• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
• /
• v.28
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2010

The antioxidant activities and flavonoid contents of the mulberry leaves and the ginko leaves teas were investigated. The antioxidant activities were examined by FRAP and DPPH radical scavenging assays, and total phenolic content and the flavonoid contents by HPLC were also determined. The ginko leaves tea showed the highest antioxidant activities and antioxidant contents, while the wild mulberry leaves tea showed the lowest. The antioxidant activities of the mixture tea of wild mulberry leaves and ginko leaves were increased more than the wild mulberry leaves tea. The flavonoid contents of the leaves(ginko, wild mulberry and mixture) powders were higher than those of infusion teas. Compared with wild mulberry tea, the mixture tea showed a little increase of flavonoid contents. The total phenolic contents and the flavonoid contents of the teas showed good correlations with their antioxidant activities, such as FRAP and DPPH radical scavenging activities(${\geq}0.8727$). The antioxidant capacities of wild mulberry leaves tea could be enhanced by the addition of the ginko leaves.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.27-35
• /
• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the mineral content in the regional, varietal and seasonal mulberry leaves. On average, mulberry leaf samples contained minerals in the order of potassiumi phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron and so on (2.494 g/100 g, 2.255 g/100 g, 1.835 g/100 g, 0.627 g/100 g, 0.0245 g/100 g DW, respectively). Calcium content was 19-fold and 4-fold higher than that of green tea and spinach, respectively, suggesting that mulberry loaves appear to be a calcium-rich food source. In the comparison of geographic samples of Cheongilppong variety, calcium bevel was highest in Youngchun sample (2.477 g/100 g) and highest potassium level in Suwon sample (2.962 g/100 g). In the geographic samples of YK209 variety, Jinju-City sample was highest in calcium content (1.509 g/100 g). Among wild mulberry loaves collected from Cheju Island and Tsushima, potassium level was highest in Bongge-dong, Cheiu City (3.865 g/100 g) and calcium level in Mitshshima Town, Tsushima (2.948 g/100 g). In the comparison of varietal samples collected in Suwon at the mulberry field of Dept. of Sericulture & entomology, Shinkwangppong variety was highest in the potassium levels although Keryangppong and Shinkwangppong were higher in calcium revel. In the comparison of seasonal samples of Cheongilppong, there was a rough trend of increase in some minerals up to July (e.g., calcium rind )potassium). Finding of the highest calcium and potassium contents in the wild mulberry (3.865 g/100 g and 2.948 g/100 g, respectively) rather than in the cultivated ones warrant that more focus should be paid to wild mulberry leaves to utilize their minerals effciently.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
• /
• v.44 no.1
• /
• pp.4-8
• /
• 2002

We conducted this study to investigate the morphological characteristics and physiological effects of mulberry leaves and fruits with wild varieties. Morphologically sampling materials were showed Morus bombycis type and Morus alba type characteristics. Water contents of mulberry fruits were higher than that of mulberry leaves. Sugar degree of sampling materials was 5.1∼22.7 Brix %. The yield of 85% MeOH extract from freezing dried Mulberry Fruits was 60.2% and Hexane, BuOH and H$_2$O fraction from MeOH extract were 2.8%, 4.6%, 92.3% respectively. In the cholesterol-induced hyperlipidemia rats administered with subfraction of mulberry fruit extract, total cholesterol and serum triglyceride were decreased in the MeOH extract group and H$_2$O soluble fraction group. Also H$_2$O soluble fraction group decreased GPT, GOT and LDH level. Therefore, the above results suggested that mulberry fruit with wild varieties can help to maintain normal liver functions and to protect hyperlipidemia.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
• /
• v.50 no.1
• /
• pp.10-14
• /
• 2012

Resveratrol is naturally occurring phytoalexin compounds produced by grape berries, peanuts, pine tree, mulberry fruits and their products in response to stress such as fungal infection, heavy metal ions or UV irradiation. The objective of this study was to determine resveratrol contents in wild-type mulberry leaves (Morus alba L., M. bombycis Koidz, and M. Lhou (Ser.) Koidz) collected from Won-ju, In-je and Yang-yang regions, Gangwon province, Korea. Resveratrol contents in wild-type mulberry leaves were higher in Autumn's than in Spring's, and higher than 16 cultivar's. Among the samples, 'No. 3', collected from Won-ju region and 'No. 7' collected from In-je showed high resveratrol contents of 539 and $491{\mu}g$/100 g DW (dry weight; DW), respectively, through the collection time. Therefore, two mulberry trees might be promising as potent resources for mulberry breeding and functional material development.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.167-175
• /
• 1999

This study examines the effects of the Korean horticultural foods which are, by traditional wisdom, supposed to contain anti-aging substance. All twenty three kinds of plants are chosen as a sample for the experiment in which the content of three main anti-aging nutrients, -carotene, Vitamin C, and Vitamin E are respectively measured by Nilis, Colorimetric, and AOAC method. The result shows: among the samples, top six plants that contain the most -carotene content are high quality tea(Camellia sinensis), thistle(Cirsium japonicum Var.), Angelica keiskei, mulberry leaves(Morus alba l.), field horsetail(Equisetum arvensa), and carrot(Daucus carota), in order; top four for a Vitamin C contents are low quality tea, mulberry leaves, pine leaves(Pinus densiflora), and high quality tea, in order; top four for a Vitamin E contents are persimmon leaves(Diospyros mongolicum) tea, high quality tea, low quality tea, and pine leaves, in order. Drying or boiling process increases the content of -carotene and Vitamin E in high quality tea, dropwort(Oenanthe javanica), field horsetail, and wild aster(Ligularia stenocephala Marsumum et Koldzumi), while, in case of mulberry leaves, drying process lowers them. Vitamin C content strikingly decreases in heating and drying process.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.141-147
• /
• 2001

This study was carried out to find out whether there exists any content variation in 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) among regional and varietal mulberry leaves. HPLC analysis was performed for 22 samples collected from several localities in Korea and Tsushima Islands Japan. The highest content was observed in the Cheongilppong sample collected at Youngchun City, Kyungsangbuk Province (1,882.7 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g DW), whereas lowest content was observed in the Cheongilppong sample collected at Jiniu City, Kyungsangnam Province (395.65 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g DW). In the comparison of regional samples of Kaeryangppong variety, DNJ content was highest in the order of Woniu City (1,460.1) > Boungun (999.85) > Hweongsung-gun (939.12) > Cheongju City (688.78). In case of Cheongilppong, DNJ content was highest in the order of Youngchun City (1.882.8) > Sanchung-gun (1,125.3) > Sunchon City (649.17) > Byunsan-myon (441.54) > Jinju City (395.65). Average content of regional samples was higher in Kaeryangppong (1,021.7 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g DW) than that of Cheongilppong (898.87 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g DW). Average DNJ content of the wild mulberry loaves collected from Cheju Island and Tsushima Island (1,012.9$\mu\textrm{g}$/g DW) was high enough to reach to that of the regional Kaeryangppong samples. In the comparison among varietal samples collected in Suwon, the highest DNJ content was observed in YK209 (768.16 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g DW), amongst overall low DNJ content of the varietal samples. Considering a few pieces of information from our data, DNJ content appears not to be influenced solely by annual temperature of the planted areas.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.17-30
• /
• 2013

Objectives This experimental study was designed to investigate the effects of Mulberry leaves contained herbal mixture (MLHM) on body weight, serum lipid level and adipocyte differentiation in high fat diet-fed obese mice. Methods Four-week old mice (wild-type C57/BL6) were used for all experiments. Cells were incubated with MLHM at the indicated concentration (0.04-4mg/ml) for 24h, and growth rate was assessed by MTT ((3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were incubated in DMEM for 2 days with the indicated concentrations of MLHM, and on Day 6, the cells were fixed and the cellular lipid contents were assessed by Oil-Red-O staining. The expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ (PPAR ${\gamma}$) and cytidine-cytidine-adenosine-adenosine-thymine (CCAAT)/enhancer-binding proteins ${\alpha}$ (C/EBP ${\alpha}$) as adipocyte-specific proteins were determined by real time RT-PCR and western blotting. In addition, body weight gain and serum lipid levels were measured in the mice with obesity induced by the high fat-diet for four weeks. Results Though MLHM did not show toxicity even at the concentration of 4mg/ml, MLHM significantly inhibited the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocites in a dose-dependent manner. Also, MLHM significantly reduced the expressions of PPAR ${\gamma}$ and C/EBP ${\alpha}$ in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, MLHM significantly reduced body weight gain and LDL-cholesterol contents in high fat diet-fed obese mice. Conclusions These results demonstrate that MLHM exerts anti-obesity effect in 3T3-L1 cells and mice with obesity by high-fat diet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.201-215
• /
• 2014

This study explores the kinds and types of dyes used in the Joseon Dynasty. Some literature including "Sanga Yorok", "Gyuhap Chongseo", "Imwon Gyeonjeji" were reviewed for this purpose. The findings are as follows. The colors obtained from the dyes were divided into seven color series, such as red, yellow and orange, green, blue, purple, brown, gray and black. These are practical color categories differed from abstract five cardinal colors [五方色]. The diachronic dyes used during the Joseon Dynasty were safflower and Japanese alder bark for red, indigo leaves for blue, gromwell for purple, chestnut tree bark for brown. The representative dyes used in the late Joseon Dynasty were safflower and sappan wood for red, wild pear tree bark and Pentapetes phoenicea for yellow and orange, indigo leaves for blue, sappan wood and gromwell for purple, mulberry tree for brown, and Chinese ink for gray. Common dyes used both in Joseon and China were safflower and sappan wood for red, pagoda tree blossom for yellow, a combination of pagoda tree blossom (or Amur cork tree) and indigo leaves (or sediment) for green, indigo leavers or sediment for blue, sappan wood and hollyhock for purple, and a combination of indigo leaves and Galla Rhois for gray and black.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.27 no.10
• /
• pp.1461-1468
• /
• 2014

This study was aimed to examine the antibacterial and antioxidative properties of seven edible plants from Thailand to develop alternative antibiotics as feed additives. The plants include Citrus aurantifolia Swingle (Lime) fruits and its leaves, Sesbania grandiflora L. (Agati sesbania) leaves, Piper sarmentosum Roxb (Wild betal) leaves, Curcuma domestica Valeton (Turmeric) roots, Morinda citrifolia L. (Beach mulberry) leaves, Cassia siamea britt (Siamea cassia) leaves, and Cocos nucifera L. (Coconut) peels. The plants were extracted by methanol, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water. Antibacterial activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were determined by agar diffusion assay against Escherichia coli, Burkholderia sp., Haemopilus somnus, Haemopilus parasuis, and Clostridium perfringens that were considered pathogenic strains in livestock infection. Methanol extracts of C. aurantifolia Swingle fruits and leaves showed the broadest spectrum of antibacterial activities except for C. perfringens. Butanol extract of S. grandiflora L. leaves showed the strongest activity against Burkholderia sp. with MIC, $135{\mu}g/mL$. P. sarmentosum Roxb leaves showed antibacterial activities against E. coli, Burkholderia sp. and H. parasuis. Ethyl acetate and water extracts from C. domesitca Valeton roots showed MIC of $306{\mu}g/mL$ and $183{\mu}g/mL$, respectively against only C. perfringens. Antioxidative activity was determined by 2-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl photometric assay. The methanol extracts of C. aurantifolia Swingle fruits and P. sarmentosum Roxb leaves showed the highest antioxidant activity among all the extracts with 3.46 mg/mL and 2.70 mg/mL effective concentration 50% ($EC_{50}$) values, respectively. Total contents of phenolics and flavonoids were measured from the plant extracts. Methanol extracts of S. grandiflora L. and chloroform extracts of C. domestica Valeton were found to have the highest amount of total phenolics, 41.7 and $47.8{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Flavonoid content of methanol extracts in S. grandiflora L. T was $22.5{\mu}g/mL$ and the highest among plant extracts tested. These results indicated that C. aurantifolia Swingle, S. grandiflora L., P. sarmentosum Roxb, and C. domestica Valeton have antibacterial and antioxidant activities and can be used as alternative antibiotics or potential feed additives for the control of animal pathogenic bacteria.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.835-848
• /
• 2015

In the past, Korea had many kinds of jeupjang (succulent jang), a rapidly maturing original Korean jang (fermented soybean paste) of which there is no record in Chinese cookbooks. However, this local delicacy has almost been forgotten. Therefore, we looked for information about jeupjang in cookbooks written prior to the Joseon Dynasty in Korea (1392~1910) and in the 1950s. Among the recipes, there were 34 jeupjangs prepared with vegetables, such as eggplant and cucumber, and 9 without. The main ingredients of jeupjang are soybean, bran (wheat crust), and barley, and wild wheat is also used. Jeupjang is made in small portions to expedite its rapid maturation, but the most common form is egg-shaped, and there is also a flat or round, hilt-shaped version. In most cases, jeupjang consists of a mixture of meju powder (moldy soybean), water, and salt. Other ingredients can include nuruk (moldy bran), bran, wheat flour, an alcoholic beverage, maljang (dried fermented soybeans), ganjang (liquid soy sauce), malt, and takju (Korean murky wine). Jeupjang meju can be fermented in a vessel, most widely in baskets made of straw (sum and dungumi) or willow or interwoven twigs (chirung), but jars can also be used. The leaves of the paper mulberry are generally used for the mat and cover, but straw or leaves of the sumac, mulberry, or pine tree, soy, and fallen leaves are also used. Unlike other jangs, jeupjang is matured at $60^{\circ}C$ to $65^{\circ}C$, using heat emitted from the decomposition of horse dung, haystacks, or manure. Jeupjang became defunct or was transformed into jeomjang, jiraejang, mujang, paggeumjang, makjang, jipjang, and tojang. These jangs differ from jeupjang in that they use rice, malt, or hot pepper powder.