• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.69-75
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• 1990

In this paper, ultimate compressive strength of TMCP 50HT steel plates (yield stress .sigma.$_{o}$=36kg/mm$^{2}$) with HAZ softening is studied. Finite element method formulated by the author is applied to analyze the elasto-plastic large deflection behaviour of the plates. The influence of HAZ softening breadth, welding direction and slenderness ratio on the ultimate compressive strength is investigated. The results obtained are summarized as 1) With the increasing of the HAZ softening breadth, early plasticity on the plates is formed and then the ultimate compressive strength is decreased, in which about 8% of the ultimate strength for the plate with h/t=4(h: HAZ softening breadth, t: plate thickness) was reduced comparing with no HAZ softening. 2) The large decrease of the ultimate strength for the case that the welding direction is normal to the loading direction is occurred than the case that the welding direction is parallel to the loading direction. 3) The influence of HAZ softening on the ultimate compressive strength is serious for thick plates, while it may be negligible for thin plates.s.

• International Journal of Korean Welding Society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.25-28
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• 2002

In the coarse grain HAZ adjacent to the fusion line, most of the TiN particles in conventional Ti added steel are dissolved and austenite grain growth is easily occurred during welding process. To avoid this difficulty, thermal stability of TiN particle is improved by increasing the nitrogen content in steel. In this study, the effect of hlgh nitrogen TiN particle on preventing austenite grain growth in HAZ was investigated. Increased thermal stability of TiN particle is helpful for preventing the austenite grain growth by pinning effect. High nitrogen TiN particle in simulated HAZ were not dissolved even at high temperature such as 1400'E and prevented the austenite grain growth in simulated HAZ. Owing to small austenite grain size in HAZ the width of coarse grain HAZ in high nitrogen TiN steel was decreased to 1/10 of conventional TiN steel. Even high heat input welding, the microstructure of coarse grain HAZ consisted of fine polygonal ferrite and pearlite and toughness of coarse grain HAZ was significantly improved.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.113-120
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• 2004

The object of this study is to investigate the effect of compounded welding through the AE(Acoustic Emission) characteristics for weld HAZ(Heat Affected Zone) under the static tensile test. This study was carried out an SWS 490A, high tension steel for electric shield metal arc welding(SMAW), $CO_2$ gas arc welding and TIG welding. Data displays are based on the measured parameters of the AE signals, along with environmental variables such as time and load. The accumulated AE event curve of HAZ definitely have the point of inflection subject to tensile test. The results of the tensile test of HAZ come out electric shield arc welding ＞$CO_2$ gas arc welding＞TIG welding in case of single welding, but generally the tensile test of HAZ come out electric shield arc welding＞ TIG welding ＞ $CO_2$ gas arc welding. These history plots give us useful and powerful information to analyze the results of material evaluation testing.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.59-64
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• 2011

Al6082-T6 is widely used because of its corrosion resistance and excellent strength. HAZ softening occurs in MIG welding process for this aluminium alloys because this aluminium alloy is heated to higher temperature than its aging temperature during welding. Therefore, low heat input and minimum standard deviation of heat input are required for narrow HAZ width and, for higher strength of welds. In this study, Al6082-T6 was used to examine for HAZ softening with various heat input in aluminium MIG welding. For weldments, micro hardness was measured and tensile test was carried out. Minimum hardness was increased at high speed welding such as 80cm/min and 120cm/min in welding speed comparing with 40cm/min. Also, in case of high speed welding such as 80cm/min and 120cm/min, tensile strength of weldments was increased about 10% comparing with low speed welding(40cm/min).

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.54-61
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• 1984

Construction of welding structure is greatly dependent upon welding heat cycle. Fracture toughness is decreased remarkablely due to coarse grained HAZ and inequal residual stress of three dimensions to originate in welding. Post weld heat treatment(PWHT) is carried out to increase the fracture toughness of HAZ and to remove the residual stress. There occur some problem such as toughness decrement and stress relief cracking(SRC) in the coarse grained HAZ subject to the effect of tempering treatment. Therefore, in this paper, the effect of heat inputs affecting cooling rate and PWHT under the no stress on fracture toughness were evaluated by crack opening displacement (COD), SEM and micro-hardness test. Experimental results are as follows; 1. Fracture toughness of weld HAZ is dependent upon weld heat cycle and it is decreased with increment of heat input, but the degree of improvement of fracture toughness after PWHT was linearly increased with heat input. 2. Hardness of the parent metal is not changed, but the softening of coarse grained HAZ is remarkable due to PWHT. 3. Fracture surface of as-weld show the perfect brittle fracture with the cleavage fracture, but after PWHT they appear the ductile fracture surface with dimple.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.90-98
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• 2011

Al-Si coated Boron steel and Zn coated DP steel were welded using DISK laser and the microstructure and hardness of the weld were investigated. Full penetration was obtained, when the welding speed was lower than 4m/min. In the specimen welded with laser power of 3 kW and welding speed of 2 m/min, the hardness was the highest in the heat affect zone in the boron steel (HAZ-B) and that of the heat affect zone in the DP steel (HAZ-D) was lower than HAZ-B. The hardness of fusion zone was in between those of HAZ-B and HAZ-D. The decreased hardness from each HAZ to base metal(BM) could be explained that ferrite contents increases when access to the BM. The variation of hardness in the welds could be explained by the difference of microstructure, that is, full martensite in HAZ-B, mixture of martensite and bainite in the fusion zone, and the mixture of martensite, ferrite and bainite in HAZ-D.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.35-45
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• 1990

Casting are widely used nodays as complicated and diversified forming materials due to its superior castability. However the welding of cast iron has not been accompaniced satisfactory resulting in an microstructure change happened in the heat affected zone (HAZ), especially the graphite are formed and shaped consecutively in the area and it has great impact on the crack occuring and growth together with martensite forming in this area. It case of gray cast iron welding, it is required for pre-heat treatment or specific welding consumables to restrain forming the martensite in the HAZ. In this study, by applying the plasma surface overlaid welding. Fe-Mn-Al steel powder has been used for improvement of anti-crackability in the HAZ and much attention has been paid to establish the overlaid welding method for gray cast iron so that optimum welding conditions may prevent the cracking. With our experiments, we have found that to prevent defects which may occur in the HAZ, the overlaid welding technique for gray cast iron has been developed.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.39-46
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• 2007

The sea water pipe of a ship's engine room is a severely corrosive environment caused by fast flawing sea water containing chloride ions and high conductivity. Therefore, leaking of sea water may occur as a result of local corrosion of the welded zone. Leaking is usually controlled by various welding methods. In this study, when the sea water pipe is welded with certain welding methods and welding electrodes, the corrosion resistance of WM (Welding metal) and HAZ (Heat affected zone) was investigated using electrochemical methods. Although the corrosion potential of the HAZ is higher than that of WM, the corrosion resistance of WM is superior to HAZ. However, when WM and HAZ are both opened to the sea water, the WM part with the anode was more seriously corroded than was the HAZ of the cathode by performance of a galvanic cell due to difference of the corrosion potential between HAZ and WM. In particular TIG welding showed relatively good results in corrosion resistance of both HAZ and WM compared to other welding methods.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.44-54
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• 1989

This study was undertaken to evaluate the allowable welding heat input range for high strength steels manufactured by various processes and to compare the weldability of TMCP steel for high heat input welding with that of conventional Ti-added normalized steel. The allowable welding heat input ranges for conventional 50kg/$mm^2$ steel to guarantee D or E grade of ship structural steel were below 150 and 80kJ/cm respectively. Such a limit in welding heat input was closely related with the formation of undesirable microstructures, such as grain boundary ferrite and ferrite side plate in the coarse grain HAZ. In case of 60 and 80kg/$mm^2$ quenched and tempered steels, for securing toughness in weldments over toughness requirements for base metal, each welding heat input had to be restricted below 60 and 40kJ/cm, that was mainly due to coarsened polygonal ferrite in weld metal and lower temperature transformation products in coarse grain HAZ. The TMCP steel could be appropriate as a grade E ship hull steel up to 200kJ/cm, but the Ti-added normalized steel could be applied only below 130kJ/cm under the same rule. This difference was partly owing to whether uniform and fine intragranular ferrite microstructure was well developed in HAZ or not.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.91-97
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• 2002

Variation of HAZ toughness of Ti-containing steel with nitrogen content was investigated and interpreted in terms of its microstructure and the amount of soluble nitrogen present. The amounts of Ti and Al combined in TiN and AlN, respectively, in HAZ at $1400^{\circ}C$ peak temperature were less than those in base plate; 55~88% in TiN and 21~28% in AlN, indicating the dissolution of nitrifies in HAZ. The calculated amounts of soluble nitrogen using the thermodynamic analysis showed a good agreement with the measured values in other experiment. Therefore, the analysis can be used to estimate the amount of soluble nitrogen in HAZ. Simulated HAZ toughness was influenced not only by its microstructure but also by the amount of soluble nitrogen present after the formation of BN during the cooling cycle of welding. It showed maximum value when the nitrogen content is in stoichiometric ratio with titanium content, showing that soluble nitrogen in HAZ is detrimental to its toughness.