• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.97-105
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• 1999

Based on literature, status and role of the NP in America was reviewed. The process of developing NP program in America suggests us many things. In America, nurse practitioners have sustained a mutually beneficial status with their patients for over thirty years. Excel fence in academic education and clinical training will enable nurse practitioners to continue to provide quality health care. The magnitude changes in the health care system of the United States, the challange of providing real access of health care continues. Lack of access to adequate primary care was the driving force in the initial 1965 Federal Involvement in developing the NP role. In 1993 President Bill Clinton's health care reform initiative provided policy support for NPs as primary care providers. The Institute of Medicine explicitly recognized NPs as an integral part of the primary care team. In addition, several national reports recognized NPs as affordable, accessible, high-quality care providers. The recent passage of direct Medicare reimbursement for NPs reflected public policy statements coincided with and likely contributed to a growth spurt in the NP workforce. From 1965 to 1977 NP programs offered traditional primary care clinical tracks(adult, family, woman's health, and pediatrics) for relatively small clusters of students in a variety of institutional settings. From 1978 to 1990 these educational programs were incorporated into graduate schools of nursing. By 1990 the majority of NPs received educational preparation in master's-level nursing programs. A new emphases was placed on postmaster's NP programs designed for master's prepared clinical nurse specialists and nurse managers. he the health care system shifted hospital nursing resources toward community-based care, these master's -level nurses sought additional NP preparation. NP educational programs are defined as the educational structure in which one or more NP clinical tracks are offered. NP clinical tracks, in turn, offer curriculum and supervised clinical experiences that match standards in specific practice areas such as family(FNP), adult(AUP), geriatrics(GNP), pediatrics(PNP), women's health (WHNP), neonatal (NNP), and acute care(ACNP). There were indications that NP practice was expanding into new clinical areas as evidenced by new types of tracks, particularly in acute care and psychiatry. The increase in acute care NP students likely reflects the increased demand from hospitals and other acute care settings. In Korea, change of nurse's role into nurse practitioner's role may have many difficulties. The need of health consumer, policy support of government, approval of medical care team are all essential component. Every nursing personnel make effort to planning the new health care delivery system.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.3-10
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• 2015

The purpose of the study was to investigate the policy implication and a usage model for aging workforces of research and development field in the era of working age population decline and the introduction of the retirement age legislation. In spite the importance of the use for aging workforces of R&D, previous studies have not been taken in terms of R&D workforces. In addition, the activated policies and services was implemented for the aged and retired people. Therefore, we suggested the usage model in four folds: 1) internal employment model, which is to hire and employ pre-retired active workforces by their retirement age, 2) internal and external linkage model, which is to make them to depart from their previous workplaces and move them to new workplaces where they can apply their knowledge and skills, 3) extending retirement age model, which is to expand their age limit and provide their job opportunities after they left their work, and 4) ouplacement model, which is to provide them with employment information and service as well as operate the educational programs before they leave the workpalce. Finally, we suggested the update of legislation and law for old workers, government supports for retiring workforces, and the conversation and compromise between R&D workforces and managers of workplaces.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.225-232
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of the glass ceiling induction factors on the improvement of the job Commitment on the glass ceiling perception and to analyze the effect of the organizational Commitment on the influence of the local medical institute and private medical institute employees. Purpose. As a research method, structural equation model analysis was carried out to investigate the influence relationship of each factor. In particular, multiple group analysis was performed to analyze the difference of influence relations between public and private medical personnel. Respectively. Result, First, empirical studies on the effect of the glass ceiling inducing factors on job Commitment showed that job Commitment was influenced by stereotype and organizational culture, and the magnitude of the influence was different. Second, the employees of the room medical center were influenced by perceived promotion, job placement, education and training, reward, and job satisfaction. Third, in the hypothesis that job Commitment will be affected by the perception of glass ceiling, only the workers of the private medical center showed significant results. Based on the results of this study, it will be necessary to plan policies to improve the perception of the glass ceiling phenomenon and improve its status in order to improve the personnel and system that women workers in the medical field can enter more senior management positions.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.175-183
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• 2005

Dose distribution of Korean radiation workers classified by occupational categories was analyzed. Statistics of the occupational radiation exposure(ORE) in 2002 of the radiation workers in diagnostic and dental radiology were obtained from the Korea Food and Drug Agency(KFDA) who maintains the database for individual radiation dose records. Corresponding statistics for the rest of radiation workers were obtained by processing the individual annual doses provided by the Korea Radioisotope Association(KRIA) after deletion of individual information. The ORE distribution was classified in term of 28 occupational categories, annual individual dose levels, age groups and gender of 52733 radiation workers as of the year of 2002. The total collective dose was 66.4 man-Sv and resulting average individual ORE was 1.26 mSv. Around 80% of the workers were exposed to minimal doses less than 1.2 mSv. However, it appeared that the recorded doses exceeded 20 mSv for 43 workers in the industrial radiography and for 147 workers in the field of radiology. Particularly, recorded doses of 23 workers in radiology exceeded the annual dose limits of 50 mSv, which is extraordinary when the working environment is considered. It is uncertain whether those doses are real or caused by careless placing of dosimeters in the imaging rooms while the X-ray units are in operation. No one in the workforce of 16 operating nuclear power plant units was exposed over 20 mSv in 2002. Number of workers was the largest in their 30's of age and the mean individual dose was the highest in their 20's. Women were around 20% of the radiation workers and their average dose was around one half of that of man workers.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.203-208
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• 2022

The U.K. during the war on terrorism, the number of military serviceable resources decreased and the volunteer recruitment rate decreased due to the decline in the birth rate, but faced a situation in which complex security threats from IS and Russia gradually increased. As one of the measures to overcome these challenges, the British military promoted a policy to break down existing social conservatism and assign female personnel to close combat positions. The British military formed a consensus within the military through discovery of female military use cases, longitudinal studies, and combat experiments, and then conducted strategic communication to form a social consensus and collect public opinions. In addition, to improve the reliability of the policy, established a combat fitness evaluation system that any combatant who performs close combat should pass. In Korea, amid accelerating competition for hegemony between the U.S. and China, security threats are increasing due to a decrease in military serviceable resources caused by population cliffs. Therefore, the case of the British military will give us considerable implications while also helping to provide the direction necessary for establishing future women's workforce policies.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.354-377
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• 2002

Aging population is a global trend and Korea is no exception. Due to the progress of the medical and scientific sectors, increase in the average lifetime incurred increase in the number of elderly people. Meanwhile, the family function of supporting the elderly has become a major issue in a society due to the changes in the society's structure and increased entry of the women into the workforce. As a means to substitute the protection of the elderly who are not protected at their respective homes and to replace the tending needs, weekly protection centers and short-stay centers for the elderly were established and operated in Seoul since 1992. However, structured and satisfactory services are not yet to be provided, thus this research intends to understand the current situation at the short-stay centers for the elderly, to identify users' characteristics and to conduct study on nursing need for the health reasons so that the results of the research can be utilized as basic data for the development of nursing care program. Towards this end, this research targeted 142 elderly people who were undergoing treatment at the 11 short-stay centers for the elderly out of total of 13 located in Seoul that were willing to cooperate. The research was conducted from April to May 2002, with the measurement tool developed by Rhee, Seon-ja (2001) to measure the level of nursing need. Then data was collected and analyzed using SPSS program. The results are as follows. The general characteristics of users of the short-stay centers for the elderly were: 123 females $(86.6\%)$, 19 males $(13.4\%)$ and 72 elderly were over the age of 80 $(50.7\%)$. Among these, 24$(16.9\%)$ were living by themselves. Among the illnesses that the subjects were inflicted with were: dementia $(54.2\%)$, stroke $(54.1\%)$ and high blood pressure $(50.7\%)$, in the respective order. Despite the fact that they were diagnosed with illnesses, $47.2\%$ responded that they do not undergo special treatment due to financial reasons. When the level of needs for nursing care among the elderly who use the short-stay centers is divided into informational. physical. and emotional need levels and scored between zero to two, the level of emotional need is the highest with 1.80, followed by physical (1.45) and informational (1.44) need levels. As for the realities of services at the centers and improvement areas, restriction on term was cited as the greatest inconvenience with $38.7\%$, followed by lack of budget (24 respondents, $16.9\%$). Wishful services were financial assistance $(46.5\%)$, medical and nursing services $(40.1\%)$, meal provision service $(8.5\%)$ and counseling service $(4.9\%)$, in the respective order. Based on the above mentioned results, the research identified the need to develop nursing program for the patients of dementia that can be applied onto the short-stay centers and the need to develop volunteer service, backed by societal support. Also, placement of specialized cadre of professionals is needed so that medical and nursing service functions can be provided in a complementary manner.