• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.99-107
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• 2008

We quantified the human carcinogenic metals (chromium, nickel) in fumes from flux cored arc welding using stainless steel (FCAW/SS) wires. Zinc and calcium were also quantified because of their possibility of zinc chromate and calcium chromate, respectively. Welding was performed in an American Welding Society standard fume collection chamber. Insoluble and soluble forms of metals were analyzed by ISO 15202 method. Total chromium (insoluble+soluble) content and total nickel content were lower in FCAW/SS fumes (4.65%, 1.05%, respectively)than in stainless steel content (ca. 18%, 8%,respectively). Insoluble fraction in total chromium was 79.8 (range 64.5~95.1)% and 94.4(range 90.1~98.1)% in total nickel. Atomic emission spectroscopy used in this study does not differentiate the chromium valence status while ACGIH defines its carcinogenicity according to the valence status. From this study and previous study, we estimated the hexavalent chromium content in FCAW/SS was 0.2~1.1% and about 85% of them was soluble. The content of zinc and calcium, which can be existed as chromate forms, was low (0.02 %, 0.04% respectively) in FCAW/SS. Exposure assessment for zinc chromate and calcium chromate is possible because chromium in both compounds is used as a surrogate even though it is not well known that what compounds of zinc and calcium are formed in welding fume.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.345-348
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• 2008

Purpose: Fracture of the frontal sinus accounts for 5-15% of all facial fractures. Only anterior table fracture occupies one third of the frontal sinus fracture. Conventional coronal approach is the standard treatment, but this method is very aggressive, especially in patient with simple, depressed, anterior frontal sinus wall fracture. We introduce new, simple technique for these patients, using small incision and Dual-top screws. Methods: A 27-year-old male patient was introduced to our department under the impression of fracture of frontal sinus, involving only anterior table. Under general anesthesia, 1.5 cm-sized, small incision was made on the suprabrow area. We reduced fractured fragment with two dual-top screws and 25G wires. Fixation was not necessary Results: The operation took about forty minutes, and the patient discharged 2 days after the operation. Postoperative 2 months follow up CT shows maintenance of reduction site. Gross depression of the forehead and visible scar was not observed. Conclusion: Although the indication of this procedure is limited, less aggressive, simple and very effective to the patient with simple. depressed, anterior frontal sinus fracture.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.4968-4974
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• 2010

Electrical Railroads provide electric power, which can operate vehicles, via feeder wires. And the supplied current returns to the transformer substation through lines and ground net. In domestic cases, the configuration of ground net affecting such a return current mostly uses an exclusive earth method. However, along with the introduction to Gyeongbu HSL(High Speed Line), the concept of Common Earth was applied to Electrical Railroads. In this paper, based on the return currents analyzed to be measured in the electrified sections for the operation of High Speed Rails in existing lines, we analyze the relations between earth methods and return currents in electrified sections. For analysis, we utilize the measured values of return currents measured in track circuits in Gyeongbu HSL, and predictive values of those compared to the earth methods between Gyeongbu HSL and the existing electrified sections.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.108-117
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• 2007

RConsumer Portal is defined as "a combination of hardware and software that enables two-way communication between energy service providers(ESP, like KEPCO) and equipment within the consumer's premises". The portal provides both a physical link(between wires, radio waves, and other media) and a logical link(translating among language-like codes and etiquette-like protocols) between in-building and wide-area access networks. Thus, the consumer portal is an important, open public shared infrastructure in the future vision of energy services. This paper presents an XML based standard specification of service-oriented, open protocol for consumer portal system architecture. In the framework level, the XML protocol provides a useful bridge between services and platforms. The proposed standard protocol has been implemented into our developing consumer portal pilot system. The results imply the potential of global standards for consumer portal system by its minimum overhead in network and processor. The reposed XML is designated psXML in this paper.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.176-180
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• 2007

In the case that an overcurrent flows through in electrical wire due to short-circuit or overload, the wire can be fused, thereby causing an electrical fire. In the present article the characteristics of the fusing current of an electrical wire have been studied to discriminate between short-circuit and overload. In the experiment the fusing time was measured as the currents determined by Preece's equation were supplied to bare wires of various diameter. As the results of experiment, the measured fusing currents well satisfied the Onderdonk's equation. By comparing the measured results and the short current the IEC recommends, it is shown that the variable to determine the short current for a bare copper wire, k is appoximately 300. The fusing current of an electrical wire which becomes a short circuit within 5sec can be expressed as a function of diameter based on the value of k. Consequently, the equation for the fusing current provides a criterion to discriminate between short-circuit and overload.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.17A no.3
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• pp.145-152
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• 2010

Most wearable system for mobile healthcare applications consists of three parts. The first part is the sensing elements based on bio-signal, the second is the circuit module for control, data acquisition and wireless communication and control and the third is garment with a built-in electrodes and circuits. The existing healthcare garment systems have to find a solution to signal-wire and uncomfortable and inappropriate electrode to long-term attachment. Even if the wireless communication is used for healthcare garment system, the interface between sensors and circuits have to use wires. To solve these problems, this paper use electrode using PEDOT coated PVDF nanoweb for ECG signal and PVDF film sensor for respiratory signal. And, we constructed garment network using digital yarn of 10um, and transmitted ECG and respiratory signal to mobile phone through the integrated circuit with bluetooth called station To evaluate feasibility of the proposed mobile healthcare garment system, we experimented with transmission and measurement of ECG and respiratory signal using nanoweb electrode and digital yarn. We got a successful result without noise and attenuation.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.511-519
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• 2017

This Paper introduces the design and communication method between PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) and Arduino based on MODBUS Protocol. MODBUS connection can be established in a new or existing system very easily, therefore we used this protocol in our proposed system. In the field of automatic devices, multi-function serial port such as RS232, RS422, RS485, and so on creates a great convenience to the developer. This proposed system used RS485 as a key mediator for data exchanging on a connected network. We also believe that it will reduce the development cost in various automated industry because this system can be reused or can be implemented any such PLC installed machines. RS485 is used as a communication interface between PLC (as a slave) and Arduino (as a master), through which a reliable network is created for safe and fast communication. Furthermore, RS485 allows multiple devices(up to 32) to communicate at half duplex on a single pair of wires and provides a long connectivity area (up to 1200 meters) as compare to other device, which makes it a user-friendly for various devices in the automated industry. Moreover, Arduino can play as a mediator by connecting third party device and setup a communication network with PLC.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.872-878
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• 2012

In this paper, an arm motion sensing system using potentiometer is developed. Most motion sensing systems use optical method for the quality of motion data. The optical method needs much cost for manufacturing capture system and takes much time for correcting the captured data. And mechanical method entails relativity low cost, but it uses the wires and takes much time for correcting the data like the optical method. For solving the problems, in this paper, an arm motion sensing system is newly developed using low cost potentiometer and based on the suggested simple calculation method for the joint angles and the angular velocities. For the verification of the performance of the developed system, practical experiments were executed using real human arm motion and a robot arm. The experimental results showed that the motion of the robot arm controlled by the output of the developed motion sensing system is much similar with the motion of human arm.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.3610-3616
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• 2011

Electrical Railroads provide electric power, which can operate vehicles, via feeder wires. And the supplied current returns to the transformer substation through lines and ground net. The used load current depending on the operation of rail vehicles in the electric railway sections returns to the substation through a track which is a return circuit. The load current contains harmonics because of the power conversion equipment used in rolling stocks and such harmonic currents should not affect train control system. In this paper we present the test result in order to verify that the harmonics produced by the operation of rail vehicles in the newly built electric railway sections can affect interlocking systems. The test in question was performed in a linking section that trackside equipment under railway operating conditions and interlocking are linked in order to identify whether or not the interlocking fitted in a signal machine room can be affected by harmonics according to railway operation.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.55-58
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• 2007

Titanum and its alloys have been used as the important materials of eyewear frame due to its light weight, mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. This study investigates hardness and microstructures of titanum alloy groove wires in according with heating time by high frequency induction heating. Because of increase of grain size by the growth of heating time, hardness of ${\beta}-Ti$ has reduced. Hardness of Ti-325 reduced until 2 sec and rapidly increased at 3 sec by high frequency induction heating. It is observed that hardness of Ti-325 reduces by the increase of the grain size until 2 sec and suddenly increased by the development of the detailed ${\alpha}+{\beta}$ lamella at 3 sec.