• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2018

It was estimated that wooden warehouses excavated from Bongseon-ri site in Seocheon were built around the 5th century according to the soil layers and construction methods of earthen structures. In order to identify the exact date, three wooden materials (BSMG 01, 06, and 12) from wooden warehouses were analyzed through radiocarbon dating using wiggle match. The outermost ring of BSMG 01 produced a radiocarbon date (95.4% confidence interval) of AD 431~551, BSMG 06 produced a date of AD 460~570, and BSMG 12 produced dates of either AD 240~430 or AD 490~510. The common age of the three wooden materials was identified as AD 490-510 and coincided with the original estimated archaeological age. Therefore, this study proved the accuracy of radiocarbon dating using wiggle match.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.227-235
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• 2019

In Korea, various methods are applied to prevent wooden structures from being damaged by termites. However, since there is no way to quickly bring toxic substances in contact with the termites inside the timber, it leads to the damage of wooden cultural property due to the prolonged period of controlling the termites. Accordingly, an indoor evaluation criteria study was conducted for the introduction of powder-type termiticides in Korea, which produced rapid control effects by drilling wood and directly contacting and transferring toxic substances inside the timber. First, contact toxicity and transfer ability of termite dusts were evaluated to establish the criteria for evaluation of effectiveness against Reticulitermes speratus. The contact toxicity confirmed 100% mortality of fipronil, deltamethrin and cyfluthrin termite dusts within 24 h of contact; however, differences occurred in the active ingredient transfer time to the sublethal. In addition, in the case of transfer ability evaluation, the rate of mortality gradually decreased under 1:9 and 1:25 ratio conditions; however, the difference in the reduction rate was identified depending on the type of termite dust. the results of the evaluation of compressive strength of the wood showed that the difference in the measured values between the control group and the conditions of perforation 1 to 3 times, which does not significantly affect the compressive strength of wood. In this study, the criteria of termite dust selection and evaluation method of dust-type termiticides were presented and the applicability of the method was identified.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.180-191
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• 2022

Wooden cultural heritage are exposed to the external environment as they and there are many difficulties in conservation due to their location and size. Among them, biological damage caused by termites or mold consumes a lot of money and time. Select and use wood preservatives to prevent biological damage: Wood preservatives were selected and the worst environmental conditions, temperature 60±3℃, humidity 55±5%, and light intensity of 0.35 W/m², were subjected to aging treatment to analyze chemical changes. Through the deterioration process, it was confirmed that the change in color difference decreased in the wood preservative treatment compared to the Control group. As a result of measuring the content of the active ingredient contained in the deterioration process of the wood preservative, it was confirmed that the active ingredient content of Gori22 and Bondex Preserve III was higher than that of the comparative Wood Keeper A. Through experiments, the shelf life and treatment period can be predicted by measuring the extent to which wood preservatives affect the change of wood specimens during the deterioration process and the content of active ingredients. In conclusion, various wood preservatives were prepared, and the possibility of selectively selecting wood preservatives according to the environment, topography and period was presented as a major evaluation factor.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.33-44
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• 2021

San-ja is one of the main members consisting of the roof of traditional wooden buildings in Korea. In this study, the regional characteristics of the materials used in San-ja and changes of the materials over time were examined. To this end, 123 documents on the repair of wooden architectural heritage recorded since the 1950s were reviewed. It was found that there was a difference in the San-ja material by region because of the diversity in the conditions of material supply. For instance, bamboo was the most frequently used material in Jeollanam-do province because it was readily available. However, with the development of transportation and vehicle, the regional characteristics have disappeared. As a result, the material has been unified with bamboo now. This is because bamboo is specified as a representative material in the specification or the convenience of construction is prioritized. In addition, the social and economic conditions at the time of repair had an influence on the selection of the San-ja materials.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.191-208
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• 2021

In this study, the status of damage by subterranean termites and their management according to the region and type of domestic wooden cultural properties were identified. This was based on the survey reports of agencies conducting regular nationwide and regional monitoring of subterranean termites. In addition, using geographical information system (GIS) based on the survey contents, a map was constructed of termite infestation and its progress on 2,805 wooden cultural properties that were surveyed nationwide. Based on the map produced, a total of 486 cases of termite infestation were confirmed in wooden cultural properties during 2018-2019, of which 143 cases (approximately 29.4%) were confirmed to be owing to the invasion of termites in the ground and infestation of wood materials. A web platform and an application using a mapping application program interface were created to increase accessibility to the investigated damage status data. The methods employed by each institution for investigating and monitoring the invasion of termites in the ground included the use of detection dogs, visual observation, installation of wood specimens made of pine, and microwave equipment. However, it was confirmed that monitoring and survey methods were not applied to determine the territorial range of the subterranean termite colonies. Accordingly, the use of dyeing and mark-release-recapture methods were deemed necessary to understand the current status, such as calculating the scope of the target wooden cultural property, when monitoring subterranean termite colonies.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.40
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• pp.105-135
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• 2007

Since now, the study of wooden pagodas in ancient Korea have been proceeded to the site plan, the devices and the goods of sarari containers and the reconstruction. They are based on the result of archaeological excavations and the historical material documents. But the study of the foundations of wooden pagodas have been unsatisfactory. In this paper, the investigations of the wooden pagodas in the Three Kingdoms are proceeded. Through this action, we have checked the method of the foundations, the type and installation of Simchoseok(central base stone) and the erection of Simju(central base pillar). In the result of this study, three types were in the method of the foundations-the construction of the upper on the surface of the earth, the construction of the upper and lower on the surface of the earth. And we know the types of the installation of Simchoseok were the underground-type central base stone and the ground-type central base stoned. The factors of the central base pillars were changed with the rising of central base stones from the lower on the surface of the earth to the surface of the foundation. This change was needed to construct the larger wooden pagodas than the ones of the past. In especially, the large wooden pagodas with the ground-type central base stoned were appeared in the king of Baekje, Muwang(A.D. 600~640). We assume that the method of the construction of larger wooden pagodas like that was forwarded to Silla and Japan.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.278-284
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• 2018

This study is for species identification for each structure member such as Pillar, Bo, Changbang, Dori, Jangyeo, Judu, Donjaju, Chunyeo, Guitle, and Jongdae, of Pungnammun Gate (Treasure 308). Jeonju is the birthplace of Joseon Dynasty and Pungnammun Gate was the southern gate of old Jeonjueupseong which was walled town. Provincial Governor of Koryeo Dynasty, Yu Gyeong Choi built Jeonjubuseong and four gates at all cardinal points in 1388. And the gate was burnt down by Jeongyujaeran (war with Japan in 1597). It was rebuilt by King Yeongjo (Joseon Dynasty) in 1734 and renamed 'Pungnammun' after 34 years. It was designated for Treasure 308 for its unique style of architecture and historic values in 1963. In this study, all of wooden structure members were Pinus spp.. This result was matched for the result of major species for wooden building of late Joseon Dynasty. It can be used to complete database for architecture of Castle's Gate and help for restoration of cultural heritage in the future.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.326-332
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• 2020

The this study's objective was to conduct species identification and tree-ring dating for the wood elements of Daewoong-jeon(main temple), Hwagye-temple, Seoul, Korea. Most of the wood elements were made from Pinus spp.(hard pine). However, one large beam was constructed from Abies spp.. For the tree-ring dating, cores were taken from the elements using a drill, and ring-width plots of individual samples were produced with the TSAP software program. The tree-ring dating results showed that, the date of the outermost ring of most elements (20 elements), including beams and pillars, were from AD 1839 to 1870. Among them, five elements had bark, and felling dates were AD 1868 and 1869. These dates confirmed the historical records that Daewoongjeon was rebuilt in AD 1870 from the records of hidden materials(Bokjangmul) in Jongdori by the survey 2012.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.80-86
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• 2022

Termites cause massive damage to wooden architectural heritage structures. Chemical treatments have been commonly used to control them. In foreign countries, physical barriers made of sheet and particles impenetrable to termite are being used as an alternative to the chemical method. To study the efficacy of physical barriers, we investigated the appropriate sand particle size that can prevent the penetration of R. speratus kyushuensis. Upon evaluating the barrier properties of sand with particle sizes ranging from 0.85 to 4.00 mm, the penetration of termites was found to be effectively blocked at a particle size range of 1.00 to 2.80 mm. At smaller particle sizes, termites managed to move the sand particles and build an almost linear mud tube to penetrate the sand layer. At larger particle sizes, the termites could penetrate the sand layer by passing through the sand gaps.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.28
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• pp.59-73
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• 2007

Wooden artifacts are biologically damaged by animals, insects, and micro-organisms. We focused on the evaluation of the antifungal and insecticidal activities of tree extracts to control deterioration of wooden cultural properties. 12 kinds of methanol extracts from 9 species of tree were investigated for their biocidal activities against two micro-organisms and two spices of insect. Most tree extracts showed fungicidal activities to Tyromyces palustris and Trametes versicolor. Among 12 different tree extracts, the strongest antifungal activity against T.palustris and T.versicolor was observed from the extracts of Pinus densiflora stem-bark extract and Pinus koraiensis leaf extracts. However, in the insecticidal activity test, Pinus densiflora stem-bark extracts against termite was relatively effective. Chemical compositions of methanol extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. As a result, it was confirmed that development of biocide based on the natural extracts can be expected to conservate of wooden cultural properties.