symptom was hoarseness. The various telescopic findings were categorized: 7 patients showed ulcerative, 4 patients granulomatous, 3 patients ulcerofungative, 2 patients had nonspecific inflammatory lesions. Involving sites were true vocal cord most commonly in 12 patients. Three of 16 patients had normal chest X-ray fmding. Among 16 patients, 4 patients showed positive response for AFB stain, 13 patients showed positive for Tbc PCR. Biopsy was done for 3 patients who were not confirmed in initial tuberculous test. All patients responded satisfactorily to antituberculous medication. Conclusion: The telescopic findings and clinical manifestations of laryngeal tuberculosis have changed and seemed to be different from those of classic reports. Thus, the clinicians who deal with the various symptoms and diseases should be aware of the existence of laryngeal tuberculosis and the changing patterns of the disease.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.21 no.spc
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• pp.1-8
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• 2019

River works for water utilization have substantially altered the natural flow regime, and it has resulted in deformation of healthy river ecosystems. In Korea, river restoration projects have conducted actively since 1990's. Major purposes of the river restoration are the rehabilitation of modified river channel, improvement of water quality, and creation of aquatic habitats as well as recreational spaces using natural material for river work. However, there have been little interests about the restoration of flow regime which influences to most aspects of river ecosystems. The restoration of natural flow regime has received much attention in preservation of aquatic ecosystems. It should be needed to explore the relationship between flow regime and river ecosystems, and the restoring flow regime is essential. This paper introduce the concept of environmental flow through the interrelation between flow regime and river ecosystem. It provides rolls of flow regime and addresses the method of establishing target flow regime using the RVA(Range of Variability Approach) that suggested by Richter et al.(1997) through analysis of altered flow pattern case of Han river basin.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.103-122
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• 2009

The recent development of information technology has been envisioned as the next technological wave and is expected to play an important role in diminishing boundaries between business organizations. Enterprises have recently resulted in a surge in workflow management, making business processes sharable among different business organizations. To make heterogeneous workflows operational, it is crucial that workflow management systems provide efficient tools for an environment supporting interoperability of business processes among different business organizations. As the potential of workflow management is becoming widely recognized, the demand for an integrated framework that facilitates interoperability among heterogeneous workflows is concomitantly growing. Despite the large body of work in the area of workflow management, few efforts are directed towards identifying conflict patterns for heterogeneous workflow interoperability of inter-organizational business processes. In this paper, we summarize state of the art research trends in workflow management research area and identify conflict patterns for heterogeneous workflows. We believe that this is one of the first attempts to conceptualize conflict patterns that exist on inter-organizational business processes. This paper opens up a novel avenue for workflow management research by supplementing the existing conceptual frameworks for workflow management.