• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.923-936
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• 2012

Apparel companies define their target customers to integrate consumers' needs into their product development processes. The sizing standards play a significant role in ready-to-wear garment business. Consumers' body build and sizes are different according to gender, age, and body type. The consumers' morphological feature of the one geographical area has changed with immigration, aging, and lifestyle change. In this study the way of defining body types in the standard garment sizing systems published in USA., UK, Germany, Japan, and Korea were compared. The results of this study show that most of the systems classified the body types by the index value. The chest-waist drop value was used for men's body type classification. Women's body types were defined by hip proportion. The hip-bust drop value was used for it. German and European garment sizing systems provide a wide range of men's body types. US men's garment sizes are developed for very conservative body type. US women's garment sizing system has had clearly defined women's body types. The Misses body types projected in the US garment sizing system had changed as women's waist girth got bigger compared to the past. In 2011 the US Misses sizes were divided into Curvy Misses size and Straight Misses size by the hip-waist drop value. The Curvy Misses sizes have smaller waist girth and larger hip girth than the Straight Misses sizes.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.43-55
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• 1999

In today's society, many women wear high-heeled shoes, but the effect of heel height on lumbar lordosis has not been clearly defined. The objective of this study was to identify the influence of heel height and general characteristics of subjects on lumbar lordosis. The subjects of this study were 40 healthy women who were students of the Department of Physical Therapy, College of Rehabilitation Science, Taegu University. Flexible ruler measurement was used to measure the lumbar lordosis at barefoot, 3 cm and 7 cm high-heeled standing positions. The results were as follows: 1) Significant statistical decrease in lumbar lordosis was observed as heel heights were increased from barefoot to 7 cm high heel. 2) There were no statistically significant differences between lumbar lordosis according to three different heel heights and weight, body mass index. 3) Lumbar lordosis measured at different heel heights was related to subject's height. With increasing subject's height, lumbar lordosis that measured from each heel height was significantly decreased. As heel heights were increased from barefoot to 7 cm high heel, significant statistical decrease in lumbar lordosis was observed in the subjects whose height were 151~160 cm. 4) Intrarater reliability on lumbar lordosis taken with a flexible ruler was good, with Cronbach ${\alpha}$ values of 0.8971 for barefoot, 0.8107 for 3 cm and 0.9002 for 7 cm high-heeled standing positions.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.145-155
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• 2008

From the menopause, women's aging progress is accelerated. Changes of lower body somatotype are accentuated in abnormal of body index and proportion. The purpose of this study is making more functional, more beautiful and more comfortable slacks for the postmenopausal women who actively participate in social activities. The results of this study are as follows: As the characteristics of this study pattern, hip circumference was replaced with maximum lower body circumference, the crotch length was defined as H/4, front crotch extension was H/16 and back crotch extension was defined as H/8. The center backline was set up with half of crotch level line. As characteristics of style, waist line is lowered 2cm at the center front, 1cm at the center back with a little bent waistband. Knee line was set up heightened 6cm from crotch level to the ancle, and widened the width of the knee and ancle, and made in semi bell bottom. 6 women who put on slacks designed from their body size evaluated that their experimental slacks were superior than ready to wear.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.755-764
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• 2015

This study investigates if the relationships between hemline and macro-economic factors (rGDP, recession, and unemployment) are still applicable as well as analyzes time lags that reflect economic factors on the hemline index using U.S. data. The hemline theory and fashion cyclical theory were applied to propose the relationships studied. The data for the hemline measurements of women's day-wear were obtained from US Vogue spring and fall editions from 1950 to 2014. Data were standardized by dividing the length from shoulder to hemline by the length from the shoulder to ankle. I aggregated 2260 samples and hemline data to create a yearly average. This study used OLS of Stata 13 program to explore the relationship between macro-economic factors and hemline. The main findings were the recession and unemployment influenced hemline length for four years in a positive direction. Furthermore, the effects of previous recession and unemployment on the current hemline were very close to the significant level respectively. This finding supports the hemline theory in that a recessionary economy is related to longer hemlines and hemlines become shorter in flourishing economic periods.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.918-924
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• 2009

As the population of overweight and obese children is rising rapidly around the world, there are many researches on purchasing and wearing children's clothing and optimal sizes, but researches on obese children are still inadequate. This study was carried out on 192 obese children over 75% in BMI. The purpose of the study was to set up the optimal interval of sizing system using the loss function which would be a guide for obese children for selecting ready to wear of suitable size. Introducing a loss function, which reflects how much the purchasing desire changes according to the difference, we formulate the problem and suggest a procedure to determine the optimal standard sizes minimizing the loss. These results were as follows ; In size chart of top's, 4 sizes had been determined by a loss function, had covered more than 91.1% of all subjects. In size chart of bottom's, 5 sizes had been determined by a loss function, had covered more than 87.0% of all subjects.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.96-110
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• 1996

Aging ships can suffer structural damage due to corrosion, fatigue crack etc., and possibility of catastrophic failure of seriously damaged ships is very high. To reduce the risk of loss of ships due to hull collapse, it is essential to evaluate ultimate hull strength of aging ships taking into account various uncertainties associated with structural damages. In this paper, ultimate strength-based reliability analysis of ship structures considering wear of structural members due to corrosion is described. A corrosion rate estimate model for structural members is introduced. An ultimate limit state function of a ship hull is formulated taking into account corrosion effects. The model is applied to an existing oil tanker, and reliability index associated with hull collapse is calculated by using the second-order reliability method (SORM). Discussions on structure safety of corroded ships are made.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.230-236
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• 2003

In applications such as MEMS and NEMS devices, the adhesion force and contact load may be of the same order of magnitude and the static friction coefficient can be very large. Such large coefficient may result in unacceptable and possibly catastrophic adhesion, stiction, friction and wear. To obtain the static friction coefficient of contacting real surfaces without the assumption of an empirical coefficient value, numerical simulations of the contact load, tangential force, and adhesion force are preformed. The surfaces in dry contact are statistically modeled by a collection of spherical asperities with Gaussian height distribution. The asperity micro-contact model utilized in calculation (the ZMC model), considers the transition from elastic deformation to fully plastic flow of the contacting asperity. The force approach of the modified DMT model using the Lennard-Jones attractive potential is applied to characterize the intermolecular forces. The effect of the surface topography on the static friction coefficient is investigated for cases rough, intermediate, smooth, and very smooth, respectively. Results of the static friction coefficient versus the external force are presented for a wide range of plasticity index and surface energy, respectively. Compared with those obtained by the GW and CEB models, the ZMC model is more complete in calculating the static friction coefficient of rough surfaces.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.186-189
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• 2010

Among congenital brachymetatarsias fourth metatarsal bone shortening is most common form and unusually involves multiple metatarsal bones. We report a case of the patient with bilateral 1st and 4th multiple rays brachymetatarsia treated with callostasis. Twenty eight months after procedure, right side showed 1st metatarsal lengthening about 11.5 mm (29.23%) and 4th metatarsal 17.86 mm (35.87%). Twenty one months later, left side showed 1st metatarsal lengthening about 14.58 mm (36.8%) and 4th metatarsal 20.52 mm (43.01%). In healing index right side showed 1st metatarsal 3.4 month/cm, 4th metatarsal 2.5 month/cm and left side showed 1st metatarsal 4.2 month/cm, 4th metatarsal 2.3 month/cm. Final follow-up results presented excellent outcome in cosmetic problem, easy wear of shoes, and measurement of patient's self satisfaction.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.23-33
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• 2007

Clothing exports of Korea has grown rapidly till the latter half of the 1980's, contributing Korean economic development. However from the 1990's, the amount, the world market share and the international competitiveness of clothing exports have declined. Based on these phenomena, the purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of export articles in Korean Clothing Trade focused on the 1990's. Statistical data of clothing articles(SITC 84 : Articles of apparel & clothing accessories) were used. The relative importance, trade orientation tendency and unit price of each export clothing articles were analyzed. The results of the study were as follows. On the relative importance, trade orientation tendency and unit price of each export clothing articles, outer garments or products that required complicated production process(e.g., coats, suits, ensembles, jackets, dress) had been decreased in the portion and weakened in the export orientation tendency. But one item in a set or casual wear like trousers, skirts, blouses, shirts, Jerseys, pullovers, T-shirts has been increased in the portion and risen in the unit price. These trends means that clothing exports of Korea were more focused on those category and the international competitiveness on those articles were advanced. From these results, this study can be contributed to establish the concrete clothing export articles strategies of Korean firms.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.53 no.7
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• pp.47-55
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to provide information on how to improve the comfort and fit of womens swimsuits through analysis of the present wearing conditions and users complaints. In order to compile the information about dissatisfaction with the appropriateness of the fit of breast cap for swimsuits, a questionnaire was administered to 364 females (over 20 years old under 60 years old). The contents of the questionnaire consisted of questions such as the reasons for selecting to wear breast cap for swimsuits or not, size of brassiere and swimsuits, dissatisfaction with material, dissatisfaction with function of breast cap. The collected data were analyzed using the descriptive statistics value of frequencies and percentile value, mean, and so on by means of the SPSS WIN.10.0 program. The differences among age groups, body type groups by rohrer index, cup size and so on were compared using the chi-square test. Results of the survey responses about swimsuits breast caps: Most women have worn swimsuits with caps. According to the results, women who are older or overweight, or have larger breasts, or breasts which sag, as well as those who have had the experience of giving birth responded that they feel uncomfortable because of the slope of their breasts. Concerning complaints about the caps, 61% of respondents complained about the cap size and lack of correspondence with breast size, 56.8% expressed concern about the cap gap. There is significant difference in wearing reason of breast caps forswimsuits among age groups and many kinds of groups.