• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.187-206
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to analyze the compositions and characteristics in cultural programs of the 1988 Seoul Olympics and the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympic Games. A research method was considered the developmental aspects of Cultural Olympics in all-time Olympic Games and the cases of Cultural Olympics in a host country through a documentary research method. The compositions and characteristics in cultural programs of the 1988 Seoul Olympics and the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympic Games were diversely analyzed. The results are as follows. First, a concept of a cultural program was deepened and developed at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics. In the wake of the 2010 Vancouver Olympics, IOC published the Cultural Olympic Guide. Through the 2012 London Olympics, the Cultural Olympic Guide was revised. Second, the cultural programs of the 1988 Seoul Olympics and the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympic Games showed the characteristics of image change & status and of the international exchange strengthening in a host country and a holding city. Third, in terms of cultural programs, the 1988 Seoul Olympics comprised the celebrations, performances & exhibitions amid the Culture and Arts Festival, and the International Academic Conference. The 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympic Games were composed of performances, exhibitions, festivals, humanities & experience, and educational events. Fourth, the 1988 Seoul Olympics included the key element of forming a program that equally has the characteristics with the harmony between tradition and modernity, with the promotion of the excellence in Korean traditional culture & the spread in a bond of sympathy, and with various cultures and arts in each region. Also, the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympic Games pushed ahead with the strategy dubbed 'The Olympics in which there is culture day after day, in which provincial residents participate, and in which the cultural heritage is left' in order to systematically expedite the cultural Olympics.

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.97-102
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• 2016

It is important to encourage the restoration of the production of traditional Korean liquors, which is being undertaken by individuals, companies, and the government. The flavours of traditional liquors differ and depend on the environment and raw materials. This study on the traditional Gangwondo liquor is based on literature review and oral tradition. The history of and the scientific rationale behind the use of malt, which is a characteristic feature of the traditional Gangwondo liquor manufacturing process, must be systematically researched. It is important that independent two-step fermentation is used in Gangwondo, while in other regions simultaneous two-step fermentation is used. We expect that the current research on fermentation will be useful for the production of various traditional liquors. The total production of traditional liquors will need to be increased to meet the needs of the world festival, 2018 Olympic Winter Games in Pyeongchang.

• Korea and Global Affairs
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.93-112
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• 2018

The Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic Winter Games is a good example of functionalism in integration theories. President Moon Jae-in is extremely lucky to play host to the Winter Olympics. Moon should be particularly happy to have declared the 23rd Winter Games open, because a handful of North Korean athletes marched into the Pyeongchang Stadium as members of a joint team from "Corea," the result of his strenuous efforts to have the North participate in the world festival of sports on snow and ice. But the president of this divided nation hardly draws envy from other world leaders, as he is faced with the daunting task of accommodating the selfish positions of surrounding powers concerning North Korean nuclear and missile threats. North Korea, a trivial competitor in winter sports, scored big outside the games' sporting arenas by inviting President Moon to summit talks in Pyongyang. As a precondition for a 2018 summit, Pyongyang will first ask for the cessation of the annual joint Korea-US military exercises. President Moon invested a lot in the Olympic delegates from the North. Korea's leader will now have to start a truly difficult game which will require the best of best strategies as well as a great deal of wisdom and tenacity not only to deal with the weapons of mass destruction-toting North Koreans, but also with allies. On the other hand, Moon needs to make the effort to reset domestic politics with tolerance and compromise, so he can better concentrate on the conundrum of North Korean nuclear and missile threats.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.446-453
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• 2020

This study built a model to predict the daily number of visitors to 18 trails in the Taebaeksan National Park using the auto-counter system data to analyze the factors affecting the daily number of visitors to each trail and classified the trails by visitors' behaviors. Results of the multiple regression models with the daily number of visitors of the 18 trails indicated that the events, such as the National Foundation Day celebration of Snow Festival, affected the number of visitors of all of the 18 trails and were the most critical factor that determined the daily number of visitors to the Taebaeksan National Park. The long-holidays of three days or longer and other national holidays also affected the daily number of visitors to the trails. Precipitation had a negative impact on the number of visitors of trails where the intention of most visitors was for sightseeing or camping instead of hiking, whereas had no significant impacts on the number of visitors of trails where many visitors intended for hiking. It indicated that visitors who intended for hiking went ahead hiking even if the weather was poor. The effects of temperature had a positive effect on the number of visitors who intended for hiking but a negative effect on the number of visitor to the trails near Danggol Plaza where the Snow Festival was held in each winter, suggesting that the impact of the Snow Festival was the deterministic factor for trail management. Results of K-mean clustering showed that the 18 trails of the Taekbaeksan National Park could be classified into three types: those affected by the Snow Festival (type 1), those that have sightseeing points and so were visited mostly by non-hikers (type 2), and those visited mostly by hikers (type 3). Since visitor behaviors and illegal actions differ according to the trail type, this study's results can be used to prepare a trail management plan based on the trail characteristics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.57 no.2 s.111
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• pp.11-28
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• 2007

Sang-uiwon was the bureau of Royal attire in Chosun Dynasty. It had been established in King TAEJO, Chosun Dynasty. The 597 artisans, sorted by 68 types were assigned to Sang-uiwon. The ministry of Taxation[Hojo] and Tribute bureau[Seonhvecheong] had charged of finances of Sang-uiwon. According to the Regular rule of Sang-uiwon, there were five types for finances. The principal income tax[Won Gong] was the assignments of national finance to Sang-uiwon. The materials for the Royal informal dress were offered by usual tributes. The kinds of usual tributes were the tribute for the Royal families' birthday, holidays such as New Year's Day, the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, the harvest festival[Chuseok], and the winter solstice, the tributes for spring and fall, every first day and fifteenth day of the month, an annual tribute, an annual present, and an annual laudatory goods which were the King's presents to His Majesty's lieges. With usual tributes from Sang-uiwon, the Royal informal dress was made by the dressmakers and embroiderers who were Court ladies. The Royal informal dress for the King and the Crown Prince was trousers[Ba JI], shirts[Sam A], jackets[Gua Du], men's gowns[Chul lick], and long vests[Due Grae]. The Royal informal dress for the Queen and the Crown Princess was loose drawers[Dan Ni Ui], long skirts[Chi Ma], shirts[Sam A] and jarkets[Go Ui]. When there were the king's proceeding outside the palace, royal parties, cases of tributes to Chinese, special tributes were offered according to the procedures, like as making letters about the affairs, consulting, and permission. The tributes were also offered by a royal ordinance. According to the kinds of Royal event, the officers of Sang-uiwon procured the Royal costume which were conformed to the Royal etiquette.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.175-197
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• 2006

This study aims to assess the traditional knowledge on seasonal customs and its characteristics for practical use. The Delphi method and correspondence analysis were hired to collect and analysis the data. Twenty six professionals for the Delphi participated in three-round process. The followings were concluded. The number of items valuing and resourcing for seasonal customs. were 118(40 for folks and ceremonies, 53 for foods. 25 for plays) on Delphi results. For example are Bokjori, Dano fm, Bokjumeoni, Chuseok, Tano festival, New Year Card, washing hair with an iris, Soup with rice cake, Boiled rice with five cereals, Rice and red-bean porridge, Kimchi-making for the winter, Sharing walnut with friends, Game of yut, Playing kite, Play with Hanga etc. Nowadays the ideas of modernized practical use on seasonal customs was to connect with modernized scientific technology and designate commemoration day. The items for connecting with modernized scientific technology were new year card, painting and recording sound with traditional seasonal customs, food areas, cake with seven kind of cereals, play areas, hand wrestling, cockfighting in folks and customs areas. Also the items for designating commemoration days were the Suelbeam and Suelbeam Socks present for the aged people, man cooking day, Korean traditional workers day in folk and ceremony areas.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.171-190
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• 2011

Shakespeare's plays deploy an interesting array of food signs in a way to illuminate the historical process of what Stephen Mennell has described as "the civilizing of appetite"-a process in which the changes of food choices and eating habits took place in response to the changes in people's way of life and personality structure over the long-term modern period since the middle ages. Shakespeare's plays suggest that the civilizing of appetite in early modern England was heavily affected by the forces of social mobility as well as the nascent market economy. The Capulets' costly preparation of Juliet's wedding banquet is a showcase of conspicuous consumption which was a structural necessity for the ruling class in Shakespeare's time. Some fifteen years later, the same kinds of foodstuffs are included in a shepherd's shopping list for the sheepshearing festival in Winter's Tale. This is a significant coincidence to prove that food was an important source of emulation and contest among different social classes; and that the rich diet of the upper class gave impetus to social mobility. The Elizabethan subjects, especially among the elite noblemen, were interpellated by the ideology of food that equated the quality of food and the eater's social identity. Faced with bankruptcy as a consequence of his extravagant consumption habit, Bassanio in The Merchant of Venice testifies to the gripping ideology of food onto early modern people, while Poor Tom in King Lear presents a comic parody of the rich people's conspicuous waste. Also in Coriolanus and The Merry Wives of Winsor, Shakespeare uses food as a metaphor for class-motivated social struggles.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.3243-3254
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• 2013

It is well known that increased incidences of lung, skin, and bladder cancers are associated with occupational exposure to PAHs. Animal studies show that certain PAHs also can affect the hematopoietic and immune systems and can produce reproductive, neurologic, and developmental effects. As a consequence, several studies have been attempted to investigate the fate of PAHs in atmospheric environment during the past decades. However, there is still a lack of information in regard to the atmospheric concentration of PAHs during the "Bon Fire Night". In this study, twenty-three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and twenty-eight aliphatics were identified and quantified in the $PM_{10}$ and vapour range in Birmingham ($27^{th}$ November 2001-$19^{th}$ January 2004). The measured concentrations of total particulate and vapour (P+V) PAHs were consistently higher at the BROS in both winter and summer. Arithmetic mean total (P+V) PAH concentrations were $51.04{\pm}47.62$ ng $m^{-3}$ and $22.30{\pm}19.18$ ng $m^{-3}$ at the Bristol Road Observatory Site (BROS) and Elms Road Observatory Site (EROS) respectively. In addition arithmetic mean total (P+V) B[a]P concentrations at the BROS were $0.47{\pm}0.39$ ng $m^{-3}$ which exceeded the EPAQS air quality standard of 0.25 ng $m^{-3}$. On the other hand, the arithmetic mean total (P+V) aliphatics were $81.80{\pm}69.58$ ng $m^{-3}$ and $48.00{\pm}35.38$ ng $m^{-3}$ at the BROS and EROS in that order. The lowest average of CPI and $C_{max}$ measured at the BROS supports the idea of traffic emissions being a principle source of SVOCs in an urban atmosphere. The annual trend of PAHs was investigated by using an independent t-test and oneway independent ANOVA analysis. Generally, there is no evidence of a significant decline of heavier MW PAHs from the two data sets, with only Ac, Fl, Ph, An, 2-MePh, 1+9-MePh, Fluo and B[b+j+k]F showing a statistically significant decline (p<0.05). A further attempt for statistical analysis had been conducted by dividing the data set into three groups (i.e. 2000, 2001-2002 and 2003-2004). For lighter MW compounds a significant level of decline was observed by using one-way independent ANOVA analysis. Since the annual mean of $O_3$ measured in Birmingham City Centre from 2001 to 2004 increased significantly (p<0.05), it may be possible to attribute the annul reduction of more volatile PAHs to the enhanced level of annual average $O_3$. By contrast, the heavier MW PAHs measured at the BROS did not show any significant annual reduction, implying the difficulties of 5- and 6-ring PAHs to be subject to photochemical decomposition. The deviation of SVOCs profile measured at the EROS was visually confirmed during the "Bonfire Night" festival closest to the $6^{th}$ November 2003. In this study, the atmospheric PAH concentrations were generally elevated on this day with concentrations of Fl, Ac, B[a]A, B[b+j+k]F, Ind and B[g,h,i]P being particularly high.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.181-196
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• 2003

Investigated kinds and utilization frequency for traditional food and Particular food to systematize Gwangju city and Chollanamdo area traditional food culture. Awareness for traditional food had pride because taste is various, and did that must use much when was festive day. Investigation subject were feeling necessity about accession, development of traditional food, and manufacture of traditional food, succession did that must take charge in home. Characteristic of taste for Gwangju city, Chollanamdo food was deep taste. Difference between variable was significant that age, religion that have pride about traditional food, attainments in scholarship, monthly income that used time much traditional food, degree that give from traditional food to snack is age, attainments in scholarship, years of married life, religion, reason that give snack to traditional food is daughter-in-law order, kind of traditional food that give to snack is age, monthly income mouth, opinion about accession and development of traditional food is age, religion, daughter-in-law order, reason that must inherit and develop traditional food is attainments in scholarship, time that eat much traditional food is attainments in scholarship, a person, medium that learn cuisine of traditional food is age, opportunity that is been interested to traditional food is age, attainments in scholarship, years of married life. By utilization rate of food-tasting food subdivisions of the season, used much by rice-cake soup, fermented rice punch, order of cake made from glutinous rice New Year's Day, by herbs, Gimgui, Ogokbap's order January Full Moon Day on the lunar calendar. By a cake made in the shape of a flower, azalea honeyed juice mixed with fruits as a punch order to Samjitnal, by beans panbroiling, dropwort raw order Buddha's Birthday, Tano Festival uses Charyunbyeong and used Tteoksudan in Yudu and used much by young chicken soup with ginseng and other fruits, watermelon order period of midsummer heat. Used songpyon and fermented rice punch in Full-moon Harvest Day, and Junggujeol used Chrysanthemum griddle cakes made in flower Pattern, and red-bean gruel taken on the winter solstice, and Nappyeongjeolsik was utilizing Goldongban. Pyebaek food utilization ratio was high the utilization rate by chestnut, jujube, chicken, wine order. The contributiveness food utilization rate was high the utilization rate by rice cake, dried croaker, fruit, oil-and-honey pastry order. The large table food utilization rate was high the utilization rate by fermented rice punch, fruit, steamed short-ribs order.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.50
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• pp.197-224
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• 2018

Korea's Kimjang and Japan's Washoku were listed in the UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2013. Kimjang and Washoku not only have the meaning of a long tradition or national representative food. Additionally, UNESCO admitted the value of Kimjang and Washoku that allows members of society to share together and strengthen their solidarity through the use of it. And the identity of each nation is well represented in the Kimjang and Washoku effort. The Kimjang is managed by the Intangible Cultural Properties Department of the Cultural Heritage Administration. Likewise, the Washoku is managed by the Department of Washokusitsu of Japan's Agriculture Ministry. In regards to festivals, they are the most representative of Kimjang's contents in Korea. Kimjang can participate with a consensus of all people and must do it before the coming winter months. In this way, it is very suitable for the presentation of a festival. And there are many festivals related to Washoku in Japan, mainly manifested with local specialties. We have seen that Japan has many kinds of festivals, which encourages it to be called and known as the country of festivals. And Washoku is being fostered as the core content of the 'Cool Japan Strategy' because it has become world-renowned since it was listed as an intangible cultural heritage.