• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.89-104
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• 2016

Based on the observation that insurance companies in Korea, unlike those in other financial sectors and those in other countries, dominantly use the agent-based push-type marketing strategy, this paper hypothesizes that difference in distribution systems originating from characteristics of financial products can lead to welfare asymmetry between financial institutions and customers, merely due to their financial matching. For this analysis, we employ a simple matching theoretic model, try to understand the welfare implications of distribution systems from a matching theoretic perspective, and analyze the bottom of negative perceptions of insurance industry. The proposed model suggests that this welfare asymmetry derives mainly from financial matching through the distribution systems, which implies that any efforts to improve the insurance industry must consider changes in the matching process, namely the distribution system. We hope that this paper complements and extends the existing literature on insurance distribution systems in terms of methodologies and research subjects.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.21-36
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• 2020

Purpose - This study analyzes the effect of sellers' dishonesty on various market outcomes such as seller profit, buyer profit, and market welfare, through precisely measuring the level of sellers' information disclosure and its economic impacts. As an explicit observation of sellers' dishonesty is not easy in most other settings, this study is expected to suggest unique and meaningful implications on the effect of sellers' incomplete information disclosure to researchers, managers, and policy makers. Design/methodology/approach - In order to precisely measure the level of sellers' dishonesty under information asymmetry, this study analyzes the data from an incentive-based economic experiment using z-Tree software. This experimental method enables us to focus on the strategic interactions among participants, observe the integrity of seller's information disclosure, and reproduce real market situations. Findings - The analysis of sellers' dishonesty has provided the following important and counterintuitive findings about the reality of buyer-seller interactions under information asymmetry. First, sellers' lies do not affect seller profit even when they are very intensive. Second, sellers' dishonesty negatively affects buyer profit and the entire market welfare. Third, a seller's quality claim has a positive effect on the seller profit only when a seller is being honest. Research implications or Originality - This study analyzes sellers' dishonesty using incentive-based economic experiment using z-Tree software which provides a straightforward examination on dishonest behavior of sellers, that is not readily available with other types of observational or experimental data.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제13권10호
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• pp.2030-2038
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• 2009

본 논문은 이동망 착신접속료에 대한 현재의 접속료 차등규제가 사회후생에 어떠한 영향력을 주는가를 분석 한다. 브랜드 충성도가 낮은 경우 서비스 대체성 수준과 관계없이 후발사업자의 착신접속료 증가는 사회후생을 감소시킨다. 브랜드 충성도가 높은 경우 후발사업자의 접속료가 증가함에 따라 사회후생은 증가한다. 모형을 확장하여 후발사업자의 비용이 기존사업자의 비용보다 큰 경우엔 브랜드 충성도가 증가함에 따라 사회후생 증가의 폭은 비용이 동일한 것에 비해 상대적으로 적다. 그러나 대체성이 증가함에 따라 사회후생의 감소폭은 더욱더 커진다. 후발사업자의 비용이 기존사업자의 비용보다 작은 경우엔, 전체적으로 브랜드 충성도가 증가함에 따라 사회후생의 증가폭은 더욱 커진다. 그러나 대체성이 증가함에 따라 사회후생의 감소폭은 비용이 동일할 때와 비교하면 줄어든다.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.1-20
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• 2021

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the welfare effects of standards harmonization between technologically asymmetric countries, and to determine optimal harmonization strategies for a country with mid-level technological advancement. Design/methodology - Following Salop's circular city model (Salop, 1979), this study constructs a simple, horizontally-differentiated oligopoly model in which three firms and three countries exist. Each country adopts different compatibility standards and each firm incurs conversion costs for foreign market access due to differences in standards. The conversion costs are related to technology; standards harmonization removes these costs between participating countries. The paper considers three cases: i) no harmonization; ii) harmonization with the more technologically-advanced country and iii) harmonization with the less technologically-advanced country. Findings - The paper first considers a scenario in which all three firms occupy some share of the market in each country. It shows that standards harmonization with both the technologically moreor less-advanced country always increases consumer surplus and social welfare. In addition, the producer surplus will increase if the harmonization partner has a higher technology level, whereas it may decrease if the partner has a lower technology level. It also shows that if most domestic export goods are in sectors with conversion costs above a certain level, harmonizing standards with a technologically more-advanced country should be prioritized. Such strategies, moreover, should be emphasized when there exists a large technology gap among countries. Lastly, the paper considers another scenario, in which harmonization leads to the foreclosure of the non-member firm from the member countries' markets. It shows that harmonization improves the social welfare of a mid-level technology country regardless of its partner's technology. It also shows that the country should prioritize harmonization with the technologically less-advanced country. Originality/value - Though some of the existing studies consider the welfare effects of harmonization, their main assumption is that firms have the same conversion technology. Since complying with standards often requires substantial technological advancement and technical expertise, harmonization of compatibility standards between countries with gaps in technological ability carries different implications. This paper investigates the welfare effects of this harmonization and determines an optimal harmonization strategy while considering technological asymmetry among countries in standards compliance.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.447-456
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• 2010

Asymmetric regulation as applied to mobile termination rates refers to regulatory arrangements in which different mobile operators charge different termination rates, even though the services provided are essentially identical. The asymmetric regulation has been frequently used as a regulatory tool to support new entrants to a mobile market. This paper examines the economic effects of asymmetric regulation of mobile termination rates using a theoretical model and its simulation. The result shows that when there is no noticeable difference in brand loyalty between mobile operators with the high degree of substitutability between services provided by mobile operators, and the costs of new entrants are low, a reduction in the asymmetry of mobile access prices results in an enhancement of consumer welfare. These findings provide positive evidence for the argument that in certain situations asymmetric pricing of mobile access services may be counterproductive for consumer welfare.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.374-378
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• 2021

Objective: Bilateral movement training is an effective method for upper extremity rehabilitation of stroke. An approach to induce bilateral movement through functional electrical stimulation is attempted. The purpose of this study is to develop an EMG-triggered functional electrical stimulation device for upper extremity bilateral movement training in stroke patients and test its feasibility. Design: Feasibility and Pilot study design. Methods: We assessed muscle activation and kinematic data of the affected and unaffected upper extremities of a stroke patient during wrist flexion and extension with and without the device. Wireless EMG was used to evaluate muscle activity, and 12 3D infrared cameras were used to evaluate kinematic data. Results: We developed an EMG-triggered functional electrical stimulation device to enable bilateral arm training in stroke patients. A system for controlling functional electrical stimulation with signals received through a 2-channel EMG sensor was developed. The device consists of an EMG sensing unit, a functional electrical stimulation unit, and a control unit. There was asymmetry of movement between the two sides during wrist flexion and extension. With the device, the asymmetry was lowest at 60% of the threshold of the unaffected side. Conclusions: In this study, we developed an EMG-triggered FES device, and the pilot study result showed that the device reduces asymmetry.

• 재활복지공학회논문지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.179-186
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• 2017

안면 비대칭은 다양한 원인에 의해 발병되기 때문에 원인 분석이 중요하고, 평가하는데 있어서 정량적인 지표가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 웹켐을 이용하여 얻은 영상을 영상처리 및 연산부를 거쳐 마커를 추적하고 마커 간의 거리를 계산하여 안면 마비를 평가하는데 정량적인 지표로 사용하던 Nottingham Grading System을 안면 비대칭을 평가하는데 적용해 보았다. 기존 Nottingham Grading System은 표정 변화에 따른 안면부의 특징점 들간의 거리변화를 합산하여 좌, 우를 비교하기 때문에 특정 케이스의 경우 측정 오류를 불러일으키는 문제점이 있었다. 기존 Nottingham Grading System과 문제점을 보완하여 개선시킨 평가지표를 이용하여 안면비대칭인 피실험자와 정상의 피실험자를 비교하였다. 기존 Nottingham Grading System에서는 안면 비대칭의 경우 99.0%, 정상의 경우 95.0%로 둘 다 정상 범위 속에 포함되었다. 하지만 개선시킨 Nottingham Grading System에서는 안면 비대칭의 경우 74.0%, 정상의 경우 93.2%의 결과가 나왔다. 본 연구의 결과로 인해, 개선시킨 Nottingham Grading System은 각 부위별 상세한 평가 및 진단이 가능하고, 기존 Nottingham Grading System의 '문제점을 보완하였음을 보여주었다.

• 가족자원경영과 정책
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.81-102
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the work-family reconciliation level of married women in double-income households. Specifically, the study aimed to test the positive spillover effects, asymmetry, and differential functions of work-family reconciliation. The study thus analyzed 1,114 married women in double-income households in the third-year data of the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families (KLoWF) done by Korean Women's Development Institute (KWDI), with the exception of those who were separated, divorced, or widowed from their husbands. The data were put to descriptive statistics, frequency analysis, and exploratory factor analysis using SPSS 20.0 for Windows. AMOS 20.0 was used to test the hypothesis on positive spillover effects, asymmetry, and differential functions. The analysis results confirm that work-family conflict, family-work conflict, work-family facilitation, and family-work facilitation are different concepts, thus supporting the hypothesis on positive spillover effects. Secondly, the negative effects of family on work were greater than those of work on family, whereas the positive effects of family on work were greater than those of work on family, which finding partially supported the hypothesis on asymmetry among the components of work-family reconciliation. Finally, the married women in double-income households with preschool children experienced more work-family conflict and family-work conflict than those with no preschool children, which result supported the hypothesis on differential functions between the two groups of women. The findings were combined to provide implications for the utilization of family resources, policies for work-family reconciliation, and plans for institutional supports to promote the work-family reconciliation of married women in double-income households.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.47-89
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• 2020

본 연구는 한국의 천연가스시장에 경쟁을 도입하는 정책이 사회후생에 미치는 영향을 이론적으로 분석하였다. 기존의 독점기업은 천연가스의 저장/운송을 위한 필수설비를 보유하고 있으나, 경쟁도입을 위해 신규기업 진입 시 필수설비를 공유해야 하는 의무를 지게 되었다. 독점기업이 천연가스의 가격과 필수설비 접속료를 자유롭게 설정할 수 있는 경우, 신규기업의 진입은 사회후생을 증가시킬 뿐만 아니라 독점기업의 이윤도 증가시킨다. 그러나 정부가 가격규제를 시행하는 경우, 설비 운용비용에 대한 정보의 비대칭성이 있는지의 여부에 따라 사회후생이 결정된다. 정부가 완전한 정보를 가지고 있는 경우에는 사회후생을 극대화하는 선택을 쉽게 유도할 수 있으나, 그렇지 않은 경우 정부는 불완전한 정보를 바탕으로 가격규제를 시행하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 정부와 기업들의 의사결정을 베이지안 게임을 통해 분석하여, 완전 베이지안 균형 아래서 독점기업이 공개하는 정보의 양에 따라 사회후생이 어떻게 변화하는지 살펴보았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.140-146
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• 2014

This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of different housing systems on behavioral activities, welfare and meat quality of fast-growing broilers. Two hundred broilers were allocated into two housing systems: indoor housing vs indoor with outdoor access. Their general behavior (feeding, drinking, fighting, standing, lying, walking, investigating, dust-bathing and preening) was observed, and tonic immobility, fluctuating asymmetry of legs and wings were measured, and meat quality was analyzed. The results showed that the indoor-housed broilers with outdoor access had significant higher standing, walking, investigating, dust-bathing and preening than those indoor only. However, farming system was not found to significantly affect their feeding, drinking and fighting activities (p>0.05). The value of FA of tibia length of the broilers with outdoor access was significantly lower than that of the indoor-housed birds ($1.57{\pm}1.30$ vs $2.76{\pm}1.40$, p<0.05), while no difference was found for the value of FA in tibia diameter and wing length (p>0.05). TI of the broilers with outdoor access was 165.5 that was significantly higher than that (147.2) of the indoor birds (p<0.05). However, death rate in the outdoor run groups was significantly higher than that of the indoor ones ($2.0{\pm}0.81$ vs $4.0{\pm}0.82$, p<0.05). Meat quality was not affected by the two farming systems. It can be concluded that the results of this study may suggest that the indoor housing with outdoor access provides enriched environment for broilers and facilitates the expression of natural behaviors of the broilers but resulted in poorer performance and higher death rate.