• Title/Summary/Keyword: Wheat Flour

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The Improvement of Spaghetti Quality Made from Bread Wheat Flour (제빵용 밀가루를 이용한 스파게티 제조 적성의 향상)

  • Kim, Hyuk-Il;Key Hwang;P. A. Seib
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.21 no.3
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    • pp.270-278
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    • 1992
  • Two of the Hard White Winter (HWW) wheats had higher farina yield than mixed Hard Red Winter (HRW) wheat. Optimum steaming time for HRW farina spaghetti was 3min under 86-98$^{\circ}C$. Optimum cooking time decreased after steam treatment. Steam treated spaghetti showed much higher strength of dried spaghetti, lower cooking loss, and cooked weight, less stickiness, and total organic matters (TOM) value than in treated spaghetti after cooking. The rooking qualities except stickiness were significantly different between treated and untreated steam. The quality of hard wheat farina spaghetti was more affected than that of durum spaghetti after steam treatment. HWW farina spaghetti im-roved all the qualities of steam treated and untreated spaghetti than those of HRW farina spaghetti except stickiness. From the observations of scanning electron microscope (SEM), maybe two general principles of steaming can be explained by : i) forming hydrophobic protein film on surface of pasta, ii) higher retrogradation of starch, which cause less swelling of starch.

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A Survey on the Number of Meals Skipped and the Types of Main Meals in Miryang and Daegu (결식과 주식의 종류에 관한 조사 연구 -대구와 밀양지역을 중심으로-)

  • 류호경
    • The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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    • v.14 no.3
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    • pp.75-87
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    • 2003
  • This study was conducted to find the number of meals skipped and the types of main meals consumed by people in Miryang and Daegu. The subjects consisted of elementary school students(ES), middle school students(MS), high school students(HS), college students(CS) and adults, divided into below the age of 40(AU) and above the age of 40(AA). Data were collected through a 7-day dietary record from 941 subjects. The definition of rice-based meal(RM) and wheat-based meal(WM) depends on the type of grain eaten in the main dish, rice or wheat flour, respectively, regardless of the menu. Out of all the meals consumed by the subjects during 7 days before the survey, 71.5% of the meals consumed were RM, 13.1 % of the meals consumed was WM and 12.5% of the meals was skipped. Of the meals skipped, breakfast-skipping was the highest with 27.1%. There's no difference by region and sex. But there were several differences by age. The rates of skipped meal were high for CS, AU, HS, and MS in order. Especially the breakfast-skipping for CS was highest as 47.9%. In the types of main meal, the rates of RM was highest at breakfast and lowest at lunch. The rates of RM was higher in Miryang than Daegu, and there was no difference by sex. The rates of RM was high for AA, HS, ES and AU in order. ES and HS, who had highest rates of WM, had the highest WM consumption at lunch. It is because of school food service at lunch. Since the younger population consumed more RM compared to the older population, it can be speculated that more WM will be consumed in the future. Also efforts need to be made to discourage skipping meals.

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Studies on the Rheological Property of Korean Noodles -II. Mechanical Model Parameters of Cooked and Stored Noodles- (한국 재래식 국수류의 유체 변형성에 관한 연구 -제 2 보 : 삶음시간과 저장기간에 따른 기계적 모델 상수들의 변화-)

  • Lee, Cherl-Ho;Kim, Cheol-Won
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.15 no.3
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    • pp.295-301
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    • 1983
  • The mechanical models representing the theological property of traditional Korean noodles; i.e. wheat flour noodle and wheat-sweet potato starch noddle, were investigated from the data obtained by creep and creep recovery test using a tensile tester. The rheological behavior of the noodle products could be expressed by the 6-elements Voigt model. The instantaneous elasticity, retarded elasticity, retardation time, retarded viscosity and Newtonian viscosity of the noodle products were evaluated. With the increasing cooking time, 4-elements Burger's model was applicable to represent the mechanical behavior of wheat-sweet potato starch noodle.

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Relationship between Mixograph Properties and Bread Quality of Korean Wheat Cultivars and Breeding Lines (한국산(韓國産) 밀의 Mixograph특성(特性)과 제(製)빵적성(適性)과의 관계(關係))

  • Kim, Chang-Sik;Chang, Hak-Gil;Hah, Duk-Mo;Yoon, Joo-Ok;Shin, Hyo-Sun
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.16 no.2
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    • pp.223-227
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    • 1984
  • Quality of flours of 166 different wheat varieties and breeding lines from the 1980-1982 year crop was evaluated with Mixograph. Protein content had a correlation coefficient of 0.68 with sedimentation value and of 0.67 with bread volume. Sedimentation value showed highly significant correlation (r = 0.74) with bread volume. Positive significant correlations were found between protein content and sedimentation value vs. Mixography water-absorption, however the protein content and sedimentation value were not consistently related with mixing time or height to peak. Mixograph curve of the flour in a cultivar showed the specific pattern regardless the environmental conditions.

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Effect of Dietary Fiber Purified from Cassia Tora on the Quality Characteristics of the Bread with Rice Flour (결명자 식이섬유가 쌀 첨가 식빵의 제빵특성에 미치는 영향)

  • Ha, Tae-Youl;Kim, Soo-Hyun;Cho, Il-Jin;Lee, Hyun-Yu
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.35 no.4
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    • pp.598-603
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    • 2003
  • This study was accomplished to investigate the effect of dietary fiber purified from Cassia Tora on the quality characteristics of the bread compared to hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and xanthan gum (XG). The bread-making flour was prepared with wheat flour/rice flour (75/25) and added with 3% various dietary fibers. Dietary fiber of Cassia Tora (CT fiber) showed the highest volume expansion and the volume of bread with XG was the lowest. The values of lightness in both the crust and crumb color were the highest in the bread with XG. There was no significant difference in the score of sensory evaluation about color. As a result of texture measuring by Texture Analyzer, springiness and cohesiveness were not affected by the addition of CT fiber. However the significant decrease of gumminess, hardness and chewiness were observed from the bread containing CT fiber. Overall acceptance scores by sensory evaluation of baked bread with CT fiber were not significantly different from those of control.

Studies on Takju Brewing with Potatoes (감자를 이용(利用)한 탁주제조(濁酒製造)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Kim, S.Y.;Oh, M.J.;Kim, C.J.
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.17 no.2
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    • pp.81-92
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    • 1974
  • In order to prepare the mashing materials for 'Takju', Korean wine, with potatoes, theywere steamed, dryed, and pulverized, and their chemical components were analyzed. As a brewing method of Takju with potatoes, general 2nd stage process with Ipkuk and Bunkuk (enzyme sources), commonly used now, was carried out and the effects of preparing conditions of Ipkuk(koji) with potato flour, mashing materials and brewing conditions on the contents of Takju mash, and of storing time on the contents of Takju, were investigated and the results obtained were summarized as follows, 1. Chemical components of steamed potatoes and potato flour were Moisture; 76.2, 10.8%, Total sugar; 16.1, 69.8%, Reducing sugar; 3.45, 13.4%, Crude protein; 2.1, 11.3%, Total acid; 0.012, 0.023% and Volatile acid; 0.0012, 0.0025% respectively. 2. The most effective preparing conditions of Ipkuk with potato flour were to incubate the potato flour added 40-50% of water for 48 hours by general preparing process of Koji, and liquefying and saccharogenic amylase activities of Ipkuk incubated at above conditions were $D40^{\circ}$ 30' 128 W.V. and 13.2 A.U.. 3. The effects of various brewing conditions on the contents of Takju mashes were as follows; 1) Optimum ratio of mashing water and materials for Takju brewing with potato flour was 140ml of water to 60g of flour in 1st stage and 260ml to 140g in 2nd stage. 2) Optimum fermentating times and temperatures for Takju brewing were at $25^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours in 1st stage and at $30^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours in 2nd stage. 3) Optimum amounts of enzyme sources for Takju brewing were 20-30% of Ipkuk and 0.5% of Bunkuk in 1st stage and 1.0% of Bunkuk in 2nd stage. 4) Methanol content of the Takju mash brewed with raw potato flour was much more than that with steamed potato flour. 5) Alcohol, fusel oil and Formol nitrogen contents of the Takju mash brewed with potato flour were less than that with wheat flour, on the contrary, methanol contents and total acidifies of them were showed conversely above. 4. The changes of chemical components and microflora in the mashes during the brewing potato flour Takju were as follows; 1) The accumulation of ethanol followed rapidly in early stage, being the highest at 72 hours (11.9%). 2) Total sugar content of the mash was decreased considerably within 48-72 hours, being 2.62% at 72 hours, and thereafter slowly. 3) Reducing sugar of the mash had a tendency of decreasing, being 0.29% at 48 hours. 4) Total acidity, volatile acidity and Formol nitrogen content of the mash were increased slowly, being 7.30, 0.20, 2.55 at 48 hours. 5) Total cells of yeast appeared the highest in 72 hours ($2.1{\times}10^8$) and thereafter decreased slowly. 6) Total cells of bacteria appeared the highest in 48 hours ($2.4{\times}10^8$) and thereafter decreased or increased slightly. 5. Takju was made from the fermented mash mixed with water to be 6% of alcohol content, and the change of alcohol content, total acidity, total cells of yeast and bacteria during the storing at $30^{\circ}C$ were as follows; 1) Alcohol content of Takju was increased slightly at 24 hours (6.2%), and thereafter decreased slowly. 2) Total acidity of Takju was increased gradually, being 6.1 at 72 hours 3) Total cells of yeast and bacteria appeared the highest at 48 hours ($2.3{\times}10^8,\;1.5{\times}10^8$), and thereafter decreased slowly. 6. Alcohol content, total acidity and Formol nitrogen content of the Takju brewed with potato flour Ipkuk or wheat flour Ipkuk and steamed potatoes(1:5) were 9.8-11.3%, 5.8-7.4, 2.5-3.3 respectively, and the color of the Takju. was similar to commercial Takju. 7. The results of sensory test for various experimental Takju, showed that the Takjues brewed with the materials combined with wheat flour and steamed potatoes(4:5 or 3.5:7.5) were not significantly different in color, taste and flavor from commercial Takju, However, those with potato flour and wheat flour (1:1 or 7:3) were significantly different from commercial Takju.

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Studies on Takju Brewing with Potatoes (감자를 이용(利用)한 탁주제조(濁酒製造)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Kim, S.Y.;Oh, M.J.;Kim, C.J.
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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    • v.1 no.1
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    • pp.67-81
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    • 1974
  • In order to prepare the mashing materials for "Takju", Korean wine, with potatoes they were steamed, dryed, and pulverized, and their chemical components were analyzed. As a brewing method of Takju with potatoes, general 2nd stage process with Ipkuk and Bunkuk (enzyme sources), commonly used now, was carried out and the effects of preparing conditions of Ipkuk(koji) with potato flour, mashing materials and brewing conditions on the contents of Takju mash and of storing time on the contents of Takju, were investigated and the results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. Chemical components of steamed potatoes and potato flour were Moisture; 76.2, 10.8%, Total sugar; 16.1, 69.8%, Reducing sugar; 3.45, 13.4%, Crude protein; 2.1, 11.3%, Total acid; 0.012, 0.023% and Volatile acid; 0.0012, 0.0025% respectively 2. The most effective preparing conditions of Ipkuk with potato flour were to incubate the potato flour added 40-50% of water for 48 hours by general preparing process of Koji, and liquefying and saccharogenic amylase activities of Ipkuk incubated at above conditions were $D_{40^{\circ}}{^{30{\prime}}}$ 128 W.V. and 13.2 A. U. 3. The effects of various brewing conditions on the contents of Takju mashes wereas follows; 1) Optimum ratio of mashing water and materials for Takju brewing with potato flour was 140ml of water to 60g of flour in 1st stage and 260ml to 140g in 2nd stage. 2) Optimum fermentating times and temperatures for Takju brewing were at $25^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours in 1st stage and at $30^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours in 2nd stage. 3) Optimum amounts of enzyme sources for Takju brewing 20-30% of Ipkuk and 0.5% of Bunkuk in 1st stage and 1.0% of Bunkuk in 2nd stage. 4) Methanol content of the Takju mash brewed with raw potato flour was much more than that with steamed potato flour. 5) Alcohol fusel oil and Formal nitrogen contents of the Takju mash brewed with potato flour were less than that with wheat flour, on the contrary, methanol contents and total acidities of them were showed conversely above. 4. The changes of chemical components and microflora in the mashes during the brewing potato flour Takju were as follows; 1) The accumulation of ethanol followed rapidly in early stage, being the highest at 72 hours (11.9%) 2) Total sugar content of the mash was decreased considerably within 48-72 hours, being 2.62% at 72 hours, and thereafter slowly. 3) Reducing sugar of the mash had a tendency of decreasing, being 0.29% at 48 hours. 4) Total acidity, volatile acidity and Formal nitrogen content of the mash were increased slowly, being 7.30, 0.20, 2.55 at 48 hours. 5) Total cells of yeast appeared the highest in 72 hours ($2.1{\times}10^8$) and thereafter decreased slowly. 6) Total cells of bacteria appeared the highest in 48 hours ($2.4{\times}10^8$) and thereafter decreased or increased slightly. 5. Takju was made from the fermented mash mixed with water to be 6% of alcohol content, and the change of alcohol content, total acidity, total cells of yeast and bateria during the storing at $30^{\circ}C$ were as follows; 1) Alcohol content of Takju was increased slightly at 24 hours (6.2%), and thereafter decreased slowly. 2) Total acidity of Takju was increased gradually, being 6.1 at 72 hours 3) Total cells of yeast and bacteria appeared the highest at 48 hours ($2.3{\times}10^8$, $1.5{\times}10^8$) and thereafter decreased slowly. 6. Alcohol content, total acidity and Formol nitrogen content of the Takju brewed with potato flour Ipkuk or wheat flour Ipkuk and steamed potatoes(1:5) were 9.8-11.3%, 5.8-7.4, 2.5-3.3 respectively, and the color of the Takju was similar to commercial Takju. 7. The results of sensory test for various experimental Takju, showed that the Takjues brewed with the materials combined with wheat flour and steamed potatoes (4:5 or 3.5:7.5) were not significantly different in color, taste and flavor from commercial Takju, However, those with potato flour and wheat flour (1:1 or 7:3) were significantly different from commercial Takju.

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A Study on The Agricultural Products Mentioned in the Bible with Priority to the Cereals (성서에서 언급되는 농산물에 관한 연구 -곡물을 중심으로-)

  • Kim, Sung-Mee;Lee, Kwang
    • Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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    • v.8 no.4
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    • pp.441-453
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    • 1998
  • Varieties of the cereals produced in the Biblical times and the ways these cereal foods have been grafted into Korean food culture has been pursued, and the regulations of agricultural life and the metaphors or parables of cereals represented throughout the Bible have been studied. The word "grain" appears eight times in the KJV and one hundred seventeen times in the RSV. On the other hand, the word "corn" shows up one hundred and one times in the KJV but not in the RSV at all. Wheat, one of the earliest cultivated and the most important grains for food is mentioned fifty two times in KJV and generally the rich in those days lived on wheat in the parched state or in the form of bread. Barley, one of the staple cereal crops of Palestine is referred to thirty six times in the KJV. It was less expensive than wheat and so was used mainly for the food of such animals as horses, donkeys and cattle, but sometimes it was mixed with flour and used for making bread for men, mostly for Poor men. The spelt (in ASV and RSV) and the rie(in KJV) appearing in Exodus 9:32 is a kind of grain, which is translated into Na-mack (in Hangul Revised Bible ; HRB), Ssal-bori (in Hangul Common Translated Bible : HCB) and Ho-mil (in Hangul King James Bible; HKJB) but which should be put into Spelt-mil in Korean. The lentil appearing in Genesis 25 : 34 is translated into Pat (red-bean) and Bul-kong respectively in HRB and HCB but the same word in the Second Book of Samuel is translated into Pat in both HRB and HCB. HCB translates lentil into Bul-kong in Genesis and into Pat in the Second Book of Samuel (23:11). HCB and HKJB which put lentil into Pat in previous parts translate the word into Nok-tu in the Second Book of Samuel. The word, lentil here should be put into lentil-kong and parched pulse into "Poken-Chong-ja" not into Poken-Nok-tu. Millet which is translated into Cho should be put into Gui-jang. filches should not be classified as a grain or a cereal but as a flavor or a condiment, so the word filches should be put into So-Hoi-hyang or Hoi-hyang. Regulations in reference to agriculture are included in the Bible. That is, it is seen that the Bible regulates the observance of the sabbatical year and feasts, the partition of land, how to sow and so on. It is also observed that grains are used for metaphors or parables: wheat represents the peaceful times and straws are compared to trifles. As seen above, there should be more prudent examinations and standards for the translation of grains into Pat, Pul-kong, Nok-tu, Gui-ree, Ssal-bo-ri and Na-mack.i-ree, Ssal-bo-ri and Na-mack.

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The Effect of Microbial Transglutaminase on Textural and Sensory Properties of Noodles Mixed with Rice Flour (미생물유래 Transglutaminase 첨가가 쌀가루 혼합분 반죽과 조리면의 조직감 및 관능특성에 미치는 영향)

  • Shin, Weon-Sun;Seo, Hee-Sun;Woo, Gun-Jo;Jeong, Yong-Seob
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.34 no.9
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    • pp.1434-1442
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    • 2005
  • The Present study was attempted to investigate the Possibility of modification of functional properties of the rice flour by crosslinking proteins using microbial transglutaminase (mTGase) derived from a variant of Streptoverticillium sp. MTGase was added at various levels (3,000, 5,000, 7,000 and 10,000 ppm) during making noodles mixed with the rice flour. Mixograph and farinograph showed that imported wheat flour (IWF) had strong dough stability, while the rice flour showed very weak dough strength. However addition of mTGase (3,000, 5,000 and 7,000 ppm) resulted in improvement of dough stability of the rice flour. Texture profile analysis (TPA) results indicated that most of texture parameters (gumminess, chewiness and hardness) of cooked noodles prepared from the rice flour were significantly lower than those of noodles prepared from IWF. However, by addition of mTGase (at the levels of 3,000, 5,000, 7,000 ppm) dough stability and all the TPA values and sensory score (at the level of 7,000 ppm mTGase) on chewiness and hardness of cooked noodles made with $30\%$ rice flour were improved significantly. These results suggest that dough stability and texture of rice noodles as well as sensory characteristics could be improved by addition of mTGase to the rice flour.

A Study of Cookery of Meal in Youngjeob Dogam Euigwae of Choson Dynasty (조리면(調理面)에서 본 조선왕조(朝鮮王朝) 영접도감의궤(迎接都監儀軌)의 찬품(饌品)에 대한 고찰(考察))

  • Kim, Sang-Bo;Lee, Sung-Woo
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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    • v.7 no.2
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    • pp.141-148
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    • 1992
  • To analyze cookery of meal in reception dishes of Choson dynasty, studied historic book 'Youngjeob Dogam Euigwae' described feast dishes for Chinese envoy in Choson Dynasty. The results obtained from this study are as follows. Kinds of dishes served a meal generally were noodles(麵), bun stuffed with seasoned meat and vegetables(饅頭), steamed bread(床花), soup(湯), fried fish and meat(煎魚肉), dried fish and meat(切肉), minced raw meat(肉膾), slices of boiled meat(片肉), stew(蒸, 乾南), rice cake(餠), patterned savory cake(茶食), various fruits preserved in honey(正果), fried cake made of wheat flour, honey and oil(造果), fried glutinous rice cake(强精), rice gruel(粥), salted fish shrimp and etc, jerked meat(佐飯), meat fish and others broiled with seasoning(炙), cooked potherbs and potherbs(菜), pickled vegetables(沈菜), fruits(實果), soysauce mixed with vinegar and pinenut meal(醋醬), mustard(茶子), soybean sauce(民醬), honey(追淸), honey water(水正果, 正味子水) and etc.

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