• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.613-618
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Iron deficiency in early life is associated with developmental problems, which may persist until later in life. The question of whether iron repletion after developmental iron deficiency could restore iron homeostasis is not well characterized. In the present study, we investigated the changes of iron transporters after iron depletion during the gestational-neonatal period and iron repletion during the post-weaning period. MATERIALS/METHODS: Pregnant rats were provided iron-deficient (< 6 ppm Fe) or control (36 ppm Fe) diets from gestational day 2. At weaning, pups from iron-deficient dams were fed either iron-deficient (ID group) or control (IDR group) diets for 4 week. Pups from control dams were continued to be fed with the control diet throughout the study period (CON). RESULTS: Compared to the CON, ID rats had significantly lower hemoglobin and hematocrits in the blood and significantly lower tissue iron in the liver and spleen. Hepatic hepcidin and BMP6 mRNA levels were also strongly down-regulated in the ID group. Developmental iron deficiency significantly increased iron transporters divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) and ferroportin (FPN) in the duodenum, but decreased DMT1 in the liver. Dietary iron repletion restored the levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit to a normal range, but the tissue iron levels and hepatic hepcidin mRNA levels were significantly lower than those in the CON group. Both FPN and DMT1 protein levels in the liver and in the duodenum were not different between the IDR and the CON. By contrast, DMT1 in the spleen was significantly lower in the IDR, compared to the CON. The splenic FPN was also decreased in the IDR more than in the CON, although the difference did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that iron transporter proteins in the duodenum, liver and spleen are differentially regulated during developmental iron deficiency. Also, post-weaning iron repletion efficiently restores iron transporters in the duodenum and the liver but not in the spleen, which suggests that early-life iron deficiency may cause long term abnormalities in iron recycling from the spleen.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.11-19
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• 2021

This study was conducted on sows to evaluate the effect of flaxseed oil on the sows and their offspring's performance. Forty-eight (48) sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) and their offspring were assigned randomly to each treatment (Control and Control + flaxseed oil 0.5% [FX]). Body weight (BW), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and nutrient digestibility of the sows were estimated. Sow backfat thickness, days-to-estrus, and chest circumference were measured by different methods. In piglets, survival rate, the initial weight, weaning weight, and average daily gain (ADG) were calculated. Fecal scores of both the sows and piglets were recorded. Inclusion of FX did not influence (p > 0.05) the litter size, days-to-estrus, sow BW, ADFI and digestibility of nutrient throughout the experiment. Reduction in (p < 0.05) BW loss was observed with the FX supplementation in sows. Only the backfat thickness during the weaning period showed an increase (p < 0.05) by FX supplementation. Chest circumference was decreased (p < 0.05) in the FX group compared to the control. Sows fed the FX diet had a reduced (p < 0.05) fecal score only at weaning. Piglets' fecal score showed no significant differences for FX supplementation. However, the inclusion of FX brought about a higher (p < 0.05) birth weight, weaning weight, and average daily gain (ADG). In conclusion, our study suggests that FX has positive supplementary effects on a sow's body condition and its offspring's performance as a source of n-3 fatty acid.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권10호
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• pp.1617-1623
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary probiotic blend and liquid feed program at different nutritional densities on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal score of weaning piglets. Methods: A total of 120 weaning pigs with an initial body weight of 7.05±0.93 kg per pig (21 days of age) were randomly allocated into 1 of the following 8 dietary treatments (3 replicates per treatment with 5 pigs per replicate) in a 2×2×2 factorial arrangement (nutrition levels: apparent metabolic energy [AME] = 3,500 kcal/kg, crude protein [CP] = 20% vs AME = 3,400 kcal/kg, CP = 19.42%; feed types:dry vs wet; probiotics levels: 0 mg/kg vs 300 mg/kg). Results: During d 5 to d 15, greater average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p<0.05) were observed in probiotics treatments. During d 15 to d 25, gain:feed (G:F) ratio (p<0.05) were significantly improved in probiotics, wet feed and high nutrition diet. Moreover, two interactions i) between nutrition levels and feed types, and ii) between nutrition levels and probiotics were found in G:F ratio. Furthermore, there was a significant positive interaction on G:F among those 3 factors (p<0.05). Overall, increasing ADG, ADFI, and G:F ratio were detected in probiotics treatment significantly (p<0.05). Besides, an obvious reduction on fecal score was observed in probiotics treatment from d 0 to d 5 (p<0.05). There was an interactive effect on fecal score between feed types and nutrition concentrations from d 5 to d 25 (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results indicated that probiotics supplementation could benefit growth performance and reduce the frequency of watery feces. Besides, wet feed program (feed:water = 1:1.25) could improve the G:F. The effect of liquid feed or probiotic could be influenced by dietary nutrition density in weaned piglets. An increased value of G:F was obtained when wet feeding a high nutrition diet (100 kcal higher than NRC 2012 recommendations) was supplemented with probiotics for 15 to 25 days.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제22권10호
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• pp.1307-1315
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 이유자돈 사료에 벤조산 첨가가 위장 내 소화물과 방광 내 뇨의 pH, 장내 유익 미생물 균총수 및 장 조직 내 염증성 싸이토카인 유전자 발현양에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 자돈기 5주 동안 이유자돈 사료 내 벤조산 0.3%과 0.5% 첨가는 자돈 위 내 pH는 감소시키지는 않았으나, 방광 내 뇨의 pH 수치는 유의적으로 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. Lactobacillus casei 수는 맹장부위에서 벤조산 0.5% 첨가구와 대조구에서 유의적으로 가장 높게 나타났다. Lactobacillus plantarum 수는 맹장부위에서 벤조산 0.5% 첨가구에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 또한, 직장부위에서 L.plantarum 수는 대조구를 제외하고 모든 처리구에서 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. Bacillus subtillis 수는 맹장부위에서 벤조산0.5% 첨가구와 대조구에서 유의적으로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 직장부위에서는 벤조산0.3%와 0.5% 첨가구에서 가장 높게 나타났다. IL-$1{\beta}$ mRNA 유전자 발현 수준은 소장 상단에서는 벤조산 0.5%와 항생제 처리구에서, 소장중부에서는 벤조산 0.3%와 0.5% 처리구에서, 말단부위에서는 벤조산 0.3% 처리구에서 대조구보다 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다. IL-6 mRNA 유전자 발현 수준은 소장중부에서는 벤조산 0.5% 처리구에서 대조구보다 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다. TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA 유전자 발현 수준은 소장 중단에서 벤조산 0.5%와 항생제 처리구에서 대조구 보다 낮게 나타났다. 본 실험을 통하여, 자돈 사료 내 benzoic acid 0.5% 첨가는 뇨의 pH 감소와 장내 유익 미생물 균총 수 조절 및 소장 내 면역체계 반응에 긍정적인 영향을 미치므로 자돈 건강을 향상 할 수 있으리라 사료된다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제20권9호
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• pp.255-261
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• 2019

본 시험은 이유자돈 사료 내 동애등에(Hermetia illucens)의 사용 수준에 따른 성장, 영양소소화율 및 경제성을 평가하여 이유자돈 사료 내 동애등에의 적정 사용수준을 도출하기 위해 실시하였다. 본 시험을 위해 총 192 두의 이유자돈($Landrace{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Duroc$; $6.51{\pm}0.15kg$)을 공시하여 4 처리 6 반복, 반복당 8 두씩 완전임의 배치하였다. 시험 처리구는 옥수수-대두박 기초사료를 대조구로 하여 기초사료 내 동애등에를 각각 1, 2 및 3% 첨가하였다. Phase I, II 및 overall의 사양성적에서 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았으나, overall의 일당증체량에서 동애등에 첨가 수준에 따라 선형적으로 증가하는 것으로 나타났다(p < 0.05). 건물 소화율이 동애등에 첨가수준에 따라 유의적으로 증가하는 것으로 나타났으나, 다른 항목에서 유의적인 효과는 나타나지 않았다. 경제성 분석에서 overall의 총증체량이동애등에의 첨가수준이 증가함에 따라 증가하였으며(p < 0.05), 이를 제외한 모든 항목에서 유의적인 효과가 나타나지 않았다. 본 연구결과를 요약하면, 사료 내 동애등에의 첨가는 경제성의 영향 없이 이유자돈의 성장과 건물 영양소소화율 개선에 유의한 효과를 미치며, 이는 이유자돈 사료 내 3%까지 사용이 가능한 것을 시사한다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권8호
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• pp.1403-1414
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• 2021

Objective: This study explored the mechanism of the Kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein with CNC homology-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway under conditions of zearalenone (ZEA)-induced oxidative stress in the duodenum of post-weaning gilts. Methods: Forty post-weaning gilts were randomly allocated to four groups and fed diets supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 mg/kg ZEA. Results: The results showed significant reductions in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes total superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and increases the malondialdehyde content with increasing concentrations of dietary ZEA. Immunohistochemical analysis supported these findings by showing a significantly increased expression of Nrf2 and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) with increasing concentrations of ZEA. The relative mRNA and protein expression of Nrf2, GPX1 increased linearly (p<0.05) and quadratically (p<0.05), which was consistent with the immunohistochemical results. The relative mRNA expression of Keap1 decreased linearly (p<0.05) and quadratically (p<0.05) in the duodenum as the ZEA concentration increased in the diet. The relative mRNA expression of modifier subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCLM) increased quadratically (p<0.05) in all ZEA treatment groups and the relative mRNA expression of quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) catalytic subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase decreased linearly (p<0.05) and quadratically (p<0.05) in the ZEA1.0 group and ZEA1.5 group. The relative protein expression of Keap1 and GCLM decreased quadratically (p<0.05) in the duodenum as the ZEA concentration increased in the diet, respectively. The relative protein expression of NQO1 increased linearly (p<0.05) and quadratically (p<0.05) in all ZEA treatment groups in the duodenum. Conclusion: These findings suggest that ZEA regulates the expression of key factors of the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway in the duodenum, which enables resistance to ZEA-induced oxidative stress. Further studies are needed to examine the effects of ZEA induced oxidative stress on other tissues and organs in post-weaning gilts.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권1호
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• pp.10-22
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• 2022

We studied the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM I-1079 (LSB) supplemented to lactating sows on reproductive traits and farrowing duration and to piglets from day 7 of life on post-weaning performance and IgG concentration. Ninety-six Landrace × Yorkshire sows started the trial 5 days before the expected farrowing date. Sows were distributed into 2 groups according to parity number and backfat thickness: control (CON: regular lactation diet) and LSB (CON + LSB at 2 × 10⁹ colony forming units [CFU]/kg of feed). Seven days after birth, litters were randomly selected from each group and supplemented creep feed with or without LSB at 2 × 10⁹ CFU/kg. At weaning, piglets from CON sows were shifted to a commercial farm and allocated to 14 pens in groups of 25 piglets/pen according to the creep feed supplemented during lactation. Piglets followed a 3-phase feeding program: creep, pre-starter and starter, with or without LSB at 2 × 10⁹ CFU/kg LSB in creep and pre-starter, and 1 × 10⁹ CFU/kg LSB in starter. The piglets were vaccinated against classical swine fever on days 41 and 72 of life. One day before each vaccination and at the end of the trial, blood samples were collected from 15 randomly selected piglets per treatment and assessed for total IgG. Supplemented sows with non-supplemented litters displayed the lowest backfat thickness loss during lactation (p < 0.05). The LSB supplementation shortened farrowing duration (p < 0.05) and increased feed intake (p < 0.05) during the first week of lactation. The LSB-fed piglets were heavier at the end of creep (p < 0.05), pre-starter (p < 0.05), and the trial (p < 0.05); grew faster during creep (p < 0.05), starter (p < 0.05), and overall (p < 0.05); and displayed an improved feed conversion ratio during creep (p < 0.05). Total IgG content was higher at days 40 (p < 0.05) and 71 (p < 0.05) in LSB-fed piglets. We conclude that supplementing sows with Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM I-1079 from late gestation until weaning shortens farrowing duration, increases feed intake, and minimizes backfat losses during lactation. When supplemented to piglet diet, post-weaning performance is improved. This improvement observed could be linked to a better immune status, as suggested by the higher IgG.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.957-964
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• 2011

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on the level of cortisol hormone and immune-related serum proteins in weaned calves after experimentally induced lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Holstein neonatal calves (n = 21; 8 males and 13 females, BW = $42.2{\pm}6.15$ kg) were randomly allocated to one of two dietary treatments: SBM (control calf starter having soybean meal (SBM) as a main protein source) and FSBM (substitute SBM in control diet with FSBM) groups. All calves were fed milk replacer using an automatic milk-feeder according to step-down milking method and weaned at 7 weeks old. Experimental diets were given to calves ad libitum throughout the experimental period. For LPS challenge, all calves except negative control animals given phosphate buffered saline (PBS), were injected subcutaneously with Salmonella typhimurium LPS on day 7 (D7) after weaning (D0). No significant difference in growth performance and milk intake was observed between SBM and FSBM calves. Feeding FSBM diet resulted in significantly (p<0.05) higher LPS-specific IgG at D12 and D19 and LPS-specific IgA at D19 in peripheral blood. Calves fed with FSBM diet also had significantly (p<0.05) higher concentration of serum haptoglobin (Hp) at D8. Overall concentration of cortisol in FSBM group was considerably lower than that of SBM group. Results from current study indicate that FSBM may provide beneficial effects in alleviating weaning stress and enhance immune status of weaned calves.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권9호
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• pp.1268-1273
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• 2011

The present study was conducted to determine a feasible method of protein concentrate extraction from rice bran (RBPC) and its effect as a substitution for skim milk in early weaning pig diets. An investigation to extract protein concentrate from full fat rice bran was undertaken to determine the best ratio of water and rice bran, the amount of NaOH and a HCl solvent to use in a simple paddle-type mixer with modified spinning to produce RBPC. The results stated that the best ratio for water mixing in the RBPC extraction process was 1:5 with 20 g NaOH and 30 min in a paddle-type mixer at 300 rpm. A mix of 250 ml 0.2 N HCl was optimum for neutralization and protein precipitation. After the fluid was spun out with a washing machine, the sediment was left for 12-14 hours to complete the filtration. One kilogram of rice bran could produce an average of 324.5 gram RBPC and it contained 3.40% ash, 496.48 kcal of GE/100 gram, 1.94% crude fiber, 28.20% ether extract, 7.64% moisture and 16.66% crude protein, respectively. A total of 45 crossbred piglets, weaned at 3 weeks of age were allotted into control diet (A) and dietary treatments formulated with a four different rates of RBPC substitution for skim milk at a percentage of 25 (B), 50 (C), 77 (D) and 100 (E) respectively, in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. All piglets had free access to feed and water until 8 week of age when the experiment ended. Feed intake, average daily gain, growth rate and feed efficiency were not affected by dietary treatments. Blood test parameters after completion of the growth trial indicated normal health. Even though the mean of cell hemoglobin concentration was significantly different between treatments (p<0.05) it was still within the normal range. The cost difference for BW gain of 100% RBPC substituted for skim milk in the weaning diet was approximately 35% lower than that of the control and the relative cost of production was 96.67, 92.85, 70.75 and 64.48% lower for the replacement of 25, 50, 75 and 100% of skim milk respectively. These results implied that this technology is feasible for use by small scale farmers to improve their self-reliance.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.105-116
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• 1981

분만전후 4주동안 Sqraque Dawley 암컷 쥐에게 양적으로 식이를 제한했다. 임의로 먹인 control group의 1일평균성취량의 1/2의 시중사로를 식이제한 group에게 주었다. Deficient I group에서는 분만후부터 이유시까지 식이제한을 했고, deficient II group에서는 임신 15일부터 이유시까지 계속 식이제한을 했다. 식이제한 group의 체중과 뇌무게는 control group의 새끼쥐보다 유의적으로 낮았지만, 체중에 대한 뇌무게의 비는 control group보다 높았다. 이유시에는 두 식이제한 group사이에서 체중과 뇌무게의 유의적인 차가 나타났다. 뇌의 DNA, RNA 및 단백질함량은 control group보다 식이제한 group에서 유의적으로 낮았지만 RNA/DNA, 뇌무게/DNA 및 단백질/DNA은 control group보다 식이제한 group에서 높았다. 이것은 새끼쥐뇌에서 세포분열이 세포의 크기성장보다 이 기간중의 어미쥐의 식이제한에 의해 더욱 심한 영향을 받았음을 시사해준다. 뇌의 DNA와 RNA는 두식이제한 group간에 유의적인 차를 나타내지만, 단백질의 경우는 유의적인 차를 나타내지 않았다.