• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.222-227
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• 1998

This survey was based on the data of one hundred four dogs with 108 case,T of fracture admitted to the veterinary teaching hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University and 24 private small animal hospitals from January, 1995 to Decemberi 1996. The results were analyzed as following criteria; the distribution of fractures causes of fractured age and sexual distributions month of the most frequencel total body weights presence of communicating external wound, extent of damaged direction of fracture line, location of fracture liner fracture managements fixations methods, fixations methods according to location of fracture. The results of survey were as follow: 1. Main distribution of fracture; radius . ulna (23.1%).2. Causes of fracture; road toraffic accident (39.4 T,). 3. Age; over 24 months (27.9%). 4. Sex; male (53.89)), female (46.2%). 5. Month of the most frequence; July (14.4%) 6. Total body weight: 2-5 kg (45.27)). 7. Presence of communicating external wound; closed fracture (94.2%). 8. Extent of damage; complete fracture (92.6%). 9. Direction of fracture line: comminuted fracture (27.8 To). 10. Location of fracture line; diaphysis (62.0%). 11. Fracture management; open reduction (58.3% ). 12. Fixation methods; not treat (22.2%). 13. Fixation methods according to location of fracture; radius ulna-Kirschner wire fixation (45.5%), femur. shaft-intramedullary pinning (71.4%), pelvis-bone plate (53.3%), metacarpus-not treat, Kirschner wire fixation (each 30.8%).

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.397-400
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• 2007

In an open reduction of the mandibular angle fracture, it is crucial to approximate each fracture segment as closer as possible for the reduction of the healing period. In this case report, we proposed a new technique for the mandibular angle fracture. This was designed to minimize the gap between two separated segments using mini-implants and surgical wires. Mini-implants were placed around the fracture line, followed by wire ligation to minimize the fracture gap. And then internal fixation was easily employed with plates and screws. The advantages of this technique were reduced time for operation, the promotion of healing, rapid functional recovery, and few complications.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.7-24
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• 1989

The physical properties of seven sizes of control groups and experimental group in stainless steel orthodontic wires were studied in tension, hardness, bending, torsion and observation of microstructure. The wires (0.40-0.90mm dia.) of round type were tested in the as-received condition. The wires of control groups were TRU-CHROME and REMANIUM, and experimental group was SK wire which was developed by ourselves and made in Korea. The results were as follows; 1. The chemical compositions of control groups and experimental group were austenite stainless steel wires of SOS 304. 2. Higher values of tensile and yield strength in tension were control group I, experimental group, control group II. Maximum tensile and yield strength of experimental group were $203.63{\pm}1.41kg/mm^2$ in 0.70mm diameter and $148.96{\pm}4.88kg/mm^2$ in 0.60mm diameter, and maximum elongation was $5.20{\pm}0.57%$ in 0.45mm diameter. 3. Hardness values of experimental group were similar to control groups. Maximum hardness values were $596.2{\pm}13.66Hv$ in 0.45mm diameter wire of control group I, $590.5{\pm}20.08Hv$ in 0.50mm diameter wire of control group II, and $563.6{\pm}5.35Hv$ in 0.70mm diameter wire of experimental group. 4. Torsion properties of experimental group were similar to control group I and more than control group II. Maximum torsion cycles were $31.8{\pm}2.48$ in 0.45mm diameter of control group I, $17.4{\pm}4.84$ in 0.60mm diameter of control group II, and $24.6{\pm}3.04$ in 0.45mm diameter of experimental group. 5. Maximum bending cycles of experimental group were smaller than control groups. Maximum bending cycles were $9.00{\pm}0.00$ in 0.50mm diameter wire of control group I, $10.0{\pm}0.82$ in 0.40mm diameter wire of control group II, and $8.0{\pm}1.26$ in 0.50mm diameter wire of experimental group. 6. Microstructures of experimental and control groups co-existed with martensited austenite structure and elongated austenite structure. 7. The direction of wire fracture was propagated parallel to torsion direction typically and there was no probability showing wire fracture at inclusions and surface scratches. 8. The type of wire fracture was brittle fracture at initiation site and ductile fracture at core.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2004.06a
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• pp.909-914
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• 2004

This study investigate the cause analysis on fracture of dropper clamp in catenary system. Dropper clamp is using as a holder between messenger wire and contact wire in catenary system. To analyze the cause analysis on fracture of dropper clamp, we have conducted experiment such as tension withstand strength test, holding strength test of a new products, SEM and EDX of field fractured specimens.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.191-198
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• 2009

Statement of problem: Ceramics have been important materials for the restoration of teeth. The demands of patients for tooth-colored restorations and the availability of various dental ceramics has driven the increased use of new types of dental ceramic materials. Improved physical properties of theses materials have expanded its use even in posterior crowns and fixed partial dentures. However, ceramic still has limitation such as low loading capability. This is critical for long-span bridge, because bridge is more subject to tensile force. Purpose: The wire reinforced ceramic was designed to increase the fracture resistance of ceramic restoration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fracture resistance of wire reinforced ceramic. Material and methods: Heat pressed ceramic(ingot No.200 : IPS Empress 2, Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein) and Ni-Cr wire(Alfa Aesar, Johnson Matthey Company, USA) of 0.41 mm diameter were used in this study. Five groups of twelve uniform sized ceramic specimens(width 4 mm, thickness 2 mm, length 15 mm) were fabricated. Each group had different wire arrangement. Wireless ceramic was used as control group. The experimental groups were divided according to wire number and position. One, two and three strands of wires were positioned on the longitudinal axis of specimen. In another experimental group, three strands of wires positioned on the longitudinal axis and five strands of wires positioned on the transverse axis. Three-point bending test was done with universal testing machine(Z020, Zwick, Germany) to compare the flexural modulus, flexural strength, strain at fracture and fracture toughness of each group. Fractured ceramic specimens were cross-sectioned with caborundum disc and grinded with sandpaper to observe interface between ceramic and Ni-Cr wire. The interface between ceramic and Ni-Cr wire was analyzed with scanning electron microscope(JSM-6360, JEOL, Japan) under platinum coating. Results: The results obtained were as follows: 1. The average and standard deviation in flexural modulus, flexural strength and fracture toughness showed no statistical differences between control and experimental groups. However, strain was significantly increased in wire inserted ceramics(P<.001). 2. Control group showed wedge fracture aspects across specimen, while experimental groups showed cracks across specimen. 3. Scanning electron microscopic image of cross-sectioned and longitudinally-sectioned specimens showed no gap at the interface between ceramic and Ni-Cr wire. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that wire inserted ceramics have a high strain characteristic. However, wire inserted ceramics was not enough to use at posterior area of mouth in relation to flexural modulus and flexural strength. Therefore, we need further studies.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.776-779
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• 2006

Purpose: Prior to closure of the epiphysis of the distal phalanx, fracture usually occurs through the growth plate, Salter-Harris type I or II, or through the juxtaepiphyseal region 1 to 2 mm distal to the growth plate. The terminal tendon of extensor inserts into the epiphysis only, while insertion site of the flexor digitorum profundus spans both the epiphysis and metaphysis. Because of the difference between these tendon insertions, this injury mimics a mallet deformity. But, this type of injury does not involve a tear or avulsion of the extensor, unlike mallet finger of adults. Seymour was the first to describe this type of injury in children and called after his name, Seymour's fracture. This fracture is prone to infection or remain the residual deformity unless adequate treatment. Methods: We report a case of Seymour's fracture. A 9-year-old boy presented a laceration of the nail matrix, with the nail lies degloved from the nail fold on the right middle finger gotten from an impact against a door. An X-ray examination showed the fracture line lying 1 mm distal to the growth plate. The injury was treated with debridement and the fracture was reduced by applying hyperextension force. Under the C-arm, a single 0.7 mm K-wire was used to immobilize the distal interphalangeal joint. Intravenous antibiotics were applied for 5 days after surgery. Results: The K-wire was removed in the 3rd week. No infection or significant deformity was found until follow-up of 12 months. Conclusions: Seymour's fracture may be at first classically mallet deformity by its appearance. But it is anatomically different and more problematic injury. If it isn't corrected at the time of injury, derangement of the extensor mechanism, and growth deformity of the distal phalanx may occur. The fracture site should be debrided, removed of any interposed soft tissue, and the patient should be given appropriate antibiotics. Reduction should be maintained by K-wire fixation. We experienced no infection or premature epiphyseal closure.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.42-50
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• 1989

The application of fracture mechanics is being increased gradually to assess the safety of welded structures containing crack. Fatigue crack propagation behavior and elastic-plastic fracture toughness J$_{IC}$ of home made flux cored wire(1.22mm) CO$_{2}$ weldments was discussed. Especially fatigue crack propagation test was carried out by .DELTA.K control instead of load control and elastic-plastic fracture toughness J$_{IC}$ was obtained by ASTM-R curve method on C.T.specimen in transverse direction of weldments. The results obtained are as follows; (1) Weld metal presented an almost complete similarity to base metal on fatigue crack propagation rate in transverse direction. (2) Weld metal was more than base metal on J$_{IC}$ value in transverse direction. (3) F.C.W. CO$_{2}$ weldments had an excellent characteristic of fatigue crack propagation rate and J$_{IC}$ in less than 50kg/mm$^{2}$ steel grade, this would result from that weld metal had good static strength.trength.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 2021

Background In inferomedially rotated zygomatic fractures sticking in the maxillary sinus, it is often difficult to achieve complete reduction only by conventional intraoral reduction. We present a new intraoral reduction technique using a Kirschner wire and its clinical outcome. Methods Among 39 inferomedially impacted zygomatic fractures incompletely reduced by a simple intraoral reduction trial with a bone elevator, a Kirschner wire (1.5 mm) was vertically inserted from the zygomatic body to the lateral orbital rim in 17 inferior-dominant rotation fractures and horizontally inserted to the zygomatic arch in nine medial-dominant and 13 bidirectional rotation fractures. A Kirschner wire was held with a wire holder and lifted in the superolateral or anterolateral direction for reduction. Following reduction of the zygomaticomaxillary fracture, internal fixation was performed. Results Fractures were completely reduced using only an intraoral approach with Kirschner wire reduction in 33 cases and through an additional lower lid or transconjunctival incision in six cases. There were no surgical complications except in one patient with undercorrection. Postoperative 6-month computed tomography scans showed complete bone union and excellent bone alignment. Four patients experienced difficulty with upper lip elevation; however, these problems spontaneously resolved after manual tissue lump massage and intralesional steroid (Triamcinolone) injection. Conclusions We completely reduced infraorbital rim fractures, zygomaticomaxillary buttresses, and zygomaticofrontal suture fractures in 84% of patients through an intraoral approach alone. Intraoral Kirschner wire reduction may be a useful option by which to obtain effective and powerful reduction motion of an inferomedially rotated zygomatic body.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 1999.08a
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• pp.172-179
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• 1999

As the martensite structure cause fracture failure during drawing from 5.5mm rod to 3.05mm dia. wire without additional heat treatment, the optium cooling condition to inhibit the occurrence of martensite was investigated. In order to get SAE9254+V quality, the effects of alloying element, vanadium on the mechanical properties were investigated. Based upon CCT and TTT curves and the results form cooling test in mill, optimun cooling was found in the condition of the laying head temp of 780$^{\circ}C$ and of the conveyor speed at 0.15m/sec with the whole cover closed. The wire rods produced under the condition showed the best mechanical properties of 120kg/$\textrm{mm}^2$ in TS and 50% in RA, having an excellent drawability. In vanadium added steels, tensile strength was improved without degrading elongation and charpy impact value. That means the strengthening by vanadium is mainly due to the grain refinement by the fine precipitates during tempering process.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.293-304
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to estimate the fracture resistance of commercially available ceramic brackets to torsional force exerted from arch wires and to evaluate the characteristics of bracket fracture. Methods: Lingual root torque was applied to maxillary central incisor brackets with 0.022-inch slots by means of a $022\;{\times}\;028-inch$ stainless steel arch wire. A custom designed apparatus that attached to an Instron was used to test seven types of ceramic brackets (n = 15). The torque value and torque angle at fracture were measured. In order to evaluate the characteristics of failure, fracture sites and the failure patterns of brackets were examined with a Scanning Electron Microscope. Results: Crystal structure and manufacturing process of ceramic brackets had a significant effect on fracture resistance. Monocrystalline alumina (Inspire) brackets showed significantly greater resistance to torsional force than polycrystalline alumina brackets except InVu. There was no significant difference in fracture resistance during arch wire torsional force between ceramic brackets with metal slots and those without metal slots (p > 0.05). All Clarity brackets partially fractured only at the incisal slot base and the others broke at various locations. Conclusion: The fracture resistance of all the ceramic brackets during arch wire torsion appears to be adequate for clinical use.