• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.94-109
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• 2005

Objectives: This paper investigated the effects of 8 Constitution Acupuncture on Heart Rate Variability(HRV) and is intended to find out 8 Constitutional difference on Autonomous Function after 8 Constitution Acupuncture stimulation. Methods: The subjects were comprised of 42 volunteers(11 men and 31 women). The volunteers had acupunctured by 8 Constitution Acupuncture Therapy. HRV and Mean Heart Rate(MHR) were measured by TAS9v2.0(IEMBIO & Saerom, Korea) on two times: before and immediately after acupuncture stimulation. The SPSS 13.0 for windows was used for statistical analysis: Mann-Whitney U-test, Paired Samples T -test and Wilcoxon signed rank test were used to verify the results. Results: 1. There was no statistically significant difference on HRV and MHR between Sympathicotonia and Vagotonia before acupuncture. 2. In the whole subject, immediately after acupuncture stimulation, MHR showed a significant decrease(p<0.01) and Ln(TP), Ln(LF) and Ln(HF) showed a significant increase(p<0.05). But there was no significant difference in LHR. 3. Immediately after acupuncture stimulation, MHR showed a significant decrease and Ln(TP), Ln(HF), showed a significant increase in Pulmotonia(p<0.05), Ln(TP) showed a significant increase in Pancretonia(p<0.05),MHR showed a significant decrease and Ln(TP) showed a significant increase in Hepatonia(p<0.05), and MHR showed a significant decrease and Ln(TP), Ln(HF), showed a significant increase in cholecystonia(p<0.05). But there were no significant difference on HRV and MHR in Colonotonia and vesicotonia. Conclusion: The results suggest that 8 Constitution Acupuncture is associated with changed activity in sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Further study is needed for investigating the effects of 8 Constitution Acupuncture on HRV and autonomic nervous system.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.183-193
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• 2008

Purpose: To research the changes of Skin Resistance Variability(SRV) over the period of ovarian cycle of healthy young women with normal and regular menstrual cycles using Oriental Medical Diagnose Autonomic system-3000 (OMD-3000). Methods: We measured SRV of 15 women who were working at O O Oriental Hospital from July to Oct. 2008. Each woman took the OMD-3000 test 8 times during 2 menstrual cycles. Each cycle consists of 4 phases-follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase and menstruation. We analyse the data by SPSS 12.0 for windows. the one-way ANOVA by Repeated Measure(p<0.05). Results: 1. (1) The Factor AA means at zone 1 were 0.77$\pm$0.40, at zone 2 were 1.07$\pm$0.68, at zone 3 were 0.77$\pm$0.35, at zone 4 were 0.68$\pm$0.32, at zone 5 were 0.74$\pm$0.29, at zone 6 were 0.85$\pm$0.30, and at zone 7 were 0.74$\pm$0.29. The Factor AA means were lower than normal range at zone 1,3,4,5,6 and 7. The graph pattern of M shape was caused by the Factor AA means at zone 2 and zone 6 were higher than others. (2) The Factor AA means at zone 1 and zone 3 show abnormal regulation state. 2. During the menstruation. the Factor AA means were higher at zone 1,2 and 3 than other zones. During the ovulation, the Factor AA means were higher at zone 4,5,6 and 7 than other zones. Especially at the menstruation phase in zone 2 and at the ovulation phase in zone 6 tend to be highest means than other phases respectively. 3. However there were no significant difference of means during 4 ovarian phases in 7 zones except ovulation phase to luteal phase at zone 4(p = 0.013). Conclusion: The results suggest that changes of SRV during 4 menstrual cycles are not variables in reading 7-zone-diagnostic system. Further study will be needed.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.37-47
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• 2005

Recently, the malicious e-mail worm-viruses have been widely spreaded over the Internet. If the recipient opens the e-mail attachment or an e-mail itself that contains the worm-virus, the worm-virus can be activated and then cause a tremendous damage to the system by propagating itself to everyone on the mailing list in the user's e-mail package. In this paper, we have designed and implemented two methods blocking e-mail worm-viruses. In the fist method, each e-mail is transmitted only by sender activity such as the click of button on a mail client application. In the second one, we insert the two modules into the sender side, where the one module transforms a recipient's address depending on a predefined rule only in time of pushing button and the other converts the address reversely with the former module whenever an e-mail is sent. The lader method also supports a polymorphism model in order to cope with the new types of e-mail worm-virus attacks. The two methods are designed not to work for the e-mail viruses. There is no additional fraction on the receiver's side of the e-mail system. Experimental results show that the proposed methods can screen the e-mail worm-viruses efficiently with a low overhead.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.33 no.9
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• pp.574-584
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• 2006

Recently, ISO/IEC 23000 (also known as 'MPEG-A') has proposed a new file format called 'MAF(Multimedia Application File Format)[1]' which provides a capability of integrating/storing the widely-used compression standards for audio and video and the metadata in MPEG-7 form into a single file format. However, it is still very hard to verify the usefulness of MPEG-A in the real applications because there is still no real system that fully implements this standard. In this thesis, a design and implementation of a multimedia retrieval system based on MPEG-A standard on PC and mobile device is presented. Furthermore, an extension of MPEG-A for describing the metadata for video is also proposed. It is selected and defined as a subset of MPEG-7 MDS[4] and TV-anytime[5] for video that is useful and manageable in the mobile environments. In order to design the multimedia retrieval system based on MPEG-A, we define the system requirements in terms of portability, extensibility, compatibility, adaptability, efficiency. Based on these requirements, we design the system which composed of 3 layers: Application Layer, Middleware Layer, Platform Layer. The proposed system consists of two sub-parts, client-part and server-part. The client-part consists of MAF authoring tool, MAP player tool and MAF searching tool which allow users to create, play and search the MAF files, respectively. The server-part is composed of modules to store and manage the MAF files and metadata extracted from MAF files. We show the usefulness of the proposed system by implementing the client system both on MS-Windows platform on desk-top computer and WIPI platform on mobile phone, and validate whether it to satisfy all the system requirements. The proposed system can be used to verify the specification in the MPEG-A, and to proves the usefulness of MPEG-A in the real application.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.393-409
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• 2003

In this paper, we present a multi-task debugging environment for Qplus-T embedded-system such as internet information appliances. We will propose the structure and functions of a remote multi-task debugging environment supporting environment effective ross-development. And, we are going enhance the communication architecture between the host and target system to provide more efficient cross-development environment. The remote development toolset called Q+Esto consists to several independent support tools: an interactive shell, a remote debugger, a resource monitor, a target manager and a debug agent. Excepting a debug agent, all these support tools reside on the host systems. Using the remote multi-task debugger on the host, the developer can spawn and debug tasks on the target run-time system. It can also be attached to already-running tasks spawned from the application or from interactive shell. Application code can be viewed as C/C++ source, or as assembly-level code. It incorporates a variety of display windows for source, registers, local/global variables, stack frame, memory, event traces and so on. The target manager implements common functions that are shared by Q+Esto tools, e.g., the host-target communication, object file loading, and management of target-resident host tool´s memory pool and target system´s symbol-table, and so on. These functions are called OPEn C APIs and they greatly improve the extensibility of the Q+Esto Toolset. The Q+Esto target manager is responsible for communicating between host and target system. Also, there exist a counterpart on the target system communicating with the host target manager, which is called debug agent. Debug agent is a daemon task on real-time operating systems in the target system. It gets debugging requests from the host tools including debugger via target manager, interprets the requests, executes them and sends the results to the host.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.368-374
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• 2012

Dental CAD (computer-aided design)/CAM (computer-aided manufacturing) systems facilitate the use of zirconia core for all-ceramic crown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the marginal and internal fit of zirconia core fabricated using a dental CAD/CAM system and to compare the fit of metal cores by a conventional method. Ten identical cases of single coping study models (abutment of teeth 11) were manufactured and scanned. Ten zirconia cores were fabricated using dental CAD/CAM system. An experienced dental technician fabricated 10 samples of metal cores for the control group using the lost wax technique. Marginal and internal fit was measured by the silicone replica technique. Fit was measured with magnification of 160 using a digital Microscope. Margin, rounded chamfer, axial wall and incisal fits were measured for comparison. T-test of independent sample for statistical analysis was executed with SPSS 12.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) (${\alpha}$=0.05). The mean (SD) for marginal, rounded chamfer, axial wall and incisal were: $97.0\;(25.3){\mu}m$, $104.0\;(22.0){\mu}m$, $59.6\;(21.4){\mu}m$ and $124.8\;(33.3){\mu}m$ for the zirconia core group, and $785.2\;(18.4){\mu}m$, $83.8\;(15.1){\mu}m$, $42.7\;(9.6){\mu}m$ and $83.4\;(14.4){\mu}m$ for the metal core group. T-test showed significant differences between groups for margin (p<.001), rounded chamfer (p<.001), axial wall (p<.001) and incisal (p<.001). But zirconia core group observed that the marginal and internal fit values in the present study were within clinically acceptable range.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2017.04a
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• pp.171-171
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• 2017

전산유체역학(CFD: Computational Fluid Dynamics)를 이용한 스마트팜 환경 내부의 정밀 제어 연구가 진행 중이다. 시계열 데이터의 난해한 동적 해석을 극복하기위해, 비선형 모델링 기법의 일종인 인공신경망을 이용하는 방안을 고려하였다. 선행 연구를 통하여 환경 데이터의 비선형 모델링을 위한 Tensorflow활용 방법이 하드웨어 가속 기능을 바탕으로 월등한 성능을 보임을 확인하였다. 그럼에도 오프라인 일괄(Offline batch)처리 방식의 한계가 있는 인공신경망 모델링 기법과 현장 보급이 불가능한 고성능 하드웨어 연산 장치에 대한 대안 마련이 필요하다고 판단되었다. CFD 해석을 위한 Solver로 SU2(http://su2.stanford.edu)를 이용하였다. 운영 체제 및 컴파일러는 1) Mac OS X Sierra 10.12.2 Apple LLVM version 8.0.0 (clang-800.0.38), 2) Windows 10 x64: Intel C++ Compiler version 16.0, update 2, 3) Linux (Ubuntu 16.04 x64): g++ 5.4.0, 4) Clustered Linux (Ubuntu 16.04 x32): MPICC 3.3.a2를 선정하였다. 4번째 개발환경인 병렬 시스템의 경우 하드웨어 가속는 OpenCL(https://www.khronos.org/opencl/) 엔진을 이용하고 저전력 ARM 프로세서의 일종인 옥타코어 Samsung Exynos5422 칩을 장착한 ODROID-XU4(Hardkernel, AnYang, Korea) SBC(Single Board Computer)를 32식 병렬 구성하였다. 분산 컴퓨팅을 위한 환경은 Gbit 로컬 네트워크 기반 NFS(Network File System)과 MPICH(http://www.mpich.org/)로 구성하였다. 공간 분해능을 계측 주기보다 작게 분할할 경우 발생하는 미지의 바운더리 정보를 정의하기 위하여 3차원 Kriging Spatial Interpolation Method를 실험적으로 적용하였다. 한편 병렬 시스템 구성이 불가능한 1,2,3번 환경의 경우 내부적으로 이미 존재하는 멀티코어를 활용하고자 OpenMP(http://www.openmp.org/) 라이브러리를 활용하였다. 64비트 병렬 8코어로 동작하는 1,2,3번 운영환경의 경우 32비트 병렬 128코어로 동작하는 환경에 비하여 근소하게 2배 내외로 연산 속도가 빨랐다. 실시간 CFD 수행을 위한 분산 컴퓨팅 기술이 프로세서의 속도 및 운영체제의 정보 분배 능력에 따라 결정된다고 판단할 수 있었다. 이를 검증하기 위하여 4번 개발환경에서 운영체제를 64비트로 개선하여 5번째 환경을 구성하여 검증하였다. 상반되는 결과로 64비트 72코어로 동작하는 분산 컴퓨팅 환경에서 단일 프로세서 기반 멀티 코어(1,2,3번) 환경보다 보다 2.5배 내외 연산속도 향상이 있었다. ARM 프로세서용 64비트 운영체제의 완성도가 낮은 시점에서 추후 성공적인 실시간 CFD 모델링을 위한 지속적인 검토가 필요하다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.445-452
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• 2019

In this study, parallel processing codes of k-means clustering algorithm were developed and implemented in a PC-cluster for unsupervised classification of large satellite images. We implemented intra-node code using multicores of CPU (Central Processing Unit) based on OpenMP (Open Multi-Processing), inter-nodes code using a PC-cluster based on message passing interface, and hybrid code using both. The PC-cluster consists of one master node and eight slave nodes, and each node is equipped with eight multicores. Two operating systems, Microsoft Windows and Canonical Ubuntu, were installed in the PC-cluster in turn and tested to compare parallel processing performance. Two multispectral satellite images were tested, which are a medium-capacity LANDSAT 8 OLI (Operational Land Imager) image and a high-capacity Sentinel 2A image. To evaluate the performance of parallel processing, speedup and efficiency were measured. Overall, the speedup was over N / 2 and the efficiency was over 0.5. From the comparison of the two operating systems, the Ubuntu system showed two to three times faster performance. To confirm that the results of the sequential and parallel processing coincide with the other, the center value of each band and the number of classified pixels were compared, and result images were examined by pixel to pixel comparison. It was found that care should be taken to avoid false sharing of OpenMP in intra-node implementation. To process large satellite images in a PC-cluster, code and hardware should be designed to reduce performance degradation caused by file I / O. Also, it was found that performance can differ depending on the operating system installed in a PC-cluster.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.125-146
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• 2009

The emergence of open source software(OSS) with its most prominent advantages creates a vast interest among practitioners. A study on Linux, the most well-known OSS, estimated that it would cost as 5.4 billion Euros taking over 73,000 person-years if it had been developed by conventional means. However, Linux has achieved only 0.65 percent of the operating system market for individual users while Microsoft windows family counts for nearly 90 percent of the market. Much of the effort being spent in the development of OSS is going to waste and potential value that OSS can bring to users is not being realized. Adoption of OSS is often accompanied by the discontinuance of existing software that is already in place. If users resist changing, they may not adopt OSS. Using the case of Linux, this study examines user resistance to change from the commercial operating software to the free operating system. This study identifies six sub-types of switching costs (uncertainty, emotional, setup, learning, lost benefit, and sunk costs) and tests their effects on user resistance to change based on a survey of 201 users. The results show that user resistance to change has a negative impact on the adoption of OSS. Further, this study shows that uncertainty and emotional costs have significant effects on user resistance to change. Beyond previous research on technology adoption, this research contributes towards an understanding of the switching costs leading to user resistance to change and offers suggestions to OSS practitioners for developing strategies to improve the adoption of OSS.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.421-437
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• 1999

This study was performed to investigate the electromyographic(EMG) activity, firing time and sequence of the mandibular elevator muscle on gum chewing. For this study, 28 patients with temporomandibular disorders(TMD), especially internal derangement of TM joint, and 16 dental students without any signs and symptoms in the masticatory system were selected as the patients group and as the normal group, respectively. The patients group was composed of 14 right and 14 left side affected patients. For recording of EMG activity(${\mu}V$) of the anterior temporalis(TA) and the masseter muscle(MM), and measuring of firing time(millisecond) from the start of mandibular opening movement to the firing of the muscles, BioEMG, BioEGN, and Combo program integrated in the Biopak system(Bioresearch Inc., Milwaukee, USA) were used. Gum chewing stroke was performed in both right and left side for several times, and the first and the second chewing strokes were analysed and compared with regard to EMG activity, firing time, firing sequence, correlation between EMG activity and firing time. The data obtained were analysed by SPSS windows program and the results of this study were as follows : 1. In the patients group, chewing on the affected side showed higher EMG activities in the masseter of the side than those of the contralateral side, but chewing on the unaffected side showed higher EMG activity in the masseter and in the anterior temporalis of the side than those of the contralateral side. 2. There were no difference of firing time between both sides on chewing on the affected side, but firing time in the chewing side were earlier than that of contralateral side on chewing on the unaffected side in patients group. 3. In the normal group, EMG activities in the masseter and in the anterior temporalis in the chewing side were always higher than those of the contralateral side, and there were no difference of firing time between the two sides. 4. In general, firing sequence of four muscles of both sides were ipsilateral TA, ipsilateral MM, contralateral TA, and contralateral MM in earlier order of time in both groups. Correlation coefficients between EMG activity and firing time were negative value, and more significant correlation were appeared in the normal group than in the patients group.