• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.67-85
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was (1) to investigate changes in house and kitchen forms and behaviors in the kitchen area of Korean family houses from the Yi-dynasty to the present, and (2) to develop a housing conceptual framework on the basis of the ecosystem approach through analysis of changes in Korean family houses. The documentary research method wad used fro this study. The major findings were that the traditional Korean houses were composed of separate buildings and had various floor levels with the maru(a wooden floor) as the center of the open plan. The introduction of foreign style house forms from the era of enlightenment, in the year 1876 to the Korean war in 1950 changed traditional Korean houses into Korean-western style houses. More recent increased population and urbanization accelerated to change from the traditional Korean house form to an apartment style. At the present time, however, many kinds of house forms, from a highly modernized style with convenient facilities to a primitive style, which cannot even meet the basis needs of daily life, coexist together. The Kitchens in traditional Korean houses had no plumbing, drainage, or work centers. They had simple adobe furnaces which were used for cooking and for heating the ondol, a kind of panel heated floor by which the heat and smoke run under the floor to the chimney. This made the kitchen floor level lower than the floors of other spaces. The residents entered the kitchen through the madang(atrium). The influence of the western style kitchen, the development of technology, and improvements of nation-wide economic status have made today's kitchen space covenient and hygienic. The floor level of the kitchen was raised to the same level of other spaces. Formerly the major function of the kitchen was raised to the same level of other spaces. Formerly the major function of the kitchen space was cooking and heating floors. This had changed, and the kitchen is now, the place for family and social interaction. A housing conceptual framework was developed on the basis of these findings.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.7-19
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• 2004

This study is to comprehend the interior space of the Royal Palace in the 15th Century, the early years of Joseon Dynasty. The subject of this study is limited to the center of the Royal Palace, that is Jeongjeon(正殿, the royal audience chamber) and Haengrang(行廊, which encloses Jeongjeon on four sides and has many rooms). It is very important to understand the usage of the interior space because the architectural space consists of the space unified by the organic function of the interior and the exterior space. But there are few studies on the interior space of Jeongjeon and Haengrang at the Royal Palace. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to understand the interior space of those buildings. The result of this study is following. Haengrang has several uses such as a night duty room, a storehouse, a government office or a banquet hall etc. So the interior spaces were finished with various methods that were suitable for the use of each room, and the material of the floor were the ground, Maru(the wooden floor) or Ondol(the Korean traditional heating system) There were held many kinds of ceremonies in Jeongjeon, and the government officials could not enter the inside of that building and took part in the ceremony on the front court of Jeongjeon, except the men performing the ceremony. But the high ranking officials could enter the inside when King gave a banquet and there, they prostrated themselves before King. They sat down with their legs crossed on the ground floor instead of sitting on a chair. When King held tea ceremony with Chinese envoys in Jeongjeon, they sat on Gyoui(交倚, a kind of armchair). Then, the government officials performing the ceremony in Jeongjeon prostrated himself around the King and the Chinese envoys and others stood around them.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.77-93
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• 2007

According to documentary records Woljeong-gyo(stone bridge) is built in 760(Silla the 35th King Gyeongdeok 19) and used as original function until 1280(Goryeo the 25th King Chungryeol 6) as Chunyang-gyo. But in those days "Donggyeongjapgi" was published in 1669(Joseon Hyeonjong 10) we assume that it was lost its original function. There are four pier in the type of a ship with the same distance in the middle of river. We can see it is the site of bridge as parts of stonework of bridge are remained. In 1975 the abutments and piers are surveyed and in 1984 stone investigation twice and excavation three times which were to plan restoration were done. Now the restoration of abutments both ends are worked. For restoration of Woljeong-gyo studied documentary records and excavation recoeds were collected and examined. It helped to see the bridge in southern China twice to restore the bridge. Unearthed articles such as yeonham(a kind of member to support roof tiles) and giwa(roof tile) gave decisive clues to assume upper structure of the bridge and from Chinese bridges are helped to type of the bridge. It is certain Woljeong-gyo was ranggyo which means that upper structure was made with wooden members and the stone piers shaped of a ship below and near the abutments both ends another buildings were. Youngjocheok(the architectural measure) of this bridge is similar to gokcheok(the metal measure, 301.84mm) used now that the length of piers is 46choek(尺), the width of that is 9choek(尺), the length between two piers is 42choek(尺), the length between abutment and pier is 38choek(尺). Also we can see that entirely the length of the bridge is 210choek(尺), width is 40choek(尺).

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.125-134
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• 2006

The tightness of windows have devoted to the improvement of thermal insulation and energy saving in buildings. But it is known that this tightness causes some side effects such as low ventilation, low capacity to humidity and temperature control and these are not profitable for inhabitants. To act on these side effects, Korean traditional windows which are composed of Han-Ji(Koreand traditional paper) and Chang-Sal(Korean traditional wooden frame) have been studied to get a reasonable solutions for these problems. In this study, to compare the thermal and humidity control performance of current window(12 mm pair) and Korean traditional windows, frames which are made of existing window and Korean traditional windows are adapted to scale model house and then humidity and temperature of in and out of scale model house are measured and analysed. The results of this study are followings ; 1) When Korean traditional window charges 20cm(1/8 of total window area) from total window area, Han-Ji window has higher thermal insulation than that of existing window in daytime. There is the most big thermal difference when double faced with double-ply Han-Ji window is placed to mock-up house. In night-time, the temperature difference is very small so this means that Korean traditional window is good to cover direct sunlight in daytime and reduce the temperature of balcony. One faced with one-ply han-Ji window has the best humidity penetration performance among three type of Korean traditional windows. 2) When Korean window area enlarged to 40cm(1/4 of total window area), the function of 40cm width Han-Ji window is higher than that of 20cm's. This means that enlargement of Han-Ji window cover direct sunlight more and is more efficient in humidity penetration.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.44-51
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• 2007

Most of the Korea temples of cultural property are wooden buildings and easy combusted. They are often located in mountain area far away from the city. It is very difficult to approach the fight area. The putting out is very difficult in the initial fire time. And for protecting the cultural property in the long-term continuous fire source there are some restrictions in water source and suppression system. In this paper the initial putting out fire due to the forest fire and the protection of cultural property in the long-term continuous fire source were researched. The improved project about fire control facilities of the Korea cultural property was proposed. In the proposed project the facilities using Water mist which can reduce more loss than existing facilities using water are applied. In view of the topographic position the method of eliminating the energy of combustibles and wall for cutting off the heat in the fire control facilities are also mentioned.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.101-112
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• 2020

This study focuses on the construction of Gyeongbokgung Palace in the second year of King Gojong's reign, which has been spotlighted for political and economic history. The author analyzed the contents of wood procurement with the Yeonggeon Diary, which records each day of construction site. The results are as follows: First, the 2nd year of King Gojong's reign, Yeonggeon of Gyeongbokgung Palace, was a new building that reflected the old system and 270 years of changed environment on the existing site. Despite the poor economic conditions, it began with years of effort and voluntary volunteer work and dedication. Second, the priority of timber transport was recruiting people in the whole process and the supply and demand of transportation tools. Carrying lumber from the mountains to the riverside and floating it at the right time were all a matter of manpower. Soldiers and carts were used to carry timber that arrived in Hangang River to the construction site. The cart was a consumable product, so it was necessary to continuously use the wood to make cart at the site. Third, fire and flood were the biggest obstacles to the Yeonggeon schedule of Gyeongbokgung Palace. Especially the fire was fatal. It was difficult to extinguish the fire in temporary structure, where was the storage for wood to construct. These disasters greatly affected the construction cost and construction period. Wood procurements of Gyeongbokgung Palace were based on public offerings. At the same time, recycled materials from other palace wood and nearby houses, nationwide buying of private mountain wood, the logging of royal tombs and some of the buildings of Gyeonghui Palace and Changgyeong Palace were relocated.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.31-38
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to rediscover the gestalt psychological value of the Landscaping structure and architectural landscape in the vulnerable village consulted by experts in 2021 year. For this study, nine villages called of Saethul Maul were surveyed, and two of them were analyzed for landscape composing of gestalt psychology. The two villages, Yulwon and Jeonchon, included the case where the landscaping structure of residence was viewed from outside the village and the case from within the village. Psychological distance of the villages is analyzed by D/H ratio for the scenery seen from lanes. There are three expected conclusions. First, in terms of gestalt psychology, the buildings mean a figure, and the rice field in front of the village, the mountains behind the village, and the lanes represent a landscape structure consisting a background(ground). It captures the unique landscape aesthetics of the vulnerable village. Second, the landscape seen in the village shows various differences in horizontal distance and vertical height of the lane, so even if the psychological distance gives a sense of closure, it gives a sense of rhythm and change. However, considering the psychological distance (D/H ratio) when the roads are expanded for the fire car, the village landscape can be re-formed by safety and function. Third, the architectural landscape of Yulwon village is characterized by the harmonious arrangement of traditional houses, Narack-Doiji (rice barn), and wooden building (agricultural barn) in the background of chestnut tree hill behind the village. It is necessary to reduce the use of industrial materials and restore the valuable architectural landscape of the vulnerable village.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.655-663
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• 2016

Increasing green house gas and it consequent climate change problems are discussed as a global issue. Accordingly, future local green house gas emission will increase up to 40% of the entire local green house gas emission and therefore, efforts to reduce the emission in construction industry is urgently required. Therefore, in this study, heating energy demand was analyzed by using the EnergyPlus simulation according to wood material finishes configuration. EnergyPlus has the entry for a variety of buildings and heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HAVC) system components, in particular buildings, air conditioning systems, and performs simultaneous integrated calculated through the feedback between the heat source unit, a verification program according to the ASHRAE Standard 140-2007 to be. The climate data for the simulation we used the data IWEC in Incheon and Gwangju provided by EnergyPlus. The analysis of simulation model was farm and fishing house standard design drawings: 2012, presented at the Korea Rural Community Corporation. The results of simulation of central region and southern region were effected by wood products of simulation model into the interior finish, exterior finish, windows, wooden structure. Also, it was confirmed that the reduced heating energy demand.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.14 no.3 s.43
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• pp.39-52
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• 2005

This study relates to the architectural planning principle of Gyeonghoeru pavilion, one of the major buildings in Gyeongbokgung palace. The study is concentrated on The Book of Gyeonghoeru Pavilion written by Jeong Haksun in 1865 during the reconstruction of Gyeonghoeru pavilion. The architectural planning principle of Gyeonghoeru pavilion disclosed in The Book of Gyeonghoeru Pavilion appears to be 'the method of expanding with six by six system'. 'The method of expanding with six by six system' means a way of continuously extending the number related to 6 by addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, and reflecting to architecture, having number 6 as the basic number. Number 6 means a large amount of water in East Asian philosophy, Applying 'the method of expanding with six by six system' to the architecture of Gyeonghoeru includes an intention to prevent fire in a way of a type of incantation because Korean traditional wooden buildings are we to fire. Since Gyeonghoeru is surrounded by a pond and was constructed based on the number 6 having a strength of water, it was believed that it could be safe from fire. This study compares the contents disclosed in The Book of Gyeonghoeru Pavilion with the construction of Gyeonghoeru to find out how the number 6 was applied to the overall construction of Gyeonghoeru. From the fact that the total number of km of Gyeonghoeru is 36 ($6{\times}6$), the number of pillars is 42 ($6{\times}7$), and the number of windows and doors is multiples of 6, it has been found out that the number 6 is deeply related to the overall construction of Gyeonghoeru. In addition to the fact that the construction of Gyeonghoeru can be explained by 'the method of expanding with six by six system', The Book of Gyeonghoeru Pavilion also discloses parts where Diagram of Hotu, Later Heaven Arrangement and Arrangement of 64 Hexagrams are applied. Therefrom, it has been found out that Gyeonghoeru pavilion was constructed by applying the principles of East Asian philosophy based on The Book of Changes.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.462-470
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• 2021

To find out the wood species used in national wood structures in the late Joseon Dynasty, 11 volumes of Yeonggeon-Uigwes were reviewed. It was confirmed that the wood was mainly used for the repair and restoration of palaces, shrines, and fortresses. In the 17th to 20th centuries, the wood species specified in Yeonggeon-Uigwes have revealed either hardwood or softwood. As hardwood species, Juglans mandshurica, Zelkova serrata, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Betula schmidtii, Paulownia coreana, or Quercus spp. (Quercus aliena; Q, variabilis; Q, dentata; Q, acutissima; Q, mongolica; Q, serrata) were used. As softwood species, Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis were used. Investigation of the wood species is important part because the same species is required as a principle when reparing cultural heritage. In this study, the anatomical images of the wood species were investigated for some samples which were taken from the same species that has been stored in the wood specimen room of the National Institute of Forest Science, instead of the actual wood material used. It was possible to find out the wood species of each member in the wooden cultural heritage buildings by reviewing the Yeonggeon-Uigwes in the late Joseon Dynasty, and the anatomical images of the wood species required for determining the wood species in the repair or restoration of the buildings.