• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.737-743
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• 2015

In order to examine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in wild rodents and insectivores of South Korea and to assess their potential role as a source of human cryptosporidiosis, a total of 199 wild rodents and insectivore specimens were collected from 10 regions of South Korea and screened for Cryptosporidium infection over a period of 2 years (2012-2013). A nested-PCR amplification of Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP) gene fragment revealed an overall prevalence of 34.2% (68/199). The sequence analysis of 18S rRNA gene locus of Cryptosporidium was performed from the fecal and cecum samples that tested positive by COWP amplification PCR. As a result, we identified 4 species/genotypes; chipmunk genotype I, cervine genotype I, C. muris, and a new genotype which is closely related to the bear genotype. The new genotype isolated from 12 Apodemus agrarius and 2 Apodemus chejuensis was not previously identified as known species or genotype, and therefore, it is supposed to be a novel genotype. In addition, the host spectrum of Cryptosporidium was extended to A. agrarius and Crosidura lasiura, which had not been reported before. In this study, we found that the Korean wild rodents and insectivores were infected with various Cryptosporidium spp. with large intra-genotypic variationa, indicating that they may function as potential reservoirs transmitting zoonotic Cryptosporidium to livestock and humans.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.3
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• pp.365-377
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• 1997

Much of the Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee, USA is in mixed hardwoods for which there are no applicable growth and yield predictors. Use of site index as a variable in growth and yield prediction models is limited in most stands because their history is not known and many may not be even-aged. Landtypes may offer an alternative to site index for these mixed stands because they were designed to include land of about equal productivity. To determine vegetation by landtype, dependency between landtype and detailed forest type was tested with Chi-square. Differences in productivity among landtypes were tested by employing regression analyses and analysis of variance(ANOVA). Basal area growth was fitted to the nonlinear models developed by Moser and Hall(1969). Basal area growth and volume growth were also predicted as a function of initial total basal area and initial volume with linear regression by landtype and by landtype class. Differences in basal area growth and volume growth by landtype were tested with ANOVA. Dependency between site class and landtype was tested with Chi-square. Vegetation types seem to be related to landtypes in the study area although the validity of the test is questionable because of a high proportion of sparsely occupied cells. No statistically significant differences in productivity among landtypes were found in this study.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.95-104
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• 2011

This study was implemented to select the suitable site for Palustrine Wetland at habitat restoration for Oriental stork, red species and top-level predator in ecosystem. The evaluation items was fitted by review the antecedent studies on the suitable site selection model and evaluation items of wetland. The study sites were setted in $5,884,800m^2$ area including Yesan-gun Dae-ree, in which Oriental stork' park will be located, through DEM(Digital Elevation Model) watershed analysis. The thematic map by valuation items with secure of water resource, soil, topography, distance between roads, houses, etc., land using, wildlife corridor, and type of water resource was prepared using GIS program. The sites with high evaluation score were selected as suitable creation sites for wetland through overlapping those maps. Total 8 sites with over 18 point were selected. The characteristics of selected sites show that the soil are consisted of clay, the connectivity is valued high with surface water, the slope are gentle, and the connectivity is good with surroundings ecosystem. The result of water quality analysis, which was implement to survey available water resources and develop the solution of problem of water environment, showed that water quality at Salmok reservoir and Bogang reservoir is generally good, but the water quality at stagnant water body rising out from groundwater is not good. This study has limit to select the suitable sites of wetland only by analyzing physiotherapy environment in study area. Hereafter, the study is need to examine closely enhancement effects of biological diversity through investigation of biotic environment.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.144-154
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• 2017

The riparian vegetation is one of corridor type ecosystems, an ecotone and able to improve the ecological soundness by structural and functional link. And they act as habitats, sources and sinks of species, conduits, filters and barriers. This study was carried out to develop the vegetation model for the fluctuation areas of lake reservoirs consider of hydrologic and soil environments according to the vegetation structure of the reference ecosystem. To develop the case study, 2 sites within 10degree slope of the Daecheong Lake were selected. The riparian vegetation models were built by the results of GIS analysis, remote satellite analysis, field survey results, consider of water level, flooded frequency, soil and topographic index, land cover or land use etc. 1) study area varied from FWL to -5m of NFWL, 2) slope 10% below, 3) vegetations flooded below 100days yearly are Salix koreensis, Salix chaenomeloides, Salix gracilistyla, 4)land cover type classified wildlife grassland, abandoned paddy field, cropland according to landuse (or landcover), 5)finally model was constructed as ecological landscape forest. The model designs were suggested by 2 types in Daecheong lake reservoir. The model for the riparian vegetation corridors could be the basic and useful data to improve the ecological and landscape properties.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.7176-7181
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• 2015

This thesis is about the system where the solar module is attached to the high functional guardrail posts with anti-weed, anti-plant, and road-kill applied to produce internal power, enabling the integrated control and real-time monitoring of appearance of wildlife and road conditions using the USN. The whole system consists of a photovoltaic module(PV), a detection sensor(pyroelectric), a controller(operation select and motion sensor), the USN system, the DB(sound and flash), an output unit of sound and flash, and the control system of road-kill prevention and safety induction for vehicles. Thus this study aims to address the remote control and monitoring system of multipurpose guardrails to improve road environment, prevent road-kills, protect wild animals, and guide cars safely by using the USN which is combined with new renewable energy and IT convergence technology. As a result of the study on the remote control and monitoring system using the USN, it was ascertained that the response time of the unmanned sensing system was within 5.1 ms with the current consumption of 0.328 mA, and the data transmission speed of the remote control system was 250 kbps with the current consumption of 0.283 mA.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.57-69
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• 2003

It is well known that many pesticides possess hormonal activity, and affect the developments of wildlife and mammals including human. Currently, pyrethroid insecticides are in worldwide use to control in and outdoor pests, providing potential far environmental exposure. Hormonal activities of these pyrethroid insecticides, however, have been little studied, and the developmental effects of them were no reported. Therefore, we firstly examined the potential estrogenic activities of some pyrethroid insecticides (permethrin, cypermethrin, tetramethrin, deltamethrin, sumithrin, fenvalerate and bioallethrin) by immature rat uterotrophic assay, luciferase reporter gene assay and Calbindin-D$\sub$9k/ (CaBP-9k) gene expression assay. Uterine wet weights were increased by permethrin and the permethrin-induced weights were inhibited by ICI 182780 in the uterolrophic assay. On the other hand tetramethrin significantly reduced uterine and vaginal wet weights, and also inhibited the E2-induced weight increases at all doses tested. Cypermethrin and sumithrin had a tendency to increase uterine weights, although not statistically significant. Permethrin and cypermethrin dose-dependently increased the luciferase activity in reporter gene assay. Northern blot analysis showed that permethrin induced CaBP-9k mRNA expression whereas tetramethrin inhibted. Subsequent studies were conducted to investigate the possible developmental effects of four pyrethroid insecricides (permethrin, cypermethrin, sumithrin and teramethrin). Either diethlbestrol (DES) or 17${\beta}$ -estradiol (E2) was used as a reference control in this study. Pyrethroid insecticides were administered to Sprague Dawley rats via subcutaneous injection at 6 to 18 days of gestation or 1 to 5 days after birth. In utero treatment of permethrin (10mg/kg/day) in female rat resulted in significant increases in uterine and ovarian weights while significant decreases in serum E2 concentration, uterine and ovarian ER${\alpha}$ mRNA levels. Sumithrin and permethrin led to acceleration in vaginal opening of female rat, while delay in preputial separation of male after neonatal treatment. Anogenital distances of PND 18 were significantly reduced in sumthrin-treated, and permerhrin-treated male rats after neonatal treatment. All the pyrethroid insecticides tested caused significant increases in uterine weights on PND 18, while significant reductions in the first diestrus phase when neonataly treated. In addition, exposure to pyrethroids in neonatal period led to significant reduction in relative brain weight in female rat on PND 18, but its weight was recovered in diestrus phase. In summary, Our experimental data demonstrate the possibilities of developmental effects of pyrethroid insecticides via estrogenic or antiestrogenic activity.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.146-159
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• 2020

The objective of our study was to analyze the distribution and composition of fish species and their community characteristics in agricultural waterways in the six water systems-Mankyung River, Seomjin River, Namhae Region, Tamjin River, Yeongsan River, and Dongjin River-during 2017-2018. Little is known about the distributions and community characteristics of the aquatic biota of agricultural waterways in Korea, even if the water bodies have important roles as spawning areas or habitats for fish. In this study, we identified 3,633 fish individuals in the waterways, belonging to 53 species, eleven families, and six orders (dominant species: Tanakia koreensis, T. lanceolate) and 7,108 fish individuals in the main rivers, belonging to 57 species, fifteen families, and nine orders. Moreover, three endangered wildlife (designated by the Ministry of Environment, Korea)-T. somjinensis, Acheilognathus majusculus and Coreoperca kawamebari-were found in the waterways. By fish guild analysis, we found that many waterways had a lower proportion of sensitive species and a higher proportion of omnivore species than those of the main rivers, which indicates a feature of a disturbed environment. In addition, by grouping with environmental variables, we found the group of waterways with high substrate complexity had a higher diversity index (Shannon index) and a lower dominance index (Simpson index) than that of simple substrate complexity. Overall, our study represents the characteristics of fish habitats in agricultural waterways and suggests the need to manage them and study further.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.532-548
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• 2015

The winter ecology of individual yellow-throated martens(Martes flavigula) intemperate region of Korea were studied through snow-tracking. The study was performed across 3 winter seasons, from January 2011 to February 2013. Total distance of 49.8km was snow tracked (comprising 13 snow-tracking routes) to determine winter foraging habits, general behavior and movement paths of solitary and small groups (1-6 individuals; $mean=2.9{\pm}1.6$) of yellow-throated martens. The martens in the current study were omnivorous, with their winter diet including 9 animal and 5 plant species. Yellow-throated martens searched for food near and under the fallen logs and branches, root plates of fallen trees, around the roots of growing trees, and in small holes in the ground. They also climbed trees to search inside the tree holes and vacant bird nests. Foraging activity was estimated to occur at a frequency of 1.20 times/km, while territory marking occurred 1.42 times/km on average. Of the 60 documented foraging activities we observed, 17 were successful (28.3%). Moving activity and territory marking mainly occurred along ridges, whereas foraging activity was recorded in valleys, slopes, and forest edges. To protect the habitat of this species, the entire forest should be preserved, including the valleys, slopes, and even forest edges as well as main ridges.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.499-515
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to understand phytosociological characteristics and changes, providing basic ecology informations based for heronries. We investigated the 25 heronries sites to have more than a hundred nests in the country. The vegetations of heronries were arranged 8 plant communities that consisted of 60 families, 129 genuses and 167 species including 17 species of exotic species. The communities of heronries were composed of high NCD (Net Contribution Degree) of plants, such as pokeberry (Phytolacca americana), japanese chaff flower (Achyranthes japonica), asiatic dayflower (Commelina communis) including diagnosis species, that was heliophilous and tolerance of eutrophic and/or acidic soil condition, and had the highest composition with the annual plants. As locational condition, they were distributed a favorite feeding place (rice field, stream etc.) inside 0.5 km radius, and located on the eastern slope of the mountain. The vegetative composition among plants in the heronries didn't have plant sociological characteristics for environmental conditions of the sites. But generally, they had trends in floristic composition like the areas of polluted soil, open canopy and disturbance.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.278-281
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• 2015

An 8-year-old male red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Species Restoration Technology Institute of Korea National Park Service (KNPS), revealed nodular growths in its ventro-cervical region. The fox was introduced from Young-Yang Gun in 2012 to KNPS for re-introduction of the red fox. It has been cared in captive facility and showed the mass in August 2013 that was sent to Wildlife Medical Center. For the diagnosis of underlying disease and cervical mass, radiographical and sonographical examinations, complete blood count, serum chemistry analysis, peripheral blood smear examination and surgical removal of the mass were performed. The mass was fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and processed routinely for haematoxylin and eosin (HE) stain. Based on hematological and serum chemical examination, the fox showed mild leukocytosis, thrombopenia, increase of creatine kinase MB (CKMB) and uric acid. However, it was considered as no clinical relevance since the fox showed no related clinical signs. Macroscopically, the mass was round shape, whitish and well-demarcated. Microscopically, it was diagnosed as a lipoma consisting of mature adipose tissue. Lipoma is a common benign tumor in most domestic animals, however it has never been reported in the red fox. The present case report provides comprehensive diagnosis of a subcutaneous lipoma in a red fox.