• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.129-137
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• 2006

The treatment plan for orthognathic surgery must be based on accurate predictions, and this can be produced the most esthetic, functional and stable results. The purpose of this study was aimed to evaluate the amount and interrelationship of the gonial angle and the mandibular width change after the mandibular setback surgery in the mandibular prognathic patients. Twenty patients were selected who received orthognathic surgery after presurgical orthodontic treatment. The patients with skeletal and dental Class III malocclusion were operated upon with bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy and mandibular setback. The lateral and posteroanterior cephalometric radiographs were taken preoperatively, postoperative 1 day and 12 months later after the orthognathic surgery, and then the gonial angle and mandibular width were measured. The computerized statistical analysis was carried out with SPSS/PC program. The gonial angle at postoperative 1 day was decreased about $5.3^{\circ}$ than preoperative value and the gonial angle at postoperative 12 months was increased about $1.4^{\circ}$ than postoperative 1 day. So the gonial angle at postoperative 12 months was decreased about $3.9^{\circ}$ than preoperative value. The mean preoperative gonial angle was $125.35^{\circ}{\pm}7.36$, showing significantly high value than normal and mean gonial angle at postoperative 12 months was $121.45^{\circ}{\pm}6.81$, showing value near to normal. The mandibular width at postoperative 1 day was decreased about 1.1 mm than preoperative value and the mandibular width at postoperative 12 months was more decreased about 1.7 mm than postoperative 1 day. So the mandibular width at postoperative 12 months was decreased about 2.8 mm than preoperative value. These results indicate that sagittal split ramus osteotomy in mandibular prognathic patients with high gonial angle is effective to improvement of gonial angle. It is considered to be helpful for maintenance of postoperative stable gonial angle area that detailed postoperative care and follow-up.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.1179-1185
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• 2007

The study of girder-to-column joints under experiment and numerical analysis was carried out to evaluate change of the flexural capacity of the joints with the 2-layer upper reinforcement of girder within rectangular section and the single-layered upper reinforcement at the girder flange. According to the analysis results using the flange width, the flange thickness and the location of reinforcements in the upper flange as variables, in the models with a same effective width, the increasing rate of capacity has nothing to do with the flange width with a same effective width. However, the capacity of the models with the upper reinforcements arranged close to the rectangular beam section is larger than that of the models with the upper reinforcements arranged remotely from the rectangular section. If the range of arrangement fur reinforcement exceeds the effective width, despite of increasing the flange thickness, the capacity is not increased.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.69-76
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• 2020

Since the mechanically stabilized earth walls have a form of retaining wall compatible with a narrow section, the geogrid overlaps according to the separation distance between the walls. There is a problem that the overall behavior may occur in the state of being integrated with the stress change due to the interaction of the geogrid. Therefore, a careful approach is required at the design stage, but there are currently no design criteria or guidelines in Korea. This study investigated the optimal reinforcement length ratio according to the retaining wall width to height ratio (width to height ratio, Wb/H) for these back-to-back mechanically stabilized earth walls. Retaining wall width ratio is 1.1H, 1.4H, 1.7H, 2.0H for Case II of the FHWA design standard, and the height is 3.0 m, 5.0 m, 7.0 m, and 10.0 m, which are most commonly applied. Through numerical analysis, the appropriateness of the FHWA design standard and the optimal reinforcement length ratio according to the height of the retaining wall and the width of the retaining wall were proposed.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.383-394
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• 1996

Even it's not easy to in the cycle of the change without the qualification of the data, but we can try to figure out a cycle of change in fashion as Kroeber used content analysis. As content analysis with quantitative data increases the objectivity, especially in the case of highly complex materials like s appearance, multi-directional research method; quantitative and qualitative methods are combined in this study. In this research, first the change in hair length(HL), hair width(HW), hair height(HH) was examined to find out possible cyclic aspects of change in each elements and the significant relationships among the hair style was probed and the cyclic aspects between hair style elements and skirt style elements were compared. The data was analyzed by using Time series analysis and Pearson correlation coefficients. The statistical analysis of the hair style of 20th century showed that the hair style's elements changed independently and indicated the cyclic aspects in hair style as Kroeber's fashion cycle. To consider of this result, the hair style changed in a cyclic pattern, its pattern were different from skirt style's. And as hair style's change was affected by change, the hair styles change appeared during wars and disappeared during a social stabilization; this result supports social change theory.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Visualization
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.72-72
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• 2010

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.145-155
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• 2002

In order to investigate how upper limb motion gives influence on clothing, this study measured tests by following standards: Front Vertical motion, Side-Vertical motion, and Horizontal motion. For this study, the procedures in the order of alphabet are applied. A. Eeach of testee's pattern was copied by the motion with a method of tight fitting technique. B. Analyzing each of the size-change on measuring item. C. Studying the moving aspects at each datum points. The results shows that the biggest change can be found in the following items. 1) In vertical motion of F4 (the length to shoulder point from A-point) 2) In horizontal motion of F5 (the length to front-width point from A-point), the check-result gained by checking the notice between motions shows that the most noticeable items are F4 (the length to shoulder point from A-point), F5 (the length to front-width point from A-point), F6 (the length to armpit point from A-point), B7 (the length to side-waist point from B-point). In result of the study of datum point's movement by motion, the items which were measured with the longest on straight-distance in vertical motion are the front and rear-shoulder, and the rear-shoulder, front-armpit in horizontal motion each. In the movement of each datum points by length, the check-result gained by checking the notice between motions shows that the most remarkable item is the front-shoulder.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.476-490
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• 1991

Although various technical details of the surgical procedures have been improved, Skeletal relapse is the most noteworthy complication of orthognathic surgery. It seems to be an imbalance of the perioral muscular groups resulting from changes in the cavitas oris propria after surgery. Among other factors, it is widely known with the changes of tongue posture, as indicated by the hyoid position. Ten patients that had undergone mandibular setbacks by way of Modified Obwegeser method were evaluated retrospectively. The serial cephalometric films were taken preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, after removal of IMF, and at a subsequent long-term follow-up period. The cephalometric evaluation of tongue posture were based on stable craniofacial landmarks. The relation between the 2-dimensional changes of tongue posture and hyoid position and the relapse of mandibular setback are discussed. Anatomic changes that were found to accompany such setback are as follows. 1.There are 2 cases of relapse in 10 patients at long-term follow-up(20%) 2.The tongue was moved posteriorly and its size was reduced anteriorly and posteriorly at immediate postoperative change and then the mandible shifted slightly toward the preoperative position, but the long was adapted to its new environment due to changing the position of its posterior part, and also the hyoid that moved posterioly and inferiorly was stabilized sightly posteriorly than its original position. 3.On the distance change of the suprahyoid muscle, the distance of P-H, ST-H was increased at immediate postoperative change(p<0.01) and decreased at IMF period(p<0.001), but the distance of H-Me, H-Ge was slightly decreased at IMF and long-term period(p<0.05). 4.On the width change of the pharyngeal air way, the width of the upper part of the pharyngeal space was lightly contracted at IMF and long-term period(p<0.05). 5.On the relation between mandibular setback and tongue posture and hyoid position, the significant correlation was found between the changes of some parts of mandibular setback and those of tongue posture, and not found those of hyoid position.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.2019-2028
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• 1970

1. Experiments were made for the efficient plowing method by the 4 wheel tractor, the results are as follow; 1) In case of plowing of inner side of the field, the efficient turning method to be the smallest turning time is the $\Omega$-shaped turning method in the turning distance less than 2r (r is the minimum turning radius of the tractor), and also, it is the U-shaped turning method in the turning distance larger than 2r. 2) 2.5r is most efficient in the unit turning section 'w' on plowing of the inner side of the field. 3) In case of plowing of outer side of the field, intermitted plowing method is efficient in case of W>-0.0345 L + 35.84, and also, semi-followed plowing method is efficient in case of W<-0.0345 L + 35.84. 4) The smaller the width of outer side of outer side of the field 'I' is, the higher is the plowing efficiency, and it is estimated that the minimum value 2r is suitable to 'I' in plowing of inner side and outer side of the field. 2. Study on the correlation between the unit field and plowing efficiencies obtained the following results; 1) plowing efficienies increase generally according as length-width ratio L/W and area A increase. 2) Percent of increase of plowing efficiencies decreases generally according as length-width ratio and area enlarge. 3) The limit that change of T is large owing to L/W is 6 for 20 a, 5 for 30 a, 4 for 50 a, 3 for 80 a, less than 2.5 for 100 a, generally, in L/W-T curve. 4) Rate of change of T-A curve is similar to rate of change of $T=A-\frac{2}{3}$ curve in spite of influence of L/W. 5) In case that length-width ratio is more than 3, effects of increase of 10 a area influenced upon plowing efficiencies are as much as effects of about 5 increase of length width ratio without correlation of size of the field. 6) In case that length-width ratio is 2 to 3, effects of increase of 10 a area influenced upon plowing efficiencies are as much as effects of about 4 to 2 increase of length-width ratio without correlation of size of the field, and the effects decrease according as not only length-width ratio decreases but also area increases, generally.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2015

We investigate the propagation characteristics of a pulse laser in a time-of-flight laser range finder (TOF-LRF) system with variations in atmospheric conditions, such as temperature, pressure, relative humidity, and the concentration of $CO_2$. The measurement error of distance related with the group velocity change in the TOF-LRF system is analyzed by considering the refractive index of the standard atmosphere with variations in atmospheric conditions. The dependence of the pulse width broadening induced by chromatic dispersion of the standard atmosphere on the operating wavelength and the initial pulse width of the light sources is discussed. The transmission of air with variations in the relative humidity or the concentration of $CO_2$ is analyzed by using different values of absorption coefficients depending on the operation wavelength of the light source in the TOF-LRF system.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.330-336
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• 2013

Considering the high prevalence, transverse control in adult patients presenting relatively narrow maxillary width is a challenging issue. This study compared the pattern of arch expansion induced by either miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expander (MARPE) or continuous archwire engaged on self-ligating brackets. Age-matched adults groups(N=15 each) were treated with respective appliance. In both groups, all intercanine, interpremolar, and intermolar widths increased, and significantly greater change was noted in the intermolar region. Buccal tipping was minimal in both groups. Subsequent arch length increase, lingual tipping of incisors and distal tipping of molars were also found in both groups. According to the results, it can be concluded that the MARPE induced generally more arch expansion, particularly in the intermolar width, indicating that the adults showing buccal crossbite of the molars may have to undergo expansion via MARPE prior to arch alignment using continuous archwire.