• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2003.07b
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• pp.67-88
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• 2003

The consumption of poultry meat (chicken and turkey) grew the most during the past few decades due to several contributing factors such as low price. product research and development. favorable meat characteristics, responsive to consumer needs, vertical integration and industry consolidation, new processing equipments and technology, and aggressive marketing. The major processing technologies developed and used in chicken processing include forming/restructuring, tumbling, curing, smoking, massaging, injection, marination, emulsifying, breading, battering, shredding, dicing, and individual quick freezing. These processing technologies were applied to various parts of chicken including whole carcass. Product developments using breast, thigh, and mechanically separated chicken meat greatly increased the utilization of poultry meat. Chicken breast became the symbol of healthy food, which made chicken meat as the most frequent menu items in restaurants. However, the use of and product development for dark meat, which includes thigh, drum, and chicken wings were rather limited due to comparatively high fat content in dark meat. Majority of chicken are currently sold as further processed ready-to-cook or ready-to-eat forms. Major quality issues in chicken meat include pink color problems in uncured cooked breast, lipid oxidation and off-flavor, tenderness PSE breast, and food safety. Research and development to ensure the safety and quality of raw and cooked chicken meat using new processing technologies will be the major issues in the future as they are now. Especially, the application of irradiation in raw and cooked chicken meat products will be increased dramatically within next 5 years. The market share of ready-to-eat cooked meat products will be increased. More portion controlled finished products, dark meat products, and organic and ethnic products with various packaging approaches will also be introduced.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.429-440
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• 2021

During the growing period, the integrated solar radiation inside the greenhouse was 12.7MJ·m^-2d^-1, and which was 90% of the average daily global radiation outside the greenhouse, 14.1MJ·m^-2d^-1. The 24-hour average temperature inside the greenhouse from July to August, which has the highest temperature of the year, was 3.04℃ lower than the outside temperature, and 4.07℃ lower after the rainy season. Before the operation of fog cooling system, the average daily RH (%) was lowered to a minimum of 40% (20% for daytime), making it inappropriate for paprika cultivation, but after the operation of fog system, the daily RH during the daytime increased to 70 to 85%. The average humidity deficit increased to a maximum of 12.7g/m³ before fog supply, but decreased to 3.7g/m³ between July and August after fog supply, and increased again after October. The daytime residual CO₂ concentration inside the greenhouse was 707 ppm on average during the whole growing period. The marketable yield of paprika harvested from July 27th to November 23rd, 2020 was higher in 'DSP-7054' and 'Allrounder' with 14,255kg/10a and 14,161kg/10a, respectively, followed by 'K-Gloria orange', 'Volante' and 'Nagono'. There were significant differences between paprika cultivars in fruit length, fruit diameter, soluble solids (°Brix), and flash thickness (mm) of paprika produced in summer season at large single-span plastic greenhouse. The soluble solids content was higher in the orange cultivars 'DSP-7054' and 'Naarangi' and the flesh thickness was higher in the yellow and orange cultivars, with 'K-Gloria orange' and 'Allrounder' being the thickest. The marketable yield of paprika, which was treated with cooling and heating treatments in the root zone, increased by 16.1% in the entire cultivars compared to the untreated ones, increased by 16.5% in 'Nagano', 10.3% in the 'Allrounder', 20.2% in the 'Naarangi', and 17.3% in 'Raon red'.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 1992

In the orient, ancestor's perception to natural environment was related on the change of climate. Man had been a essence of the warm blood animal, which had suited in mild climate for living and acting. The weather of hot or cold was not only comfort in human life but influences negatively on human behavior. The most people of oriental was particularly interrelated to seasonal change of climate in earlier time. Because, there are elements such as temperature, humidity and wind in the category of climate, these elements differentiated seasonal change. The main methods of perception of natural environment were observed and classified. Although these methods were in the primitive stage, these coincided the tendency of modern science. For example, confucian was recognized the law of vertical air current that warm air rised and cold air sinked. And they could classify all elements nature based on the principles of 'Yin and Yang(陰陽論)' such as male and female, the sun and moon. shade and light etc. Thus results of the observation and the classification concerned with physical environment can be utilize a wisdom for progressive life of inhabitants. It was a origin of the education in natural environment. Commonness in the viewpoint of environment in the orient if recognized the law of circulation. Buddhism, originated in india, realized that all of phenomena in the world was changed slowly through the principles of cycle(輪廻說) such as male and female, the sun and moon, shade and light etc. Thus results of the observation and the classification concerned with physical environment can be utilized a wisdom for progressive life of inhabitants. It was a origin of the education in natural environment. Commonness in the viewpoint of environment in the orient if recognized the law of circulation. Buddhism, originated in India, realized that all of phenomena in the world was changed slowly through the principles of cycle(輪廻說). For example, whole of land is shifted from young stage to old stage as the life cycle of humanbeing. The theory of karma effects(葉報設) is so signify with the good result that good one's action is reap a sweet fruit. The most environmental problem in today must realized as a consequence of men's act. Then Taoism emphasized the pure nature without the artificiality. Because complexual environment was composed of several elements, It was maintained through the artificiality. Because complexual environment was composed of several elements, It was maintained through the interaction of cause and effects. The solution of environmental problem is maintenanced the harmony between cause and effects by a philosophical concept.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.274-284
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• 2014

Crops and varieties are mostly affected by temperature, the amount of precipitation, and duration of sunshine. This study aims to identify the weather factors that directly influence to apple yield among the series of daily measured weather variables during growing seasons. In order to identify them, 1) a priori natural scientific knowledge with respect to the growth stage of apples and 2) pure statistical approaches to minimize bias due to the subject selection of variables are considered. Each result estimated by the Panel regression using fixed/random effect models is evaluated through suitability (i.e., Akaike information criterion and Bayesian information criterion) and predictability (i.e., mean absolute error, root mean square error, mean absolute percentage). The Panel data of apple yield and weather factors are collected from fifteen major producing areas of apples from 2006 to 2013 in Korea for the case study. The result shows that variable selection using factor analysis, which is one of the statistical approaches applied in the analysis, increases predictability and suitability most. It may imply that all the weather factors are important to predict apple yield if statistical problems, such as multicollinearity and lower degree of freedom due to too many explanatory variables used in the regression, can be controlled effectively. This may be because whole growth stages, such as germination, florescence, fruit setting, fatting, ripening, coloring, and harvesting, are affected by weather.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.304-312
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• 2004

Early harvested Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu) was treated with hot air at 45$^{\circ}C$ for 2, 4, and 6 hours and stored at 5$^{\circ}C$ for 3 weeks and additional one week at 18$^{\circ}C$ (simulated shelf-life) in order to examine the effect of mild heat treatment on the storage quality of the citrus fruits. Quality attributes of the sample fruits evaluated during storage included the respiration rate, internal gas composition, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids content, flesh weight loss, firmness, peel color, decay ratio, and sensory properties. The initial respiration rates, just after hot air treatment, were significantly higher in the heat-treated fruits compared to the untreated. However, during storage at 5$^{\circ}C$, the respiration rates showed a similar level in all treatments. Internal gas composition exhibited no significant difference between the heat-treated and untreated samples. Hot air treatment also exerted no significant effects on the pH, titratable acidity, soluble solid contents, flesh weight loss, firmness, and peel color of the fruits during the whole storage period. The decay ratio was manifestly lower in the heat-treated fruits than the untreated. For sensory attributes including visual and organoleptic quality, no significant difference was observed among sample fruits. Results suggested that mild heat treatment with hot air at 45$^{\circ}C$ for 4-6 hours could be used as an effective preconditioning method to keep the postharvest quality of Satsuma mandarin by reducing the decay incidence remarkably during storage.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.1059-1071
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• 2015

Watermelon and melon are economically important Cucurbitaceae crops. Recently, the development of molecular markers based on the construction of genetic linkage maps and detection of DNA sequence variants through next generation sequencing are essential as molecular breeding strategies for crop improvement that uses marker-assisted selection and backcrossing. In this paper, we intended to provide useful information for molecular breeding of watermelon and melon by analyzing the current status of international and domestic research efforts on genomics and molecular markers. Due to diverse genetic maps constructed and the reference genome sequencing completed in the past, DNA markers that are useful for selecting important traits including yield, fruit quality, and disease resistances have been reported and publicly available. To date, more than 16 genetic maps and loci and linked markers for more than 40 traits have reported for each watermelon and melon. Furthermore, the functional genes that are responsible for those traits are being continuously discovered by high-density genetic map and map-based cloning. In addition, whole genome resequencing of various germplasm is under progress based on the reference genome. Not only by the efforts for developing novel molecular markers, but application of public marker information currently available will greatly facilitate breeding process through genomics-assisted breeding.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.404-408
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• 1978

This experiment was carried out to study the characteristics and composition of the oil extracted from elder berry seeds. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. The elder berry fruits are composed of $1.56%{\sim}2.50%$ crude lipid, $2.50{\sim}6.10%$ crude protein, $0.7{\sim}1.3%$ crude ash, 0.73% pectin and the fresh whole fruits bore $6{\sim}7%$ of its seeds on weight basis. 2. The hot pressed oil had similar flavor and taste to sesame oil, and cold, pressed one, to olive oil. Its iodine value ranged $95{\sim}110$, and its oil extraction rate from seed $26.18{\sim}26.55%$. 3. The elder berry seed oil contained a high level of essential fatty acids, and the oil seed cakes, $12.65{\sim}18.65%$ of crude protein. These may be utilized as concentrated fodder for livestock.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.122-126
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• 2014

In analysis of inorganic components of Miscanthus sinensis Andersson var. sinensist, Phosphate increased with the progress of growing stage. in other way potassium, calcium and magnesium was inclined to decrease. The total nitrogen content in the Miscanthus sinensis Andersson var. sinensist was increased until second age cultivated stage, but in its third year, it was decreased apparently. In other way the total carbon content of Miscanthus sinensis was not changed until second year cultivation. But rapid increasing was happen in its third year cultivation stage. 3 year cultivated Miscanthus sinensis Andersson var. sinensist which has a plentiful carbon source can be used as a good culture media source for the formation of mushroom's fruit body. When rice bran added at the amount of 20% to the keep in 65% moisture Miscanthus sinensis Andersson var. sinensist, the fermentation of culture material was well done and the temperature of $50{\sim}55^{\circ}C$ fittest for thermophilic microorganism growth was maintained for 5 days from 5 days after treatment. Rice bran 20% added to the Miscanthus sinensis Andersson var. sinensist was the fittest fermentation culture media for the Pleurotus ostreatus vinyl-bag type cultivation. When Pleurotus ostreatus was cultivated in this culture media, the yield was increased by 60% than whole Miscanthus sinensis Andersson var. sinensist containing culture media. The fermentation Miscanthus sinensis Andersson var. sinensist culture media could be substituted by 20% the sawdust in existing culture media(sawdust 50%+cottonseed bark 30%+cottonseed meal 20%).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 1976

This study was designed to find out passible correlations between the growth rate and daily food intakes of two hundreds E and Y kindergarden children in Seoul, Korea. The subjects adapted in this study were 5-year-old boys and girls and their physical growth index was calculated by means of body weight and height. Dietary survey was performed by recording all the foods taken at daily basis for six days. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Living circumstances of the subjects. a) In most cases, subjects had two to three brothers and sisters. b) About 39% of boys were brought up by cow's milk and 34%, by mined nourishment with mother's milk and cow's milk, while approximately 40% of the girls were brought up by mother's milk and 37%, by mixed one. Of the whole subjects, 70% were weaned at the age of $7{\sim}18$ months. c) Fruit juices were introduced to children at about 3 months old in 40% of the subjects. d) Approximately 60% of the children had their meals regularly and the rest of the subjects had irregularlity in their meal, mainly because of excess consumption of snacks. e) About $20{\sim}40%$ of total income of sampled families were spent for foods. f) The most favorate main dish was steamed rice, other favorate foods were beef and pickled cabages for boys, and ham and dried laver for girls. The least favorate foods for both sexes were oyster, shellfish and various vegetabes. Fruits, juice, milk, and ice cream are more popular snacks among children. 2. Nutrition survey a) Insufficient caloric intakes were shown in both sexes, comprising 90% of daily recommended dietary allowences for boys and only 75% for girls. Iron intake was strikengly low, reaching only 62% of R.D.A. for boys and 72% for girls. b) The total caloric intake was composed of CHO 62%, protein 18%, and fat 21% respectively. c) The consumption of animal protein comprises 55% of total protein intake. d) The cereal consumption was found to be the highest at the level of 43%. e) When the total caloric intake was divided into each meal and snack, snack took the highest part in any other meal. Each figure showed as follow; breakfast 21%, lunch 27%, supper 22% and Snack 30% for boys, and 23%, 22%, 25% and 30% for girls, respectively. 3. The result of statistical analysis. a) There was a significant relationship between the growth rate and the caloric intake of the subjects at the level of 0.050.01.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.139-153
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• 2014

This study contemplates the utopian landscape recognized by the scholars with twenty three pieces of 'travel record'. Consequently, five key words - Mureungdowon(武陵桃源), Byeolcheonji(別天地), Dongcheon(洞天), Chonghakdong, Eungeoji(hermitage) - are chosen for comprehending the utopia and their landscape characteristics are organised as follows. Mureungdowon in Jirisan Mountain which the scholars dreamed of is a flatland with the full energy for local vegetation and domestic animals in the mysterious and deep gorge. This utopia eventually reflects the rural landscape. Byeolcheonji is a utopia combining the concept of a fairyland and beautiful scenery. The scholars also used the term 'Dongcheon' for naming the enclosed landform which is suitable for seclusion and defining the some areas of beautiful scenery. Cheonghakdong, which is set only in Jirisan Mountain, has been formed by the stone scenery of gorges and Buril waterfalls around the whole area of Burilam Hermitage, the vegetation scenery of pine trees and bamboos with the legend of Choi Chiwon and his engraved inscription on a rock. Adding to the utopia passed down, the scholars perceived the village with geographical features with back to the mountain and facing the water, the river practising the trade, the flatland enclosed by bamboo forests, the vegetation mainly consisting of fruit trees and beautiful scenery as the utopia realized on earth. It is equivalent to the world of human beings laboring appropriately and living in Mother Nature. As mentioned above, this study has significance for apprehending the relevance between the culture of strolling in the mountains by the scholars of Joseon Dynasty and the fairyland and explaining the various traditional utopias from the inherited concepts from China to the naturalized realistic utopia.